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Khurshid S, Ashraf H, Hussain T, Iqbal M, Qureshi H, Anwar T, Salmen SH, Ansari MJ. Enhanced Citric Acid Production through Aspergillus niger: Insights from Fermentation Studies Using Sugarcane Molasses. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:756. [PMID: 38929739 PMCID: PMC11204724 DOI: 10.3390/life14060756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The production of citric acid, a vital agricultural commodity utilized across various industries such as food, beverages, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, detergents, and cosmetics, predominantly relies on microbial fermentation, with Aspergillus niger accounting for approximately 90% of global production. In this study, we aimed to optimize the key factors influencing citric acid production, with a focus on strains, fermentation techniques, and carbon sources, particularly sugarcane molasses. A. niger, sourced from the Botany department/Biotechnology laboratories at Govt. College of Science, Lahore, was employed for citric acid production. The process involved inoculum preparation through spore collection from 3 to 5 days of cultured PDA slants. The fermentation medium, comprising cane molasses with a 15% sugar concentration, was meticulously prepared and optimized for various factors, including magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, time of addition of potassium ferrocyanide, ammonium oxalate, and calcium chloride. Our optimization results shed light on the significant impact of different factors on citric acid production. For instance, the addition of 0.4 g/L magnesium sulfate led to a maximum yield of 75%, while 2 g/L potassium ferrocyanide, added at 24 h, achieved a yield of 78%. Remarkably, ammonium oxalate, at a concentration of 10 g/L, resulted in a notable 77% yield. Conversely, the addition of calcium chloride exhibited negligible effects on citric acid production, with the control group yielding more at 78%. Our study underscores the potential for optimizing factors to enhance citric acid production by A. niger in submerged fermentation. These findings highlight the pivotal role of magnesium sulfate, potassium ferrocyanide, and ammonium oxalate in augmenting citric acid yields while emphasizing the minimal impact of calcium chloride. Ultimately, these insights contribute to advancing our understanding of microbial citric acid biosynthesis, providing valuable implications for industrial applications and future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samina Khurshid
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University (Lahore Campus), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hamad Ashraf
- Department of Botany, Government Dyal Singh Graduate College, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, Virtual University (Lahore Campus), Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Botany, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan
| | - Huma Qureshi
- Department of Botany, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan
| | - Tauseef Anwar
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Saleh H. Salmen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad (Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly), Moradabad 244001, India
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Książek E. Citric Acid: Properties, Microbial Production, and Applications in Industries. Molecules 2023; 29:22. [PMID: 38202605 PMCID: PMC10779990 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Citric acid finds broad applications in various industrial sectors, such as the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and cosmetic industries. The bioproduction of citric acid uses various microorganisms, but the most commonly employed ones are filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus niger and yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. This article presents a literature review on the properties of citric acid, the microorganisms and substrates used, different fermentation techniques, its industrial utilization, and the global citric acid market. This review emphasizes that there is still much to explore, both in terms of production process techniques and emerging new applications of citric acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Książek
- Department of Agroenginieering and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118-120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
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Książek EE, Janczar-Smuga M, Pietkiewicz JJ, Walaszczyk E. Optimization of Medium Constituents for the Production of Citric Acid from Waste Glycerol Using the Central Composite Rotatable Design of Experiments. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073268. [PMID: 37050031 PMCID: PMC10096785 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Citric acid is currently produced by submerged fermentation of sucrose with the aid of Aspergillus niger mold. Its strains are characterized by a high yield of citric acid biosynthesis and no toxic by-products. Currently, new substrates are sought for production of citric acid by submerged fermentation. Waste materials such as glycerol or pomace could be used as carbon sources in the biosynthesis of citric acid. Due to the complexity of the metabolic state in fungus, there is an obvious need to optimize the important medium constituents to enhance the accumulation of desired product. Potential optimization approach is a statistical method, such as the central composite rotatable design (CCRD). The aim of this study was to increase the yield of citric acid biosynthesis by Aspergillus niger PD-66 in media with waste glycerol as the carbon source. A mathematical method was used to optimize the culture medium composition for the biosynthesis of citric acid. In order to maximize the efficiency of the biosynthesis of citric acid the central composite, rotatable design was used. Waste glycerol and ammonium nitrate were identified as significant variables which highly influenced the final concentration of citric acid (Y1), volumetric rate of citric acid biosynthesis (Y2), and yield of citric acid biosynthesis (Y3). These variables were subsequently optimized using a central composite rotatable design. Optimal values of input variables were determined using the method of the utility function. The highest utility value of 0.88 was obtained by the following optimal set of conditions: waste glycerol—114.14 g∙L−1and NH4NO3—2.85 g∙L−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Ewa Książek
- Department of Agroengineering and Quality Analysis, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118–120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Janczar-Smuga
- Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118–120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Jan Pietkiewicz
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Physical Culture Sciences, Witelon Collegium State University, Sejmowa 5A, 59-220 Legnica, Poland
| | - Ewa Walaszczyk
- Department of Process Management, Faculty of Production Engineering, Wroclaw University of Economics and Business, Komandorska 118–120, 53-345 Wrocław, Poland
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Krivonos DV, Konanov DN, Ilina EN. FunFun: ITS-based functional annotator of fungal communities. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9874. [PMID: 36911300 PMCID: PMC9994472 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of individual fungi and their communities is of great interest to modern biology because they might be both producers of useful compounds, such as antibiotics and organic acids, and pathogens of various diseases. And certain features associated with the functional capabilities of fungi are determined by differences in gene content. Information about gene content is most often taken from the results of functional annotation of the whole genome. However, in practice, whole genome sequencing of fungi is rarely performed. At the same time, usually sequence amplicons of the ITS region to identify fungal taxonomy. But in the case of amplicon sequencing there is no way to perform a functional annotation. Here, we present FunFun, the instrument that allows to evaluate the gene content of an individual fungus or mycobiome from ITS sequencing data. FunFun algorithm based on a modified K-nearest neighbors algorithm. As input, the program can use ITS1, ITS2, or a full-size ITS cluster (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2). FunFun was realized as a pip-installed command line instrument and validated using a shuffle-split approach. The developed instrument can be very useful in the fungal community comparing and estimating functional capabilities of fungi under study. Also, the program can predict with high accuracy the most variable functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danil V Krivonos
- Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (RISBM) Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry N Konanov
- Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (RISBM) Moscow Russia
| | - Elena N Ilina
- Research Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine (RISBM) Moscow Russia
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Effect of Microparticles on Fungal Fermentation for Fermentation-Based Product Productions. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10122681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ranging from simple food ingredients to complex pharmaceuticals, value-added products via microbial fermentation have many advantages over their chemically synthesized alternatives. Some of such advantages are environment-friendly production pathways, more specificity in the case of enzymes as compared to the chemical catalysts and reduction of harmful chemicals, such as heavy metals or strong acids and bases. Fungal fermentation systems include yeast and filamentous fungal cells based on cell morphology and culture conditions. However, filamentous fungal fermentation has gained attention in the past few decades because of the diversity of microbial products and robust production of some of the most value-added commodities. This type of fungal fermentation is usually carried out by solid-state fermentation. However, solid-state fermentation poses problems during the scale-up for industrial production. Therefore, submerged fermentation for value-added products is usually preferred for scaling-up purposes. The main problem with submerged fungal fermentation is the formation of complex mycelial clumps or pellets. The formation of such pellets increases the viscosity of the media and hinders the efficient transfer of oxygen and nutrient resources in the liquid phase. The cells at the center of the clump or pellet start to die because of a shortage of resources and, thus, productivity decreases substantially. To overcome this problem, various morphological engineering techniques are being researched. One approach is the use of microparticles. Microparticles are inert particles with various size ranges that are used in fermentation. These microparticles are shown to have positive effects, such as high enzyme productivity or smaller pellets with fungal fermentation. Therefore, this review provides a background about the types of microparticles and summarizes some of the recent studies with special emphasis on the fungal morphology changes and microparticle types along with the applications of microparticles in filamentous fungal fermentations.
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Barros RGC, Pereira UC, Andrade JKS, Nogueira JP, de Oliveira CS, Narain N. Process optimization for simultaneous production of phenolic acids and enzymes with high transfructosylation activity in cupuassu ( Theobroma grandiflorum) residue by submerged fermentation with Aspergillus carbonarius. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 59:3895-3907. [PMID: 36193385 PMCID: PMC9525564 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-022-05418-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cupuassu (Theobroma grandiflorum) generates a large amount of waste, which can be better used to obtain products with high added value through biotechnological processes. Thus, the present study aimed to obtain optimized conditions for the simultaneous production of phenolic acids, invertases and transferases enzymes in cupuassu residue with Aspergillus carbonarius. The main methodologies used to select the variables that influence the system were a Plackett-Burman design, followed by a Central Composite Rotational Design. The optimal conditions were use of 17.3% sucrose, 5.1% residue and 4.6% yeast extract to produce 2204.89 ± 5.75 mg GAE/100 g, 39.84 ± 2.08 U/mL of hydrolytic activity, 168.09 ± 3.81 U/mL of transfructosylation activity and 4.23 ± 0.19 of transfructosylation and hydrolytic activity ratio. Among the phenolic acids identified by the UFLC-DAD system, there was an increase of 148.17% in gallic acid and 205.51% in protocatechuic acid. The antioxidant activities also showed changes after fermentation, with an increase of 350% for the ABTS assay, 51.97% for FRAP, 22.65% for ORAC and 16.03% for DPPH. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that cupuassu residue is fermented with Aspergillus carbonarius to obtain invertases and transferases enzymes and phenolic acids. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-022-05418-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romy Gleyse Chagas Barros
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Ubatã Corrêa Pereira
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Julianna Karla Santana Andrade
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Juliete Pedreira Nogueira
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Christean Santos de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
| | - Narendra Narain
- Laboratory of Flavor & Chromatographic Analysis, PROCTA, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, SE 49100-000 Brazil
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Aspergillus spp. isolated from the bovine gastrointestinal tract improve organic acid profiles in Urochloa decumbens fermentation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2022.102360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Sarangi PK, Anand Singh T, Joykumar Singh N, Prasad Shadangi K, Srivastava RK, Singh AK, Chandel AK, Pareek N, Vivekanand V. Sustainable utilization of pineapple wastes for production of bioenergy, biochemicals and value-added products: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 351:127085. [PMID: 35358673 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural residues play a pivotal role in meeting the growing energy and bulk chemicals demand and food security of society. There is global concern about the utilization of fossil-based fuels and chemicals which create serious environmental problems. Biobased sustainable fuels can afford energy and fuels for future generations. Agro-industrial waste materials can act as the alternative way for generating bioenergy and biochemicals strengthening low carbon economy. Processing of pineapple generates about 60% of the weight of the original pineapple fruit in the form of peel, core, crown end, and pomace that can be converted into bioenergy sources like bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, and biomethane along with animal feed and vermicompost as described in this paper. This paper also explains about bioconversion process towards the production of various value-added products such as phenolic anti-oxidants, bromelain enzyme, phenolic flavour compounds, organic acids, and animal feed towards bioeconomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar Sarangi
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal 795 004 Manipur, India
| | - Thangjam Anand Singh
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal 795 004 Manipur, India
| | - Ng Joykumar Singh
- College of Agriculture, Central Agricultural University, Imphal 795 004 Manipur, India
| | - Krushna Prasad Shadangi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla Sambalpur 768 018, Odisha, India
| | - Rajesh K Srivastava
- Department of Biotechnology, GIT, GITAM (Deemed to be University) Visakhapatnam, 530 045 Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Akhilesh K Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Central University, Motihari, 845 401 Bihar, India
| | - Anuj K Chandel
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena (EEL), University of São Paulo (USP), Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nidhi Pareek
- Microbial Catalysis and Process Engineering Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer 305 817, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivekanand Vivekanand
- Center for Energy and Environment, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, 302 017 Rajasthan, India.
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