Nodding off but can't disconnect: development and validation of the iNOD index of Nighttime Offline Distress

A bidirectional model of sleep and technology use: A theoretical review of How much, for whom, and which mechanisms

The link between technology and sleep is more complex than originally thought. In this updated theoretical review, we propose a new model informed by the growing body of evidence in the area over the past 10 years. The main theoretical change is the addition of bi-directional links between the use of technology and sleep problems. We begin by reviewing the evidence to date for the originally proposed mechanisms of bright light, arousal, nighttime sleep disruptions, and sleep displacement. Then, in support of the new direction of effect (sleep problems preceding technology use), we propose two new mechanisms: technology before sleep might be used as a time filler and/or as an emotional regulation strategy to facilitate the sleep-onset process. Finally, we present potential moderators of the association between technology and sleep, in recognition of protective and vulnerability factors that may mitigate or exacerbate the effects of technology on sleep and vice versa. The goal of this theoretical review is to update the field, guide future public health messages, and to prompt new research into how much technology and sleep affect each other, for whom it may be problematic, and which mechanisms may explain their association.

Wi-Fi off, devices out: do parent-set technology rules play a role in adolescent sleep?

There is limited evidence surrounding the relationship between parent-set technology rules and adolescent sleep. This study had two aims: 1) to investigate the relationship between presence of and compliance to parent-set technology rules and adolescent sleep outcomes and daytime sleepiness; 2) to investigate if compliance, non-compliance, or the absence of rules could moderate the relationship between Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) and Bedtime Procrastination (BtP) on sleep outcomes and daytime sleepiness. A total of 711 adolescents aged 12–18 years old (46% Female, M_age = 15.1, SD = 1.2) were recruited through secondary schools in South Australia. Participants completed a survey containing self-report measures about their sleep, daytime sleepiness, FoMO, BtP, the presence/absence of technology rules in their house, and their compliance to these rules. The study design was cross sectional. Results indicated that the presence of a parent-set technology rule was associated with earlier bedtimes regardless of compliance. Earlier lights out times and increased sleep duration were observed in adolescents who always complied to their rules compared to those who did not comply or did not have parent-set technology rules. BtP and FoMO were associated with later bedtimes, later lights out times, longer sleep onset latency, shorter sleep duration, and more daytime sleepiness. However, parent-set rules did not moderate the links between BtP/FoMO and adolescent sleep. Whilst longitudinal investigations are warranted to examine the directionality of these relationships, the present study suggests that parent-set technology rules may play an important role in protecting adolescent sleep.

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Having a parent set technology rule was associated with earlier bedtimes.

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Only consistent compliance was linked to earlier lights out times and longer TST.

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Noncompliance or the absence of rules was not linked to these sleep outcomes.

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Bedtime procrastination and Fear of Missing Out were linked with poorer sleep outcomes.