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Li S, Zhu J. Leaching kinetics of fluorine during the aluminum removal from spent Li-ion battery cathode materials. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:312-325. [PMID: 38135398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The high content of aluminum (Al) impurity in the recycled cathode powder seriously affects the extraction efficiency of Nickel, Cobalt, Manganese, and Lithium resources and the actual commercial value of recycled materials, so Al removal is crucially important to conform to the industrial standard of spent Li-ion battery cathode materials. In this work, we systematically investigated the leaching process and optimum conditions associated with Al removal from the cathode powder materials collected in a wet cathode-powder peeling and recycling production line of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs). Moreover, we specifically studied the leaching of fluorine (F) synergistically happened along with the removal process of Al, which was not concerned about in other studies, but one of the key factors affecting pollution prevention in the recovery process. The mechanism of the whole process including the leaching of Al and F from the cathode powder was indicated by using NMR, FTIR, and XPS, and a defluoridation process was preliminarily investigated in this study. The leaching kinetics of Al could be successfully described by the shrinking core model, controlled by the diffusion process and the activation energy was 11.14 kJ/mol. While, the leaching of F was attributed to the dissolution of LiPF6 and decomposition of PVDF, and the kinetics associated was described by Avrami model. The interaction of Al and F is advantageous to realize the defluoridation to some degree. It is expected that our investigation will provide theoretical support for the large-scale recycling of spent LIBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxin Zhu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Liu P, Mi X, Zhao H, Cai L, Luo F, Liu C, Wang Z, Deng C, He J, Zeng G, Luo X. Effects of incineration and pyrolysis on removal of organics and liberation of cathode active materials derived from spent ternary lithium-ion batteries. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 169:342-350. [PMID: 37517305 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Removing organics via thermal treatment to liberate active materials from spent cathode sheets is essential for recovering lithium-ion batteries. In this study, the effects of incineration, N2 pyrolysis, and CO2 pyrolysis on the removal of organics and liberation of ternary cathode active materials (CAMs) were compared. The results indicated that the organics in the spent ternary cathode sheets comprised a residual electrolyte and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) binder. Moreover, the organics could be removed to promote the liberation of CAMs via incineration, N2 pyrolysis, and CO2 pyrolysis. When the temperature was <200 °C, the chemical properties of the volatilized ester electrolyte remained unchanged during both N2 and CO2 pyrolysis, indicating that the electrolyte can be collected by controlling the pyrolysis temperature and condensation. Furthermore, PVDF binder decomposition occurred at 200-600 °C. The optimal temperatures of incineration, N2 pyrolysis, and CO2 pyrolysis were 550, 500, and 450 °C, respectively, and these treatments increased the liberation efficiency of CAMs from 81.49 % to 98.75 %, 99.26 %, and 97.98 %, respectively. In addition, heat-treated CAMs required less time to achieve adequate liberation. Following three thermal treatment processes, the sizes of the CAM particles were mainly concentrated in the ranges of 0.075-0.1 mm and <0.075 mm. Furthermore, for all types of CAMs examined, the Al concentration decreased from 1.09 % to <0.35 %, which increased the separation efficiency and improved the chemical metallurgical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Xue Mi
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Haohan Zhao
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Longhao Cai
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Feng Luo
- Shangrao Dingxin Metal Chemical Co., Ltd, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334100, China
| | - Chunli Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China.
| | - Zhongbing Wang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Chunjian Deng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Junwei He
- Shangrao Ring Lithium Cycle Technology Co., Ltd, Shangrao, Jiangxi 334100, China
| | - Guisheng Zeng
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China
| | - Xubiao Luo
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Heavy Metals Pollutants Control and Resource Utilization, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330063, China; School of Life Science, Jinggangshan University, Jian, Jiangxi 343009, China
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Naseri T, Mousavi SM, Liese A, Kuchta K. Bioleaching of valuable metals from spent LIBs followed by selective recovery of manganese using the precipitation method: Metabolite maximization and process optimization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118197. [PMID: 37216767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the increased demand for resource recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), low Mn leaching efficiencies have hindered the development of this technology. A novel process was devised to enhance the dissolution of metals by producing citric acid using a molasses medium by Penicillium citrinum. This investigation used response surface methodology to investigate the influence of molasses concentration and media components on citric acid production, which demonstrated that molasses (18.5% w/w), KH2PO4 (3.8 g/L), MgSO4.7H2O (0.11 g/L), and methanol (1.2% (v/v)) were the optimum values leading to the production of 31.50 g/L citric acid. Afterward, optimum inhibitor concentrations (iodoacetic acid: 0.05 mM) were added to accumulate citric acid, resulting in maximum bio-production (40.12 g/L) of citric acid. The pulp density and leaching time effect on metals dissolution was investigated in enriched-citric acid spent medium. The suitable conditions were a pulp density of 70 g/L and a leaching duration of 6 days, which led to the highest dissolution of Mn (79%) and Li (90%). Based on the results of the TCLP tests, the bioleaching residue is non-hazardous, suitable for safe disposal, and does not pose an environmental threat. Moreover, nearly 98% of Mn was extracted from the bioleaching solution with oxalic acid at 1.2 M. XRD, and FE-SEM analyses were utilized for further bioleaching and precipitation mechanism analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tannaz Naseri
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Circular Resource Engineering and Management (CREM), Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy, Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr. 15, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Seyyed Mohammad Mousavi
- Biotechnology Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Modares Environmental Research Institute, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Andreas Liese
- Institute of Technical Biocatalysis, Hamburg University of Technology, Denickestr. 15, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kuchta
- Circular Resource Engineering and Management (CREM), Institute of Environmental Technology and Energy, Economics, Hamburg University of Technology, Blohmstr. 15, 21079, Hamburg, Germany
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Zhang Y, Yu M, Guo J, Liu S, Song H, Wu W, Zheng C, Gao X. Recover value metals from spent lithium-ion batteries via a combination of in-situ reduction pretreatment and facile acid leaching. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 161:193-202. [PMID: 36893713 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The pretreatment of cathode material before leaching is crucial in the spent lithium-ion battery hydro-metallurgical recycling. Here research demonstrates that in-situ reduction pretreatment could dramatically improve the leaching efficiencies for valuable metals from cathodes. Specifically, calcination under 600 °C without oxygen using alkali treated cathode can induce in-situ reduction and collapse of oxygen framework, which is ascribed to the carbon inherently contained in the sample and promote the following efficient leaching without external reductants. The leaching efficiencies of Li, Mn, Co and Ni can remarkably reach 100%, 98.13%, 97.27% and 97.37% respectively. Characterization methods, such as XRD, XPS and SEM-EDS, were employed and revealed that during in-situ reduction, high valence metals such as Ni3+, Co3+, Mn4+ can be effectively reduced to lower valence states, conducive to subsequent leaching reactions. Moreover, leaching processes of Ni, Co and Mn fit well with the film diffusion control model, and the reaction barrier is in accordance with the order of Ni, Co and Mn. In comparison, it is observed that Li was leached with higher efficiency regardless of the various pretreatments. Lastly, an integral recovery process has been proposed and economic assessment demonstrates that in-situ reduction pretreatment increases the benefit with a negligible cost increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Meng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Jiangmin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Shaojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Hao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Weihong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Chenghang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Carbon Neutrality of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Zhou H, Luo Data analysis Z, Wang S, Ma Experimental platform provides X, Cao Z. A mild closed-loop process for lithium-iron separation and cathode materials regeneration from spent LiFePO4 batteries. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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Study on selective recovery of lithium ions from lithium iron phosphate powder by electrochemical method. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Abstract
With the rapid development of the electric vehicle industry in recent years, the use of lithium batteries is growing rapidly. From 2015 to 2040, the production of lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles could reach 0.33 to 4 million tons. It is predicted that a total of 21 million end-of-life lithium battery packs will be generated between 2015 and 2040. Spent lithium batteries can cause pollution to the soil and seriously threaten the safety and property of people. They contain valuable metals, such as cobalt and lithium, which are nonrenewable resources, and their recycling and treatment have important economic, strategic, and environmental benefits. Estimations show that the weight of spent electric vehicle lithium-ion batteries will reach 500,000 tons in 2020. Methods for safely and effectively recycling lithium batteries to ensure they provide a boost to economic development have been widely investigated. This paper summarizes the recycling technologies for lithium batteries discussed in recent years, such as pyrometallurgy, acid leaching, solvent extraction, electrochemical methods, chlorination technology, ammoniation technology, and combined recycling, and presents some views on the future research direction of lithium batteries.
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Recycling the cathode materials of spent Li-ion batteries in a H-Shaped neutral water electrolysis cell. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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