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Abdullah WNAS, Mohd Nawi NS, Lau WJ, Ho YC, Aziz F, Ismail AF. Enhancing Physiochemical Substrate Properties of Thin-Film Composite Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment via Engineered Osmosis Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071665. [PMID: 37050277 PMCID: PMC10097338 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The commercial thin-film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membrane is unsuitable for engineered osmosis processes because of its thick non-woven fabric and semi-hydrophilic substrate that could lead to severe internal concentration polarization (ICP). Hence, we fabricated a new type of NF-like TFC membrane using a hydrophilic coated polyacrylonitrile/polyphenylsulfone (PAN/PPSU) substrate in the absence of non-woven fabric, aiming to improve membrane performance for water and wastewater treatment via the engineered osmosis process. Our results showed that the substrate made of a PAN/PPSU weight ratio of 1:5 could produce the TFC membrane with the highest water flux and divalent salt rejection compared to the membranes made of different PAN/PPSU substrates owing to the relatively good compatibility between PAN and PPSU at this ratio. The water flux of the TFC membrane was further improved without compromising salt rejection upon the introduction of a hydrophilic polydopamine (PDA) coating layer containing 0.5 g/L of graphene oxide (PDA/GO0.5) onto the bottom surface of the substrate. When tested using aerobically treated palm oil mill effluent (AT-POME) as a feed solution and 4 M MgCl2 as a draw solution, the best performing TFC membrane with the hydrophilic coating layer achieved a 67% and 41% higher forward osmosis (FO) and pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) water flux, respectively, compared to the TFC membrane without the coating layer. More importantly, the coated TFC membrane attained a very high color rejection (>97%) during AT-POME treatment, while its water flux and reverse solute flux were even better compared to the commercial NF90 and NF270 membranes. The promising outcomes were attributed to the excellent properties of the PAN/PPSU substrate that was coated with a hydrophilic PDA/GO coating and the elimination of the thick non-woven fabric during TFC membrane fabrication.
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Cheng L, Meng QW, Ge Q. Construction and Chlorine Resistance of Thiophene-Poly(ethyleneimine)-Based Dual-Functional Nanofiltration Membranes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:10018-10029. [PMID: 36749691 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c21627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The demand to improve the chlorine resistance of polyamide (PA) membranes is escalated with greater amounts of chlorine-containing disinfectant being used in global water treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this work, we designed thiophene-functionalized poly(ethyleneimine) (TPEI) materials first and grafted them onto a conventional PA membrane to develop novel nanofiltration membranes (PEI-M, TPEI-1-M, TPEI-2-M). These membranes have dual-functionalized selective surfaces covered by hydrophilic amino groups and electron-rich thiophene moieties, which endow these membranes with superior chlorine resistance and improved separation performance. The modified membranes increase the rejection of MgCl2 from 86.5% of the nascent PA membrane (PA-M) to higher than 93.0% without sacrificing the membrane water permeability. More stable separation performance is achieved with all of the as-prepared membranes than PA-M after exposure to a 2000 ppm sodium hypochlorite solution. TPEI-2-M outperforms other membranes after being treated in a chlorination intensity of 16,000 ppm·h with the smallest flux loss and the highest MgCl2 rejection. This is mainly ascribed to the highest amount of amino and thiophene moieties on the TPEI-2-M surface. This study provides an effective protocol for developing novel PA-based nanofiltration membranes while demonstrating its superiority over current technologies with exceptional separation performance and antichlorine ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Cheng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, No.2 Xueyuan Road, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Qing-Wei Meng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, No.2 Xueyuan Road, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Qingchun Ge
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Fuzhou University, No.2 Xueyuan Road, Fujian 350116, China
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3
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Afsari M, Park MJ, Kaleekkal NJ, Motsa MM, Shon HK, Tijing L. Janus Distillation Membrane via Mussel-Inspired Inkjet Printing Modification for Anti-Oil Fouling Membrane Distillation. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:membranes13020191. [PMID: 36837695 PMCID: PMC9961188 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this work, inkjet printing technology was used to print a thin layer of a hydrophilic solution containing polydopamine as a binder and polyethyleneimine as a strong hydrophilic agent on a commercial hydrophobic membrane to produce a Janus membrane for membrane distillation. The pristine and modified membranes were tested in a direct-contact membrane distillation system with mineral oil-containing feedwater. The results revealed that an integrated and homogenous hydrophilic layer was printed on the membrane with small intrusions in the pores. The membrane, which contained three layers of inkjet-printed hydrophilic layers, showed a high underwater oil contact angle and a low in-air water contact angle. One-layer inkjet printing was not robust enough, but the triple-layer coated modified membrane maintained its anti-oil fouling performance even for a feed solution containing 70 g/L NaCl and 0.01 v/v% mineral oil concentration with a flux of around 20 L/m2h. This study implies the high potential of the inkjet printing technique as a facile surface modification strategy to improve membrane performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Afsari
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, P.O. Box 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Nutrients in a Circular Economy (NiCE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, P.O. Box 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Myoung Jun Park
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, P.O. Box 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Noel Jacob Kaleekkal
- Membrane Separation Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut (NITC), Kozhikode 673601, India
| | - Mxolisi M. Motsa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, P.O. Box 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Nutrients in a Circular Economy (NiCE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, P.O. Box 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Leonard Tijing
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, P.O. Box 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Nutrients in a Circular Economy (NiCE), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, P.O. Box 123, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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4
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Ilyas A, Vankelecom IFJ. Designing sustainable membrane-based water treatment via fouling control through membrane interface engineering and process developments. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 312:102834. [PMID: 36634445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.102834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-based water treatment processes have been established as a powerful approach for clean water production. However, despite the significant advances made in terms of rejection and flux, provision of sustainable and energy-efficient water production is restricted by the inevitable issue of membrane fouling, known to be the major contributor to the elevated operating costs due to frequent chemical cleaning, increased transmembrane resistance, and deterioration of permeate flux. This review provides an overview of fouling control strategies in different membrane processes, such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, membrane bioreactors, and desalination via reverse osmosis and forward osmosis. Insights into the recent advancements are discussed and efforts made in terms of membrane development, modules arrangement, process optimization, feed pretreatment, and fouling monitoring are highlighted to evaluate their overall impact in energy- and cost-effective water treatment. Major findings in four key aspects are presented, including membrane surface modification, modules design, process integration, and fouling monitoring. Among the above mentioned anti-fouling strategies, a large part of research has been focused on membrane surface modifications using a number of anti-fouling materials whereas much less research has been devoted to membrane module advancements and in-situ fouling monitoring and control. At the end, a critical analysis is provided for each anti-fouling strategy and a rationale framework is provided for design of efficient membranes and process for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Ilyas
- Membrane Technology Group (MTG), Division cMACS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ivo F J Vankelecom
- Membrane Technology Group (MTG), Division cMACS, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, Box 2454, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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5
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Xue YR, Ma ZY, Liu C, Zhu CY, Wu J, Xu ZK. Polyamide Nanofilms Synthesized by a Sequential Process of Blade Coating – Spraying - Interfacial Polymerization toward Reverse Osmosis. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Wang C, Wang L, Soo A, Bansidhar Pathak N, Kyong Shon H. Machine learning based prediction and optimization of thin film nanocomposite membranes for organic solvent nanofiltration. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
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7
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El Meragawi S, Cooray D, Majumder M. Improvement of the chlorine resistance of graphene oxide membranes through siloxane cross-linking. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2022.2130078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally El Meragawi
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Laboratory (NSEL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing with 2D Materials, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dilusha Cooray
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Laboratory (NSEL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing with 2D Materials, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mainak Majumder
- Nanoscale Science and Engineering Laboratory (NSEL), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Graphene Enabled Industry Transformation, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Research Hub for Advanced Manufacturing with 2D Materials, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Tian M, Ma T, Goh K, Pei Z, Chong JY, Wang YN. Forward Osmosis Membranes: The Significant Roles of Selective Layer. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12100955. [PMID: 36295714 PMCID: PMC9607867 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is a promising separation technology to overcome the challenges of pressure-driven membrane processes. The FO process has demonstrated profound advantages in treating feeds with high salinity and viscosity in applications such as brine treatment and food processing. This review discusses the advancement of FO membranes and the key membrane properties that are important in real applications. The membrane substrates have been the focus of the majority of FO membrane studies to reduce internal concentration polarization. However, the separation layer is critical in selecting the suitable FO membranes as the feed solute rejection and draw solute back diffusion are important considerations in designing large-scale FO processes. In this review, emphasis is placed on developing FO membrane selective layers with a high selectivity. The effects of porous FO substrates in synthesizing high-performance polyamide selective layer and strategies to overcome the substrate constraints are discussed. The role of interlayer in selective layer synthesis and the benefits of nanomaterial incorporation will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Tian
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Tao Ma
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Kunli Goh
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Zhiqiang Pei
- Beijing Origin Water Membrane Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 101417, China
| | - Jeng Yi Chong
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ning Wang
- Singapore Membrane Technology Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore 637141, Singapore
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9
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Progress for Co-Incorporation of Polydopamine and Nanoparticles for Improving Membranes Performance. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12070675. [PMID: 35877880 PMCID: PMC9317275 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating polydopamine has become a viable method for membrane modification due to its universality and versatility. Fillers in their different categories have been confirmed as effective elements to improve the properties of membranes such as hydrophilicity, permeability, mechanical strength, and fouling resistance. Thus, this paper mainly highlights the recent studies that have been carried out using polydopamine and nanomaterial fillers simultaneously in modifying the performance of different membranes such as ultrafiltration, microfiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and forward osmosis membranes according to the various modification methods. Graphene oxide nanoparticles have recently attracted a lot of attention among different nanoparticles used with polydopamine, due to their impressive characteristics impacts on enhancing membrane hydrophilicity, mechanical strength, and fouling resistance. Thus, the incorporation techniques of graphene oxide nanoparticles and polydopamine for enhancing membranes have been highlighted in this work. Moreover, different studies carried out on using polydopamine as a nanofiller for optimizing membrane performance have been discussed. Finally, perspectives, and possible paths of further research on mussel-inspired polydopamine and nanoparticles co-incorporation are stated according to the progress made in this field. It is anticipated that this review would provide benefits for the scientific community in designing a new generation of polymeric membranes for the treatment of different feed water and wastewater based on adhesive mussel inspired polydopamine polymer and nanomaterials combinations.
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10
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Li S, Bai L, Luo X, Ding J, Li G, Liang H. A CNT/PVA film supported TFC membranes for improvement of mechanical properties and chemical cleaning stability: A new insight to an alternative to the polymeric support. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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11
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Lim YJ, Goh K, Wang R. The coming of age of water channels for separation membranes: from biological to biomimetic to synthetic. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4537-4582. [PMID: 35575174 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01061a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Water channels are one of the key pillars driving the development of next-generation desalination and water treatment membranes. Over the past two decades, the rise of nanotechnology has brought together an abundance of multifunctional nanochannels that are poised to reinvent separation membranes with performances exceeding those of state-of-the-art polymeric membranes within the water-energy nexus. Today, these water nanochannels can be broadly categorized into biological, biomimetic and synthetic, owing to their different natures, physicochemical properties and methods for membrane nanoarchitectonics. Furthermore, against the backdrop of different separation mechanisms, different types of nanochannel exhibit unique merits and limitations, which determine their usability and suitability for different membrane designs. Herein, this review outlines the progress of a comprehensive amount of nanochannels, which include aquaporins, pillar[5]arenes, I-quartets, different types of nanotubes and their porins, graphene-based materials, metal- and covalent-organic frameworks, porous organic cages, MoS2, and MXenes, offering a comparative glimpse into where their potential lies. First, we map out the background by looking into the evolution of nanochannels over the years, before discussing their latest developments by focusing on the key physicochemical and intrinsic transport properties of these channels from the chemistry standpoint. Next, we put into perspective the fabrication methods that can nanoarchitecture water channels into high-performance nanochannel-enabled membranes, focusing especially on the distinct differences of each type of nanochannel and how they can be leveraged to unlock the as-promised high water transport potential in current mainstream membrane designs. Lastly, we critically evaluate recent findings to provide a holistic qualitative assessment of the nanochannels with respect to the attributes that are most strongly valued in membrane engineering, before discussing upcoming challenges to share our perspectives with researchers for pathing future directions in this coming of age of water channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jie Lim
- Singapore Membrane Technology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore. .,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Programme, Graduate College, Nanyang Technological University, 637553, Singapore
| | - Kunli Goh
- Singapore Membrane Technology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore.
| | - Rong Wang
- Singapore Membrane Technology Center, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 637141, Singapore. .,School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
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12
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Song Y, Lin G, Zhang L, Geng C, Li Q, Wang H, Liu F, Liang Z, Jing Y, Li Y. Synergistic effect of hybrid montmorillonite materials on the wear resistance of natural rubber/butadiene rubber composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Guangyi Lin
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Chuanbao Geng
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Qiao Li
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Fumin Liu
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Zhenning Liang
- College of Electromechanical Engineering Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China
| | - Yuan Jing
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology Guangrao Rubber Industry Research Institute Dongying China
| | - Yong Li
- Qingdao University of Science and Technology Guangrao Rubber Industry Research Institute Dongying China
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Yadav S, Ibrar I, Altaee A, Samal AK, Karbassiyazdi E, Zhou J, Bartocci P. High-Performance mild annealed CNT/GO-PVA composite membrane for brackish water treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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14
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Guo Z, Zhang K, Guan H, Liu M, Yu S, Gao C. Improved separation efficiency of polyamide-based composite nanofiltration membrane by surface modification using 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Park MJ, Nisola GM, Seo DH, Wang C, Phuntsho S, Choo Y, Chung WJ, Shon HK. Chemically Cross-Linked Graphene Oxide as a Selective Layer on Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanofiber Membrane for Nanofiltration Application. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2867. [PMID: 34835633 PMCID: PMC8619848 DOI: 10.3390/nano11112867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets were utilized as a selective layer on a highly porous polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber support via a pressure-assisted self-assembly technique to synthesize composite nanofiltration membranes. The GO layer was rendered stable by cross-linking the nanosheets (GO-to-GO) and by linking them onto the support surface (GO-to-PVA) using glutaraldehyde (GA). The amounts of GO and GA deposited on the PVA substrate were varied to determine the optimum nanofiltration membrane both in terms of water flux and salt rejection performances. The successful GA cross-linking of GO interlayers and GO-PVA via acetalization was confirmed by FTIR and XPS analyses, which corroborated with other characterization results from contact angle and zeta potential measurements. Morphologies of the most effective membrane (CGOPVA-50) featured a defect-free GA cross-linked GO layer with a thickness of ~67 nm. The best solute rejections of the CGOPVA-50 membrane were 91.01% for Na2SO4 (20 mM), 98.12% for Eosin Y (10 mg/L), 76.92% for Methylene blue (10 mg/L), and 49.62% for NaCl (20 mM). These findings may provide one of the promising approaches in synthesizing mechanically stable GO-based thin-film composite membranes that are effective for solute separation via nanofiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Jun Park
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.H.S.); (C.W.); (S.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Grace M. Nisola
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea; (G.M.N.); (W.-J.C.)
| | - Dong Han Seo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.H.S.); (C.W.); (S.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chen Wang
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.H.S.); (C.W.); (S.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Sherub Phuntsho
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.H.S.); (C.W.); (S.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Youngwoo Choo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.H.S.); (C.W.); (S.P.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wook-Jin Chung
- Environmental Waste Recycle Institute (EWRI), Department of Energy Science and Technology (DEST), Myongji University, Myongji-ro 116, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17058, Korea; (G.M.N.); (W.-J.C.)
| | - Ho Kyong Shon
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater (CTWW), School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, 15 Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia; (D.H.S.); (C.W.); (S.P.); (Y.C.)
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