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Riasat N, Jadoon M, Akhtar N, Kiani MN, Fatima H, Abdel-Maksoud MA, Ali SM, Alfuraydi AA, Dar MJ, Ul Haq I. Polyphenolic characterization and biological assessment of Acacia nilotica (L.) wild. Ex delilie: An In vitro and In vivo appraisal of wound healing potential. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 325:117842. [PMID: 38310987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.117842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. Ex Delilie is a shrub with significant ethnomedicinal stature. Therefore, in the undertaken study, its wound healing attributes are determined. AIM OF THE STUDY The current study provided evidence of the traditional use of A. nilotica species and conferred A. nilotica bark extract as a potent candidate for wound healing agents. MATERIALS & METHODS A. nilotica leaves extract (ANL-E); A. nilotica bark extract (ANB-E), and A. nilotica stem extract (ANS-E) were prepared using methanol-chloroform (1:1). Phytochemical analysis was performed using gallic acid equivalent (GAE) total phenolic content (TPC), quercetin equivalent (QE) total flavonoid content (TFC) assays and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro antioxidant potential (free radical scavenging activity (FRSA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay), antibacterial activity (broth microdilution method) and hemolytic analysis was carried out. Wound healing proficiency of ANB-E was determined by wound excision model followed by estimating hydroxyproline content and endogenous antioxidant markers. RESULTS Maximum phenolic and flavonoid content were depicted by ANB-E i.e., 50.9 ± 0.34 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg extract and 28.7 ± 0.13 μg quercetin equivalent/mg extract, respectively. HPLC analysis unraveled the presence of a significant amount of catechin in ANL-E, ANB-E and ANS-E (54.66 ± 0.02, 44.9 ± 0.004 and 31.36 ± 0.02 μg/mg extract) respectively. Highest percent free radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant capacity, and ferric reducing action power (i.e., 93.3 ± 0.42 %, 222.10 ± 0.76, and 222.86 ± 0.54 μg ascorbic acid equivalent/mg extract) were exhibited by ANB-E. Maximum antibacterial potential against Staphylococcus aureus was exhibited by ANB-E (MIC 12.5 μg/ml). Two of the extracts i.e., ANL-E and ANB-E were found biocompatible with less than 5 % hemolytic potential. Based upon findings of in vitro analysis, ANB-E (10, 5, and 2.5 % w/w, C1, C2, and C3, respectively) was selected for evaluating its in vivo wound healing potential. Maximum contraction of wound area and fastest epithelization i.e., 98 ± 0.05 % and 11.2 ± 1.00 (day) was exhibited by C1. Maximum hydroxyproline content, glutathione, catalase, and peroxidase were demonstrated by C1 i.e., 15.9 ± 0.52 μg/mg, 9.3 ± 0.17 mmol/mg, 7.2 ± 0.17 and 6.2 ± 0.14 U/mg, respectively. Maximal curbed lipid peroxidation i.e., 0.7 ± 0.15 mmol/mg was also depicted by C1. CONCLUSIONS In a nutshell, the current investigation endorsed the wound healing potential of ANB-E suggesting it to be an excellent candidate for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Riasat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Muniba Jadoon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Nosheen Akhtar
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, 46000, Pakistan.
| | - Marya Nawaz Kiani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Humaira Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | | | - Syeda Masooma Ali
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Akram A Alfuraydi
- Botany & Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M Junaid Dar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43202, USA.
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
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Stanković MM, Ristivojević PM, Ivković ĐD, Milutinović MG, Terzić JN, Stefanović OD. A comprehensive study on Geranium robertianum L. antibacterial potential. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae106. [PMID: 38658191 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The research aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction of secondary metabolites and the antibacterial activity of the plant species Geranium robertianum. The phytochemical profiles of the optimized extracts, as well as their antibacterial and synergistic activity with an antibiotic and their potential mechanisms of action and cytotoxicity, were examined. METHODS AND RESULTS Response Surface Methodology was used to optimize extraction conditions. Optimized ethanol and acetone extracts were tested via microdilution, checkerboard, time-kill kinetics, and cell membrane permeability methods. The extracts displayed broad antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 1.25 to 20 mg ml-1. In addition, the extract synergistically reacted with gentamicin against gentamicin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, enhancing the efficacy of the antibiotic up to 32-fold. The extracts demonstrated strain-dependent bactericidal activity in a 24-h time interval. They increase the permeability of the cell membrane, thus disrupting its normal functioning. The cytotoxic concentration (CC50) on human keratinocytes was 1771.24 ± 5.78 µg ml-1 for ethanol extract, and 958.01 ± 6.14 µg ml-1 for acetone extract. Kaempferol, ellagic acid, quercetin, and rutin were recognized as the main components in both extracts. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that the extracts of G. robertianum can be considered as potential natural antibacterial agents in the control of microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Stanković
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Petar M Ristivojević
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Đurđa D Ivković
- Innovation Centre of Faculty of Chemistry Ltd., Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milena G Milutinović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Jelena N Terzić
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Olgica D Stefanović
- University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
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Zhang K, Cao F, Zhao Y, Wang H, Chen L. Antibacterial Ingredients and Modes of the Methanol-Phase Extract from the Fruit of Amomum villosum Lour. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:834. [PMID: 38592864 PMCID: PMC10975419 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Epidemics of infectious diseases threaten human health and society stability. Pharmacophagous plants are rich in bioactive compounds that constitute a safe drug library for antimicrobial agents. In this study, we have deciphered for the first time antibacterial ingredients and modes of the methanol-phase extract (MPE) from the fruit of Amomum villosum Lour. The results have revealed that the antibacterial rate of the MPE was 63.64%, targeting 22 species of common pathogenic bacteria. The MPE was further purified by high performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC), and three different constituents (Fractions 1-3) were obtained. Of these, the Fraction 2 treatment significantly increased the cell membrane fluidity and permeability, reduced the cell surface hydrophobicity, and damaged the integrity of the cell structure, leading to the leakage of cellular macromolecules of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens (p < 0.05). Eighty-nine compounds in Fraction 2 were identified by ultra HPLC-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) analysis, among which 4-hydroxyphenylacetylglutamic acid accounted for the highest 30.89%, followed by lubiprostone (11.86%), miltirone (10.68%), and oleic acid (10.58%). Comparative transcriptomics analysis revealed significantly altered metabolic pathways in the representative pathogens treated by Fraction 2 (p < 0.05), indicating multiple antibacterial modes. Overall, this study first demonstrates the antibacterial activity of the MPE from the fruit of A. villosum Lour., and should be useful for its application in the medicinal and food preservative industries against common pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 201306, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Fengfeng Cao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 201306, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yueliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 201306, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Hengbin Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Palliative Care, Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Lanming Chen
- Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Aquatic Products on Storage and Preservation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Shanghai 201306, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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Abrar A, Zafar A, Fatima M, Muntaqua D, Naz I, Fatima H, Ul Haq I. Mechanistic insight into the synergistic antimicrobial potential of Fagonia indica Burm.f. extracts with cefixime. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:101893. [PMID: 38204592 PMCID: PMC10777119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Fagonia indica Burm.f. is known for its anti-infective character and has been studied in the present work as a synergistic remedy against resistant bacterial strains. Initially, phytochemicals were quantified in n-Hexane (n-Hex), ethyl acetate (E.A), methanol (MeOH), and aqueous (Aq.) extracts by Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) and Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis. Later, after establishing an antibacterial resistance profile for extracts and antibiotics against gram-positive and gram-negative strains, synergism was evaluated in combination with cefixime through time-kill kinetics and bacterial protein estimation studies. Topographic images depicting synergism were obtained by scanning electron microscopy for Methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Resistant Escherichia coli (R.E. coli). Results showed the presence of maximum phenolic (28.4 ± 0.67 μg GAE/mg extract) and flavonoid (11 ± 0.42 μg QE/mg extract) contents in MeOH extract. RP-HPLC results also displayed maximum polyphenols in MeOH extract followed by E.A extract. Clinical strains were resistant to cefixime whereas these were moderately inhibited by all extracts (MIC 150-300 µg/ml) except Aq. extract. E.A and n-Hex extracts demonstrated maximum synergism (Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) 0.31) against R.E. coli. The n-Hex extract displayed total synergism against R.P. a with a 4-fold reduction in cefixime dose. Time-kill kinetics showed maximum inhibition of gram-negative bacterial growth from 3 to 12 h when treated at FICI and 2FICI values with > 10-fold reduction of the extracts' dose. All combinations demonstrate > 70 % protein content inhibition with bacterial cell wall disruption in SEM images. Fortunately, FICI concentrations have low hemolytic potential (<5%). Conclusively, F. indica extracts can mitigate antimicrobial resistance against cefixime and can be investigated in detail by in vivo and mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anum Abrar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Aroosa Zafar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Mahvish Fatima
- Department of Physics, Science Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Durdana Muntaqua
- Shifa College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Iffat Naz
- Department of Biology, Science Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Humaira Fatima
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ul Haq
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
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Kim J, Lee D. The Natural Ficus carica L. (fig) Extract as an Effective Prophylactic Antibacterial Agent for Inflammation-Related Infections. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2356. [PMID: 38137957 PMCID: PMC10744453 DOI: 10.3390/life13122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumoniae) is a multidrug-resistance Gram-negative organism responsible for carbapenem-resistant infections. These challenges have inspired studies on the use of natural products as alternatives to conventional drugs. The aim of this study was to analyze the antibacterial and antioxidant effects of Ficus carica L. (fig) branch extracts and to perform in vivo animal experiments to better understand the absorption mechanisms of the antibacterial components during the digestion process after oral administration. The antibacterial components of the fig branch extracts were analyzed via gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). An in vivo animal study and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QQQ-MS/MS) analyses were performed to analyze the deacetylation reactions of the fig extracts after oral administration in mice. Ultimately, the antibacterial effects of the fig extracts increased with the fractional distillation time. The fig extracts showed excellent antibacterial effects against K. pneumoniae, as well as Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa). The three antibacterial and antioxidant components of the fig extracts were revealed to be eugenol, acetyleugenol, and psoralen. Interestingly, in this study, we identified acetyleugenol in the phenolic compounds of the fig extract for the first time. Through in vivo animal testing, we observed the deacetylation reaction of acetyleugenol to eugenol in the fig extract as digestion proceeded in the internal organs of the mice after oral administration. The results of this study suggest the use of natural fig extract as an effective therapeutic and prophylactic antibacterial agent for inflammation-related infections with a wide variety of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyoung Kim
- Department of Bio-Nano System Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 53896, Republic of Korea;
| | - Donghwan Lee
- Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, College of Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 53896, Republic of Korea
- Hemorheology Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
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Jeong JY, Jung IG, Yum SH, Hwang YJ. In Vitro Synergistic Inhibitory Effects of Plant Extract Combinations on Bacterial Growth of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1491. [PMID: 37895962 PMCID: PMC10610001 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most common pathogens of healthcare-associated infections. Medicinal plants have long been used in the traditional treatment of diseases or syndromes worldwide. Combined use of plant extracts could improve the effectiveness of pharmacological action by obtaining synergism, acting on multiple targets simultaneously, reducing the doses of individual components, and minimizing side effects. We aimed to investigate the synergistic inhibitory effects of selected medicinal plants (Caesalpinia sappan L. (CS), Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (GU), Sanguisorba officinalis L. (SO), and Uncaria gambir Roxb. (UG)) on the bacterial growth of MRSA and its clinical isolates. SO and UG extracts generated the best synergistic interaction as adjudged by checkerboard synergy assays. MICs of the individual extracts decreased 4-fold from 250 to 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. The SO + UG combination was further evaluated for its effects on bacterial growth inhibition, minimum bactericidal/inhibitory concentration (MBC/MIC) ratio, and time-kill kinetics. The results indicate that the SO + UG combination synergistically inhibited the bacterial growth of MRSA strains with bactericidal effects. SO + UG combination also exhibited more potent effects against clinical isolates. In multistep resistance selection experiments, both standard and isolates of MRSA showed no resistance to the SO + UG combination even after repeated exposure over fourteen passages. Our data suggest that using plant extract combinations could be a potential strategy to treat MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Young Jeong
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Geun Jung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Yum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Jin Hwang
- Department of Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
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Zhor C, Wafaa L, Ghzaiel I, Kessas K, Zarrouk A, Ksila M, Ghrairi T, Latruffe N, Masmoudi-Kouki O, El Midaoui A, Vervandier-Fasseur D, Hammami M, Lizard G, Vejux A, Kharoubi O. Effects of polyphenols and their metabolites on age-related diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2023:115674. [PMID: 37414102 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Aging contributes to the progressive loss of cellular biological functions and increases the risk of age-related diseases. Cardiovascular diseases, some neurological disorders and cancers are generally classified as age-related diseases that affect the lifespan of individuals. These diseases result from the accumulation of cellular damage and reduced activity of protective stress response pathways, which can lead to inflammation and oxidative stress, which play a key role in the aging process. There is now increasing interest in the therapeutic effects of edible plants for the prevention of various diseases, including those associated with aging. It has become clear that the beneficial effects of these foods are due, at least in part, to the high concentration of bioactive phenolic compounds with low side effects. Antioxidants are the most abundant, and their high consumption in the Mediterranean diet has been associated with slower ageing in humans. Extensive human dietary intervention studies strongly suggest that polyphenol supplementation protects against the development of degenerative diseases, especially in the elderly. In this review, we present data on the biological effects of plant polyphenols in the context of their relevance to human health, ageing and the prevention of age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chouari Zhor
- University Oran 1 ABB: laboratory of Experimental Biotoxicology, Biodepollution and Phytoremediation, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences. Oran Algeria.
| | - Lounis Wafaa
- University Oran 1 ABB: laboratory of Experimental Biotoxicology, Biodepollution and Phytoremediation, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences. Oran Algeria.
| | - Imen Ghzaiel
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA7270/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; University of Monastir: Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University Tunis-El Manar, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Khadidja Kessas
- University Oran 1 ABB: laboratory of Experimental Biotoxicology, Biodepollution and Phytoremediation, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences. Oran Algeria.
| | - Amira Zarrouk
- University of Monastir: Faculty of Medicine, LR12ES05, Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition - Functional Food & Vascular Health', 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; University of Sousse: Faculty of Medicine, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed Ksila
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA7270/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France; University Tunis-El Manar, Loboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of BioMolecules, LR18ES03, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Taoufik Ghrairi
- University Tunis-El Manar, Loboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of BioMolecules, LR18ES03, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Norbert Latruffe
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA7270/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Olfa Masmoudi-Kouki
- University Tunis-El Manar, Loboratory of Neurophysiology, Cellular Physiopathology and Valorisation of BioMolecules, LR18ES03, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Adil El Midaoui
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Canada.
| | - Dominique Vervandier-Fasseur
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB-UMR CNRS 6302, University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 9, avenue A. Savary, 21078 Dijon Cedex, France.
| | - Mohamed Hammami
- Lab-NAFS 'Nutrition-Functional Food & Vascular Health', Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, LR12ES05, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Gérard Lizard
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA7270/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Anne Vejux
- University Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Team 'Biochemistry of the Peroxisome, Inflammation and Lipid Metabolism' EA7270/Inserm, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Omar Kharoubi
- University Oran 1 ABB: laboratory of Experimental Biotoxicology, Biodepollution and Phytoremediation, Faculty of Life and Natural Sciences. Oran Algeria.
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