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Salahshoori I, Yazdanbakhsh A, Namayandeh Jorabchi M, Kazemabadi FZ, Khonakdar HA, Mohammadi AH. Recent advances and applications of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for water treatment: A comprehensive review. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 333:103304. [PMID: 39357211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 08/16/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
The development of stimuli-responsive nanomaterials holds immense promise for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of water treatment processes. These smart materials exhibit a remarkable ability to respond to specific external stimuli, such as light, pH, or magnetic fields, and trigger the controlled release of encapsulated pollutants. By precisely regulating the release kinetics, these nanomaterials can effectively target and eliminate contaminants without compromising the integrity of the water system. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of the advancements in light-activated and pH-sensitive nanomaterials for controlled pollutant release in water treatment. It delves into the fundamental principles underlying these materials' stimuli-responsive behaviour, exploring the design strategies and applications in various water treatment scenarios. In particular, the article indicates how integrating stimuli-responsive nanomaterials into existing water treatment technologies can significantly enhance their performance, leading to more sustainable and cost-effective solutions. The synergy between these advanced materials and traditional treatment methods could pave the way for innovative approaches to water purification, offering enhanced selectivity and efficiency. Furthermore, the review highlights the critical challenges and future directions in this rapidly evolving field, emphasizing the need for further research and development to fully realize the potential of these materials in addressing the pressing challenges of water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Salahshoori
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Amirhosein Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Zare Kazemabadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ali Khonakdar
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir H Mohammadi
- Discipline of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, King George V Avenue, Durban 4041, South Africa.
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2
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John KI, Ho G, Li D. Recent progresses in synthesis and modification of g-C 3N 4 for improving visible-light-driven photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2024; 89:3047-3078. [PMID: 38877630 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2024.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a widely studied visible-light-active photocatalyst for low cost, non-toxicity, and facile synthesis. Nonetheless, its photocatalytic efficiency is below par, due to fast recombination of charge carriers, low surface area, and insufficient visible light absorption. Thus, the research on the modification of g-C3N4 targeting at enhanced photocatalytic performance has attracted extensive interest. A considerable amount of review articles have been published on the modification of g-C3N4 for applications. However, limited effort has been specially contributed to providing an overview and comparison on available modification strategies for improved photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4-based catalysts in antibiotics removal. There has been no attempt on the comparison of photocatalytic performances in antibiotics removal between modified g-C3N4 and other known catalysts. To address these, our study reviewed strategies that have been reported to modify g-C3N4, including metal/non-metal doping, defect tuning, structural engineering, heterostructure formation, etc. as well as compared their performances for antibiotics removal. The heterostructure formation was the most widely studied and promising route to modify g-C3N4 with superior activity. As compared to other known photocatalysts, the heterojunction g-C3N4 showed competitive performances in degradation of selected antibiotics. Related mechanisms were discussed, and finally, we revealed current challenges in practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kingsley Igenepo John
- College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Goen Ho
- College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Dan Li
- College of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia E-mail:
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3
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Gong D, Zhang X, Li J, Li Y, Guo J, Zhang X, Zhang W. Carbon dot/g-C 3N 4-mediated self-activated antimicrobial nanocomposite films for active packaging applications. Food Chem 2024; 438:137939. [PMID: 38006697 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel carbon dot/g-C3N4 nanocomposite (CCN) exhibiting enhanced photocatalytic activity was developed and used as a photoactive nanofiller to construct corn starch/carboxymethyl cellulose (CS/CMC)-based functional films. The morphologies and structures of the CCN-CS/CMC composite films were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The effects of the CCN on the physicochemical properties and antibacterial activities of the films were analyzed. The properties of the films were optimized with the addition of CCN (0.20 mg/mL), and the tensile strength of the film was increased to 11.9 MPa and the water contact angle was increased to 103.39°. The optimal active film showed > 99.9 % antibacterial efficiencies against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus under visible light and prolonged the shelf lives of bananas for more than four days compared to the 4-day shelf life of the control. This work provides a novel route for developing antimicrobial active packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhuang Gong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Jiaxu Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Yingying Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130032, PR China
| | - Xiuling Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China.
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China.
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4
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Yan C, Yu C, Ti X, Bao K, Wan J. Preparation of Mn-doped sludge biochar and its catalytic activity to persulfate for phenol removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:18737-18749. [PMID: 38347365 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the increasing prevalence of phenolic pollutants emitted into the environment has posed severe hazards to ecosystems and living organisms. Consequently, there is an urgent need for a green and efficient method to address environmental pollution. This study utilized waste sludge as a precursor and employed a hydrothermal-calcination co-pyrolysis method to prepare manganese (Mn)-doped biochar composite material (Mn@SBC-HP). The material was used to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for the removal of phenol. The study investigated various factors (such as the type and amount of doping metal, pyrolysis temperature, catalyst dosage, PDS dosage, pH value, initial phenol concentration, inorganic anions, and salinity) affecting phenol removal and the mechanisms within the Mn@SBC-HP/PDS system. Results indicated that under optimal conditions, the Mn@SBC-HP/PDS system achieved 100% removal of 100 mg/L phenol within 180 min, with a TOC removal efficiency of 82.7%. Additionally, the phenol removal efficiency of the Mn@SBC-HP/PDS system remained above 90% over a wide pH range (3-9). Free radical quenching experiments and electron spin resonance (ESR) results suggested that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and sulfate radicals (SO4-) yed a role in the removal of phenol through radical pathways, with singlet oxygen (1O2) being the dominant non-radical pathway. The phenol removal efficiency remained above 90%, demonstrating the excellent adaptability of the Mn@SBC-HP/PDS system under the interference of coexisting inorganic anions or increased salinity. This study proposes an innovative method for the resource utilization of waste, creating metal-biochar composite catalysts for the remediation of water environments. It provides a new approach for the efficiency of organic pollutants in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongchong Yan
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Chao Yu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Xueyi Ti
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Kai Bao
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Jun Wan
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
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5
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Zhao F, Li X, Xiong T, Zuo M, Luo L, Qin P, Lei M, Liang Y, Gong X, Zou D, Wu Z. Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline by N-CQDs modified S-g-C3N4 nanotubes and its product toxicity evaluation. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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6
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Zhang X, Yang G, Meng J, Qin L, Ren M, Pan Y, Yang Y, Guo Y. Acetamide- or Formamide-Assisted In Situ Approach to Carbon-Rich or Nitrogen-Deficient Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Notably Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Redox Performance. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2208012. [PMID: 36899451 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Acetamide- or formamide-assisted in situ strategy is designed to synthesize carbon atom self-doped g-C3 N4 (AHCNx ) or nitrogen vacancy-modified g-C3 N4 (FHCNx ). Different from the direct copolymerization route that suffers from the problem of mismatched physical properties of acetamide (or formamide) with urea, the synthesis of AHCNx (or FHCNx ) starts from a crucial preorganization step of acetamide (or formamide) with urea via freeze drying-hydrothermal treatment so that the chemical structures as well as C-doping level in AHCNx and N-vacancy concentration in FHCNx can be precisely regulated. By using various structural characterization methods, well-defined AHCNx and FHCNx structures are proposed. At the optimal C-doping level in AHCNx or N-vacancy concentration in FHCNx , both AHCNx and FHCNx exhibit remarkably improved visible-light photocatalytic performance in oxidation of emerging organic pollutants (acetaminophen and methylparaben) and reduction of proton to H2 in comparison of unmodified g-C3 N4 . Combination of the experimental results with theoretical calculations, it is confirmed that AHCNx and FHCNx show different charge separation and transfer mechanisms, while the enhanced visible-light harvesting capacity and the localized charge distributions on HOMO and LUMO are responsible for this excellent photocatalytic redox performance of AHCNx and FHCNx .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Meng
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, P. R. China
| | - Lang Qin
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, P. R. China
| | - Miao Ren
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yue Pan
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yuxin Yang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, P. R. China
| | - Yihang Guo
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, 2555 Jingyue Street, Changchun, 130117, P. R. China
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7
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Gong D, Guo J, Wang F, Zhang J, Song S, Feng B, Zhang X, Zhang W. Green construction of metal- and additive-free citrus peel-derived carbon dot/g-C 3N 4 photocatalysts for the high-performance photocatalytic decomposition of sunset yellow. Food Chem 2023; 425:136470. [PMID: 37269639 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, novel, metal-free, CP-derived CDs/g-C3N4 nanocomposites (CDCNs) were created by introducing citrus peel-derived carbon dots (CP-derived CDs) into graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) by a green hydrothermal method. The CDCNs were revealed to have superior photoelectrochemical properties relative to pristine g-C3N4 for the photocatalytic degradation of the food dye sunset yellow (SY) under visible light. For SY decomposition, the recommended catalyst contributed almost 96.3% to the photodegradation rate after 60 min of irradiation, showing satisfactory reusability, structural stability and biocompatibility. Moreover, a mechanism for enhanced photocatalytic SY degradation was proposed according to band analysis, free radical trapping and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results. A possible pathway for SY photodegradation was also predicted from UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) results. The constructed nonmetallic nanophotocatalysts afford a novel route for the elimination of harmful dyes and for the resource conversion of citrus peels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhuang Gong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Jialiang Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin 130032, PR China
| | - Fan Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Shuang Song
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Bingxin Feng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China
| | - Xiuling Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China.
| | - Wentao Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, PR China.
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8
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Qi Y, Zhao J, Wang H, Zhang A, Li J, Yan M, Guo T. Shaddock peel-derived N-doped carbon quantum dots coupled with ultrathin BiOBr square nanosheets with boosted visible light response for high-efficiency photodegradation of RhB. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 325:121424. [PMID: 36906054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we constructed a serials of novel shaddock peel-derived N-doped carbon quantum dots (NCQDs) coupled with BiOBr composites. The result showed that the as-synthesized BiOBr (BOB) was composed of ultrathin square nanosheets and flower-like structure, and NCQDs were uniformly dispersed on the surface of BiOBr. Furthermore, the BOB@NCQDs-5 with optimal NCQDs content displayed the top-flight photodegradation efficiency with ca. 99% of removal rate within 20 min under visible light and possessed excellent recyclability and photostability after 5 cycles. The reason was attributed to relatively large BET surface area, the narrow energy gap, inhibited recombination of charge carriers and excellent photoelectrochemical performances. Meanwhile, the improved photodegradation mechanism and possible reaction pathways were also elucidated in detail. On this basis, the study opens a novel perspective to obtain a highly efficient photocatalyst for practical environment remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qi
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 209 University Street, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jinjiang Zhao
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 209 University Street, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 209 University Street, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Aiming Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Environment Science, China Institute for Radiation Protection, No.102 Xuefu Street, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jinping Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, 79 Yingze West Street, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Gas Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization, No.79 Yingze west street, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Meifang Yan
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 209 University Street, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Tianyu Guo
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, No. 209 University Street, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, PR China; Department of Nuclear Environment Science, China Institute for Radiation Protection, No.102 Xuefu Street, Taiyuan 030006, Shanxi, PR China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Gas Energy Efficient and Clean Utilization, No.79 Yingze west street, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, PR China.
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9
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Chen Y, Cheng M, Lai C, Wei Z, Zhang G, Li L, Tang C, Du L, Wang G, Liu H. The Collision between g-C 3 N 4 and QDs in the Fields of Energy and Environment: Synergistic Effects for Efficient Photocatalysis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205902. [PMID: 36592425 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3 N4 ) has attracted increasing interest due to its visible light absorption, suitable energy band structure, and excellent stability. However, low specific surface area, finite visible light response range (<460 nm), and rapid photogenerated electron-hole (e- -h+ ) pairs recombination of the pristine g-C3 N4 limit its practical applications. The small size of quantum dots (QDs) endows the properties of abundant active sites, wide absorption spectrum, and adjustable bandgap, but inevitable aggregation. Studies have confirmed that the integration of g-C3 N4 and QDs not only overcomes these limitations of individual component, but also successfully inherits each advantage. Encouraged by these advantages, the synthetic strategies and the fundamental of QDs/g-C3 N4 composites are briefly elaborated in this review. Particularly, the synergistic effects of QDs/g-C3 N4 composites are analyzed comprehensively, including the enhancement of the photocatalytic performance and the avoidance of aggregation. Then, the photocatalytic applications of QDs/g-C3 N4 composites in the fields of environment and energy are described and further combined with DFT calculation to further reveal the reaction mechanisms. Moreover, the stability and reusability of QDs/g-C3 N4 composites are analyzed. Finally, the future development of these composites and the solution of existing problems are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxi Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Min Cheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Cui Lai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Gaoxia Zhang
- Carbon Neutrality Research Institute of Power China Jiangxi Electric Power Construction Co., Ltd., Nanchang, 330001, China
| | - Ling Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Chensi Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Li Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Guangfu Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Hongda Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control of Ministry of Education, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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Application of BiOX Photocatalyst to Activate Peroxydisulfate Ion-Investigation of a Combined Process for the Removal of Organic Pollutants from Water. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes employing heterogeneous photocatalysts to generate sulfate radicals (SO4•−) from peroxydisulfate ion (PDS, S2O82−) have been extensively investigated to remove organic pollutants. In this work, BiOX (X = Cl, Br, and I) photocatalysts were investigated to activate PDS and enhance the transformation rate of various organic substances under UV (398 nm) and Vis (400–700 nm) radiation. For BiOCl and BiOBr, in addition to excitability, the light-induced oxygen vacancies are decisive in the activity. Although without organic substances, the BiOI efficiency highly exceeds that of BiOBr and BiOCl for PDS activation (for BiOI, 15–20%, while for BiOBr and BiOCl, only 3–4% of the PDS transformed); each BiOX catalyst showed enhanced activity for 1,4-hydroquinone (HQ) transformation due to the semiquinone radical-initiated PDS activation. For sulfamethoxypyridazine (SMP), the transformation is driven by direct charge transfer, and the effect of PDS was less manifested. BiOI proved efficient for transforming various organic substances even under Vis radiation. The efficiency was enhanced by PDS addition (HQ is wholly transformed within 20 min, and SMP conversion increased from 40% to 90%) without damaging the catalyst; its activity did change over three consecutive cycles. Results related to the well-adsorbed trimethoprim (TRIM) and application of biologically treated domestic wastewater as a matrix highlighted the limiting factors of the method and visible light active photocatalyst, BiOI.
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11
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Chen Y, Luo C, Tan F, Yang L. Synergistic mechanism and degradation kinetics for atrazine elimination by integrated N-ZnO/g-C 3N 4/solar light/oxidant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:26032-26049. [PMID: 36350449 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an N-ZnO/g-C3N4 (g-N-Z) Z-scheme photocatalyst was constructed using hydrothermal and high-temperature calcination. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and other tests were employed to characterise the catalytic material. The results showed that after N-ZnO modification, the separation efficiency of the photoinduced charge pairs and the utilisation of sunlight in the composites were improved. The kinetics experiments indicated that the degradation of atrazine (ATZ) in the g-N-Z/PDS/solar system was significantly better than that in the PDS/solar system. Under the action of the g-N-Z/PDS/solar system, the degradation rate of ATZ reached 83.88%, whereas in the PDS/solar system, it was only 31.76%. In addition, it was found that increasing the PDS concentration, g-N-Z dosage, and solution acidity effectively accelerated the removal of ATZ. The presence of HCO3-/CO32-, Cl-, and natural organic matter (NOM) inhibited the oxidation efficiency of the g-N-Z/PDS/solar system. Moreover, the presence of multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) was confirmed using radical scavenging experiments to determine the contribution of each active component. Twelve oxidation intermediates of ATZ were obtained via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the mechanism of enhanced ATZ degradation in the g-N-Z/PDS/solar system was proposed. Actual water and cyclic photocatalytic experiments further suggest that g-N-Z has good application value in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkai Chen
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Congwei Luo
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China.
- Resources and Environment Innovation Institute, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China.
| | - Fengxun Tan
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China
| | - Lubing Yang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan, 250101, People's Republic of China
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12
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Balakrishnan A, Chinthala M, Polagani RK, Vo DVN. Removal of tetracycline from wastewater using g-C 3N 4 based photocatalysts: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114660. [PMID: 36368373 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline is currently one of the most consumed antibiotics for human therapy, veterinary purpose, and agricultural activities. Tetracycline worldwide consumption is expected to rise by about more than 30% by 2030. The persistence of tetracycline has necessitated implementing and adopting strategies to protect aquatic systems and the environment from noxious pollutants. Here, graphitic carbon nitride-based photocatalytic technology is considered because of higher visible light photocatalytic activity, low cost, and non-toxicity. Thus, this review highlights the recent progress in the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline using g-C3N4-based photocatalysts. Additionally, properties, worldwide consumption, occurrence, and environmental impacts of tetracycline are comprehensively addressed. Studies proved the occurrence of tetracycline in all water matrices across the world with a maximum concentration of 54 μg/L. Among different g-C3N4-based materials, heterojunctions exhibited the maximum photocatalytic degradation of 100% with the reusability of 5 cycles. The photocatalytic membranes are found to be feasible due to easiness in recovery and better reusability. Limitations of g-C3N4-based wastewater treatment technology and efficient solutions are also emphasized in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Balakrishnan
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India
| | - Mahendra Chinthala
- Process Intensification Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, Odisha, 769 008, India.
| | - Rajesh Kumar Polagani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Bheemanna Khandre Institute of Technology, Bhalki, India
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
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13
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Synergistic removal of organic pollutants by Co-doped MIL-53(Al) composite through the integrated adsorption/photocatalysis. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2022.123582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Preparation of a Z-system photocatalyst (oxygen-doped carbon nitride/nitrogen-doped carbon dots/bismuth tetroxide) and its application in a photocatalytic fuel cell. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Yu W, Sun L, Wang Y, Yu Z, Wan S. Internal electric field modulated BiOI nanoparticle/Bi2W0.25Mo0.75O6 microspheic p-n heterojunctions assisted by persulfate activation for enhancing simulated-sunlight-driven BPA degradation and toxicity reduction. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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Bu Z, Hou M, Li Z, Dong Z, Zeng L, Zhang P, Wu G, Li X, Zhang Y, Pan Y. Fe3+/Fe2+ cycle promoted peroxymonosulfate activation with addition of boron for sulfamethazine degradation: Efficiency and the role of boron. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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17
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Jiang X, Xiao K, Liu Z, Xu W, Liang F, Mo S, Wu X, Beiyuan J. Novel 0D-1D-2D nanostructured MCN/NCDs recyclable composite for boosted peroxymonosulfate activation under visible light toward tetracycline degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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18
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Subhiksha V, Alatar AA, Okla MK, Alaraidh IA, Mohebaldin A, Aufy M, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Raju LL, Thomas AM, Khan SS. Double Z-Scheme ZnCo 2O 4/MnO 2/FeS 2 photocatalyst with enhanced photodegradation of organic compound: Insights into mechanisms, kinetics, pathway and toxicity studies. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:135177. [PMID: 35640687 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work highlights the preparation of double Z-scheme ZnCo2O4/MnO2/FeS2 nanocomposite (NCs) and investigated its photocatalytic activity against methyl orange (MO) dye degradation under visible light. An array of techniques was carried out to characterize the nanoparticles (NPs) in order to evaluate their morphological, structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties using FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, N2 adsorption and desorption studies, PL, UV-visible spectrophotometer, XPS, Raman, and UV-vis DRS analysis. The degradation efficiency of NCs was tested along with different parameter studies such as different pH, NCs concentration, dye concentration, reusability and structural stability. The NCs exhibited complete photodegradation of MO dye under visible light within 80 min at pH 4. The structural and compositional stability of the prepared NCs over 6 consecutive cycles was tested via XRD and XPS analysis. The results of active species trapping experiments showed that O2-• and OH• are responsible for the degradation of MO dye. The TOC analysis showed 95% of mineralization by the prepared NCs. The MO dye degradation pathway was determined using GC-MS/MS analysis and drafted all the intermediates involved. End product toxicity via seed germination and intermediate toxicity study using ECOSAR software results in less toxicity of end product compared to parent compound. Finally, the genotoxicity of the prepared NCs was evaluated using Allium cepa and showed its no causes of cytotoxicity & genotoxicity by the prepared NCs. ZnCo2O4/MnO2/FeS2 NCs exhibited its high photocatalytic activity and the toxicity studies confirms that there is no cause of any environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Subhiksha
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Abdulrahman A Alatar
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K Okla
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim A Alaraidh
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asmaa Mohebaldin
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Aufy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Mostafa A Abdel-Maksoud
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lija L Raju
- Department of Zoology, Mar Ivanios College, Nalanchira, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Ajith M Thomas
- Department of Botany and Biotechnology, St Xavier's College, Thumba, Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - S Sudheer Khan
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, Tamil Nadu, India.
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19
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S-scheme heterojunction g-C3N4/Ag/AgNCO for efficient tetracycline removal in a photo-assisted peroxymonosulfate system. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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20
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Cen M, Cao Y, Zhu Y, Peng W, Li Y, Zhang F, Xia Q, Fan X. Oxidation-Modulated CQDs Derived from Covalent Organic Frameworks as Enhanced Fluorescence Sensors for the Detection of Chromium(VI) and Ascorbic Acid. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yaqi Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yuanzhi Zhu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Saving in Phosphorus Chemical Engineering and New Phosphorus Materials, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenchao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Fengbao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Qing Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
| | - Xiaobin Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, China
- Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
- Institute of Shaoxing, Tianjin University, Zhejiang 312300, China
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21
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C-dots decorated SrTiO3/NH4V4O10 Z-scheme heterojunction for sustainable antibiotics removal: Reaction kinetics, DFT calculation and mechanism insight. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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22
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Wei R, Tang N, Jiang L, Yang J, Guo J, Yuan X, Liang J, Zhu Y, Wu Z, Li H. Bimetallic nanoparticles meet polymeric carbon nitride: Fabrications, catalytic applications and perspectives. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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23
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Zhao Y, Dai H, Ji J, Yuan X, Li X, Jiang L, Wang H. Resource utilization of luffa sponge to produce biochar for effective degradation of organic contaminants through persulfate activation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.120650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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24
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Mao S, Liu C, Wu Y, Xia M, Wang F. Porous P, Fe-doped g-C 3N 4 nanostructure with enhanced photo-Fenton activity for removal of tetracycline hydrochloride: Mechanism insight, DFT calculation and degradation pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:133039. [PMID: 34822866 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study fabricated an efficient P and Fe co-doping graphitic carbon nitride catalyst (Fe- CN/P) by thermal polymerization of melamine, FeCl3, and 2-hydroxyphosphonoacetic acid (HPAA) mixture. The Fe-CN/P catalyst exhibited much better tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) degradation performance than that of single doping and neat CN. Various characterizations indicated that the introduction of HPAA significantly increased the specific surface area of CN and improved charge separation as well as transfer efficiency. Based on Fe 2p XPS analysis and indirect determination of hydroxyl radical (·OH) content, the separated photogenerated electrons accelerated the reduction of Fe(III) and activated photo-Fenton reaction, resulting in more ·OH species generation. The effect of pH value, catalyst dosages, H2O2 concentration, the type of cations and anions as well as water matrices on the degradation of TCH by Fe-CN/P was systematically investigated. The main degradation pathways of TCH were proposed according to the LC-MS intermediates detection and DFT calculation. The results indicated that reactive oxide species (ROS) were more likely to attack the atoms with high Fukui index (f0). This work provides new ideas for adjusting the morphology and electronic structure of CN to enhance its photo-Fenton catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Mao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Chun Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Yi Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Mingzhu Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
| | - Fengyun Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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25
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Moradi M, Kakavandi B, Bahadoran A, Giannakis S, Dehghanifard E. Intensification of persulfate-mediated elimination of bisphenol A by a spinel cobalt ferrite-anchored g-C3N4S-scheme photocatalyst: Catalytic synergies and mechanistic interpretation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Cooperation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and cobalt doped TiO2 to activate peroxymonosulfate for antipyrine photocatalytic degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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Preeyanghaa M, Vinesh V, Neppolian B. Construction of S-scheme 1D/2D rod-like g-C 3N 4/V 2O 5 heterostructure with enhanced sonophotocatalytic degradation for Tetracycline antibiotics. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132380. [PMID: 34600002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutically active compounds are an emerging water contaminant that resists conventional wastewater treatments. Herein, the sonophotocatalytic degradation of Tetracycline (TC) antibiotics as a model contaminant was carried out over a rod-like g-C3N4/V2O5 (RCN-VO) nanocomposite. RCN-VO nanocomposite was synthesized via ultrasound-assisted thermal polycondensation method. The results showed that the RCN-VO nanocomposite could completely remove the TC in water within 60 min under simultaneous irradiation of visible light and ultrasound. Moreover, the sonophotocatalytic TC degradation (a synergy index of ∼1.5) was superior to the sum of individual sonocatalytic and photocatalytic degradation using RCN-VO nanocomposite. Besides, the enhanced sonophotocatalytic activity of RCN-VO can be attributed to the 1D/2D nanostructure and the S-scheme heterojunction formation between RCN and VO where the electrons migrated from RCN to VO across the RCN-VO interface. Under irradiation, the built-in electric field, band edge bending and Coulomb interaction can synergistically facilitate the unavailing electron-hole pair recombination. Thereby, the cumulative electron in RCN and holes in VO can actively take part in the redox reaction which generates free radicals and attack the TC molecules. This study provides insight into a novel S-Scheme heterojunction photocatalyst for the removal of various refractory contaminants via sonophotocatalytic degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mani Preeyanghaa
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Vasudevan Vinesh
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India
| | - Bernaurdshaw Neppolian
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, 603203, India.
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28
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Efficient degradation of tetracycline in real water systems by metal-free g-C3N4 microsphere through visible-light catalysis and PMS activation synergy. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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29
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Liu S, Jiang X, Waterhouse GI, Zhang ZM, Yu LM. Construction of Z-scheme Titanium-MOF/plasmonic silver nanoparticle/NiFe layered double hydroxide photocatalysts with enhanced dye and antibiotic degradation activity under visible light. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Yang ZZ, Zhang C, Zeng GM, Tan XF, Huang DL, Zhou JW, Fang QZ, Yang KH, Wang H, Wei J, Nie K. State-of-the-art progress in the rational design of layered double hydroxide based photocatalysts for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical H2/O2 production. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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31
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Jiang L, Yang J, Yuan X, Guo J, Liang J, Tang W, Chen Y, Li X, Wang H, Chu W. Defect engineering in polymeric carbon nitride photocatalyst: Synthesis, properties and characterizations. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 296:102523. [PMID: 34534750 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer carbon nitride (CN) has unique structure and electronic properties, making it attractive in photocatalysis fields. However, the photocatalytic efficiency of the pristine CN photocatalyst is still unsatisfactory. In this regard, the introduction of vacancy defects can effectively tune photoelectric properties of CN photocatalyst through tailoring the electronic structure and bandgap engineering. In this review, the effect of vacancy defects on CN is reviewed from the aspects of light absorption, charge separation and surface photoreactivity of CN. Meanwhile, the current progress in the design of vacancy defects with the classified carbon vacancies (CVs), nitrogen vacancies (NVs), amino and cyano groups on CN to boost the photocatalytic performance is summarized. Furthermore, various characterization methods have been summarized and highlighted, including microscopic characterization (SEM, TEM, AFM, HAADF-STEM), spectroscopic characterization (XRD, FTIR, XAFS, XANES, EPR, PAS, XPS, raman spectroscopy, solid-state NMR spectroscopy), elemental analysis, and computational characterization. Finally, the future opportunities and challenges of CN photocatalysts designed with vacancies and defects are proposed to highlight the development direction of this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longbo Jiang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Jinjuan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xingzhong Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jiayin Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Jie Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Yaoning Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Hou Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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