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Mathew A, Janakiraman M, Karunagaran JR, Ramasamy N, Natesan B. Flow electrode capacitive desalination of industrial RO reject. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28764-28774. [PMID: 38558337 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32979-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Flow electrode capacitive deionization (FCDI) is a promising technology for efficiently treating industrial brine with high salt content. However, its desalination performance is currently limited by internal resistance. Achieving an effective FCDI system relies on active electrode materials with high conductivity. This study compares the desalination performances of the widely used flow electrode activated carbon (AC) with more conductive materials, reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and ZnO/rGO composite. Additionally, the lack of particle-to-particle contact in the flow electrode contributes to internal resistance and to address this, a cationic surface-active agent is introduced. This agent forms a stable dispersion, creating a space for enhanced mass loading of the active material. This modification enhances the conductive network and particle contact, reducing the diffusion path and promoting rapid ion transport. With a 5 wt% loading, ZnO/rGO achieved a 73% salt removal efficiency, surpassing AC at 63%. Furthermore, the surfactant-modified ZnO/rGO flow electrode with a 7 wt% loading demonstrated an 81% salt removal efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha Mathew
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manokaran Janakiraman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jhanani Raji Karunagaran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nithya Ramasamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramanian Natesan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, AC Tech, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
- Centre For Energy Storage Technologies, Anna University, Chennai, 600025, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Jiang Y, Jin L, Wei D, Alhassan SI, Wang H, Chai L. Energy Consumption in Capacitive Deionization for Desalination: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10599. [PMID: 36078322 PMCID: PMC9517846 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an emerging eco-friendly desalination technology with mild operation conditions. However, the energy consumption of CDI has not yet been comprehensively summarized, which is closely related to the economic cost. Hence, this study aims to review the energy consumption performances and mechanisms in the literature of CDI, and to reveal a future direction for optimizing the consumed energy. The energy consumption of CDI could be influenced by a variety of internal and external factors. Ion-exchange membrane incorporation, flow-by configuration, constant current charging mode, lower electric field intensity and flowrate, electrode material with a semi-selective surface or high wettability, and redox electrolyte are the preferred elements for low energy consumption. In addition, the consumed energy in CDI could be reduced to be even lower by energy regeneration. By combining the favorable factors, the optimization of energy consumption (down to 0.0089 Wh·gNaCl-1) could be achieved. As redox flow desalination has the benefits of a high energy efficiency and long lifespan (~20,000 cycles), together with the incorporation of energy recovery (over 80%), a robust future tendency of energy-efficient CDI desalination is expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Jiang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Linfeng Jin
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dun Wei
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Sikpaam Issaka Alhassan
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Haiying Wang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Liyuan Chai
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control and Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, Changsha 410083, China
- Water Pollution Control Technology Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha 410083, China
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Kozaki D, Tanihata S, Sago Y, Fujiwara T, Mori M, Yamamoto A. Implementation of a conductivity cell electrode as an ion chromatography detector. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:957-961. [PMID: 35136894 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay01974k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This technical note illustrates the possibility of using a conductivity cell electrode (CCE) as an ion chromatography (IC) detector to extend the application fields of this analytical technique. A conventional non-suppressed IC system consists of an eluent delivery pump, a separation column, column oven, and conductivity detector (CD). In this study, the conventional CD, which is one of the expensive parts of the instrument, is replaced with a relatively inexpensive CCE, leading to comparable peak resolution, detection sensitivity, and relative standard deviation. The separation effectiveness was retained and the developed IC-CCE system was successfully applied to the simultaneous separation of inorganic anions (SO42-, Cl-, and NO3-) and cations (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+) in three natural mineral water samples, with good accordance between the monitored values obtained using the CCE and CD. The commercially available CCE is potentially suitable for application as an IC detector for monitoring ionic components with overall IC cost reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kozaki
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi City, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
| | - Souma Tanihata
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Sago
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, Yoshida 1677-1, Yamaguchi, 753-8515, Japan
| | - Taku Fujiwara
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, C1-222, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto, 615-8540, Japan
| | - Masanobu Mori
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kochi University, 2-5-1 Akebono-cho, Kochi City, Kochi 780-8520, Japan.
| | - Atushi Yamamoto
- Department of Food & Nutritional Sciences, College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
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