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Ahmad N, Fatima S, Mehmood MA, Zaman QU, Atif RM, Zhou W, Rahman MU, Gill RA. Targeted genome editing in polyploids: lessons from Brassica. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1152468. [PMID: 37409308 PMCID: PMC10318174 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1152468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-mediated genome editing has emerged as a powerful tool for creating targeted mutations in the genome for various applications, including studying gene functions, engineering resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses, and increasing yield and quality. However, its utilization is limited to model crops for which well-annotated genome sequences are available. Many crops of dietary and economic importance, such as wheat, cotton, rapeseed-mustard, and potato, are polyploids with complex genomes. Therefore, progress in these crops has been hampered due to genome complexity. Excellent work has been conducted on some species of Brassica for its improvement through genome editing. Although excellent work has been conducted on some species of Brassica for genome improvement through editing, work on polyploid crops, including U's triangle species, holds numerous implications for improving other polyploid crops. In this review, we summarize key examples from genome editing work done on Brassica and discuss important considerations for deploying CRISPR-mediated genome editing more efficiently in other polyploid crops for improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niaz Ahmad
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Samia Fatima
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Aamer Mehmood
- Department of Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Qamar U. Zaman
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Sanya, China
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Rana Muhammad Atif
- National Center of Genome Editing, Center of Advanced Studies, Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Weijun Zhou
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Lab of Spectroscopy Sensing, Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mehboob-ur Rahman
- National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering College, Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rafaqat Ali Gill
- Key Laboratory for Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
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Calabuig-Serna A, Mir R, Porcel R, Seguí-Simarro JM. The Highly Embryogenic Brassica napus DH4079 Line Is Recalcitrant to Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2008. [PMID: 37653925 PMCID: PMC10221801 DOI: 10.3390/plants12102008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Brassica napus is a species of high agronomic interest, used as a model to study different processes, including microspore embryogenesis. The DH4079 and DH12075 lines show high and low embryogenic response, respectively, which makes them ideal to study the basic mechanisms controlling embryogenesis induction. Therefore, the availability of protocols for genetic transformation of these two backgrounds would help to generate tools to better understand this process. There are some reports in the literature showing the stable transformation of DH12075. However, no equivalent studies in DH4079 have been reported to date. We explored the ability of DH4079 plants to be genetically transformed. As a reference to compare with, we used the same protocols to transform DH12075. We used three different protocols previously reported as successful for B. napus stable transformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and analyzed the response of plants. Whereas DH12075 plants responded to genetic transformation, DH4079 plants were completely recalcitrant, not producing any single regenerant out of the 1784 explants transformed and cultured. Additionally, an Agrobacterium rhizogenes transient transformation assay was performed on both lines, and only DH12075, but no DH4079 seedlings, responded to A. rhizogenes infection. Therefore, we propose that the DH4079 line is recalcitrant to Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jose M. Seguí-Simarro
- Cell Biology Group-COMAV Institute, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain; (A.C.-S.); (R.P.)
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Liaqat F, Hanif U, Bahadur S, Faheem M, Rasool S, Gulzar S, Zaman W, Urooj Z, Shaheen S, Munir M. Comparative evaluation of the toxicological effect of silver salt (AgNO 3 ) and silver nanoparticles on Cyprinus carpio synthesized by chemicals and marine algae using scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2021; 84:1531-1541. [PMID: 33491859 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) results in the unintentional release into the water body. Therefore, understanding of the potentially harmful impacts of AgNPs and Ag-salt on aquatic animals is a need of time. This study was design to analyze the oxidative stress and histopathological damages in Cyprinus carpio. The synthesis of AgNPs from Halymenia porphyraeformis and by reduction of chemical was done. Nanoparticles were characterized with UV-Visible spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, and FTIR analysis. The comparative toxicological effect of chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ch-AgNPs), green silver nanoparticles (Gr-AgNPs), and Ag-salt on C. carpio was analyzed. For oxidative stress analysis, different tests Lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase, glutathione reduction (GST), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were performed. The highest LPO 245.168 ± 0.034 was recorded in Ch-AgNPs-treated gills and the lowest 56.4532 ± 0.02 was found in Gr-AgNPs-treated liver. Maximum GSH 56.4065 ± 0.13 was observed in Gr-AgNPs liver and minimum 40.781 ± 0.54 was recorded in Ag-salt gills. The maximum quantity of catalase 68.0162 ± 0.09 was noted in the Ag-salt-treated liver and the minimum was calculated 17.3665 ± 0.01 in the liver of Ch-AgNPs and highest values of GST 765.829 ± 0.11 were recorded in gills of Gr-AgNPs and lowest 633.08 ± 0.26 in the liver of Ch-AgNPs-treated fish. In conclusion, maximum destruction was found in the gills and liver of the fish treated with chemical and green AgNPs followed by Ag-salt as compared to control. The adverse effects of AgNPs and Ag-salt were probably related to the oxidative stress in the fish that lead to histopathological damage of its vital organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareeha Liaqat
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Hanif
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mehwish Faheem
- Department of Zoology, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saba Rasool
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Gulzar
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wajid Zaman
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zara Urooj
- School of Life Sciences, North East Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Shabnum Shaheen
- Department of Botany, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mubashrah Munir
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pattoki, Pakistan
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“Phytochemical and antimicrobial investigation of methanolic extract/fraction of Ocimum basilicum L.”. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ashfaq S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Sultana S, Bahadur S, Ahmed SN, Gul S, Nazish M. Pollen morphology of family Solanaceae and its taxonomic significance. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20181221. [PMID: 33331396 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020181221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pollen micro-morphology of family Solanaceae from the different phytogeographical region of Pakistan has been assessed. In this study, thirteen species belonging to ten genera of Solanaceae have been studied using light and scanning electron microscopy for both qualitative and quantitative features. Solanaceae is a eurypalynous family and a significant variation was observed in pollen size, shape, polarity and exine sculpturing. Examined plant species includes, Brugmansia suaveolens, Capsicum annuum, Cestrum parqui, Datura innoxia, Solanum lycopersicum, Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Petunia hybrida, Physalis minima, Solanum americanum, Solanum erianthum, Solanum melongena, Solanum surattense and Withania somnifera. The prominent pollen type is tricolporate and shed as a monad. High pollen fertility reflects that observed taxa are well-known in the study area. Based on the observed pollen traits a taxonomic key was developed for the accurate and quick identification of species. Principal Component Analysis was performed that shows some morphological features are the main characters in the identification. Cluster Analysis was performed that separate the plant species in a cluster. The findings highlight the importance of Palyno-morphological features in the characterization and identification of Solanaceous taxa. It is concluded that both LM and SEM significantly play a key role in correct identification of taxa studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomaila Ashfaq
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sidra N Ahmed
- The Women university Multan, Department of botany, Faculty of Botany, 66000 Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saba Gul
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Moona Nazish
- Quaid-i-Azam University, Department of Plants Sciences, Faculty of Plant Sciences, University Road, 45320 Islamabad, Pakistan
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Iqbal S, Parveen N, Bahadur S, Ahmad T, Shuaib M, Nizamani MM, Urooj Z, Rubab S. Paclobutrazol mediated changes in growth and physio-biochemical traits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown under drought stress. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Muhammad I, Li K, Shuaib M, Inamullah, Ayub M, Shafqat N, Alam B, Romman M, Azam N. Identification of biotic stress tolerant wheat germplasm using morphological and molecular approaches. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shuaib M, Bahadur S, Hussain F. Enumeration of genetic diversity of wild rice through phenotypic trait analysis. GENE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2020.100797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Gul S, Ahmad M, Zafar M, Bahadur S, Zaman W, Ayaz A, Shuaib M, Butt MA, Ullah F, Saqib S, Nizamani MM, Urooj Z. Palynological characteristics of selected Lamioideae taxa and its taxonomic significance. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:471-479. [PMID: 32959483 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lamioideae comprised the second-largest subfamily in Lamiaceae. Although considerable progress has recently been made in the taxonomic study of Lamioideae, the subfamily remains one of the most poorly investigated subfamily in Lamiaceae. Therefore, the present study was designed with the aim to document the pollen micromorphology of some selected Lamioideae taxa and its taxonomic significance from Pakistan. Pollen micromorphological features were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The pollen grains are monad, tricolpate, radially/bilateral symmetrical. The pollen grains were small to medium-sized having oblate, oblate/subspheroidal, and subspheroidal shape. Exine sculpturing was observed as reticulate, microreticulate, and bireticulate. The colpus surface ornamentation was found as verrucate, gemmate, scabrate, and psilate. There was a considerable variation between the species in the micromorphology, that is, the coarseness of the reticulum, thickness of the muri comprising the reticulum and the number of secondary lumina per primary lumen. Hence, this study documented the pollen morphology of some selected taxa of the subfamily Lamioideae from Pakistan and strengthens the taxonomic identification of subfamily based on pollen characters, which helps in the correct identification, discrimination of the species of Lamioideae at generic and species level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Gul
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- College of Forestry, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Wajid Zaman
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Asma Ayaz
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Muhammad Shuaib
- School of Ecology and Environmental Science, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Maryam Akram Butt
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fazal Ullah
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Saddam Saqib
- State Key Laboratory of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mir Muhammad Nizamani
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Zara Urooj
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Grass Science, North East Normal University, Changchun, China
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Thakur AK, Parmar N, Singh KH, Nanjundan J. Current achievements and future prospects of genetic engineering in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss.). PLANTA 2020; 252:56. [PMID: 32951089 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03461-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic technology in Indian mustard has expedited crop improvement programs. Further, there is a need to optimize gene editing protocols and find out the suitable target genes to harvest the benefits of gene editing technology in this important edible oilseed crop. Brassica juncea is an economically and industrially important oilseed crop being grown mainly in India and in some parts of Canada, Russia, China and Australia. Besides being consumed as edible oil, it also has numerous applications in food and paint industry. However, its overall production and productivity are being hampered by a number of biotic and abiotic stress factors. Further, its oil and seedmeal quality needs to be improved for increasing food as well as feed value. However, the lack of resistant crossable germplasm or varieties necessitated the use of genetic engineering interventions in Indian mustard crop improvement. A number of genes conferring resistance to biotic stresses including lectins for aphids' control, chitinase, glucanase and osmotin for disease control and for abiotic stresses, CODA, LEA and ion antiporter genes have been transferred to Indian mustard. Both antisense and RNAi technologies have been employed for improving oil and seedmeal quality. Efforts have been made to improve the phytoremediation potential of this crop through genetic engineering approach. The deployment of barnase/barstar gene system for developing male sterile and restorer lines has really expedited hybrid development programs in Indian mustard. Further, there is a need to optimize gene editing protocols and to find out suitable target genes for gene editing in this crop. In this review paper, authors have attempted to review various genetic transformation efforts carried out in Indian mustard for its improvement to combat biotic and abiotic stress challenges, quality improvement and hybrid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Thakur
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321303, India.
| | - Nehanjali Parmar
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321303, India
| | - K H Singh
- ICAR-Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Rajasthan, 321303, India
| | - J Nanjundan
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute-Regional Station, Wellington, Tamilnadu, 643 231, India
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Ahmed SN, Ahmad M, Yaseen G, Zafar M, Rashid S, Nazir A, Sultana S, Anjum F, Ozdemir FA, Kilic O. Quality assurance and authentication of herbal drug (Argyrolobium roseum and Viola stocksii) through comparative light and scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 84:28-37. [PMID: 32803804 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The quality assurance and authentication of crude herbal drugs play important role in the effective therapeutic effect of herbal drug and their products. There are many reported problems in quality assurance of herbal crude drugs concerning to their correct identification. The present study was designed with the aim to document the authentication and quality assurance of the herbal crude drugs (Argyrolobium roseum and Viola stocksii) thorough light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The detailed foliar anatomical studies showed polygonal epidermal cells having anticlinal walls in Argyrolobium roseum while rounded epidermal cells were observed in Viola stocksii. The anomocytic stomata type was observed in Argrolobium roseum while actinocytic was noticed in Viola stocksii. The pollen of studied species appeared as tricolporate showing reticulate exine sculpturing in Argrolobium roseum while fine perforations were recorded in Viola stocksii. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of phenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity showed high flavonoid and phenol content in Argyrolobium roseum as compared with Viola stocksii. It was observed that Argyrolobium roseum was discriminated from the Viola stocksii based on the leaf and pollen micromorphological traits by using LM and SEM techniques. It was concluded that LM and SEM techniques were found useful for the quality assurance of botanicals and their authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Nisar Ahmed
- Department of Botany, The Women University, Multan, Pakistan.,Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Botany, PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zafar
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sofia Rashid
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Nazir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Sultana
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farida Anjum
- Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fethi Ahmet Ozdemir
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Art, Bingol University, Turkey
| | - Omer Kilic
- Adıyaman University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Basic Science of Pharmacy, Adıyaman, Turkey
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Ali M, Bahadur S, Hussain A, Saeed S, Khuram I, Ullah M, Shao J, Akhtar N. Foliar epidermal micromorphology and its taxonomic significance in
Polygonatum
(Asparagaceae) using scanning electron microscopy. Microsc Res Tech 2020; 83:1381-1390. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maroof Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - Saraj Bahadur
- Department of Agriculture and Forestry College of Forestry, Hainan University Haikou China
| | - Abrar Hussain
- Department of Physics, Centre of Physics The University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Sara Saeed
- Department of Physics, Centre of Physics The University of Science and Technology of China Hefei China
| | - Izaz Khuram
- Department of Botany University of Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
| | - Manzoor Ullah
- Department of Botany University of Science & Technology Bannu Pakistan
| | - Jian‐Wen Shao
- Department of Biological Sciences College of Life Science, Anhui Normal University Wuhu China
| | - Naveed Akhtar
- Department of Botany Islamia College University Peshawar Peshawar Pakistan
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