Cryopreservation of in vitro-produced ovine embryos

In vivo fertilization improved the cryotolerance and developmental ability of vitrified-warmed rat fertilized oocytes

The cryopreservation of rat embryos is useful for efficiently archiving rat resources in bioresource repositories. The cryopreserved fertilized oocytes can be quickly reanimated to rats with homozygous mutations using embryo transfer. In addition, cryopreserved rat fertilized oocytes are easier to transport than live animals. Before cryopreservation, fertilized oocytes are obtained by mating or in vitro fertilization. However, it is not clear which fertilized oocytes are most suited to cryopreservation. In this study, we performed a systematic comparison of the fertilizing ability, cryotolerance, and developmental ability of cryopreserved fertilized oocytes at the pronuclear stage produced either by mating (in vivo) or in vitro fertilization (in vitro) in SD and F344 rats. In vivo-fertilized oocytes had higher cryotolerance and developmental ability than in vitro-fertilized oocytes in SD and F344 rats. Furthermore, the fertilization ability, cryotolerance, and developmental ability of vitrified-warmed fertilized oocytes differed between SD and F344 rats. In conclusion, our study suggests that in vivo-fertilized rat oocytes were more suitable for cryopreservation. Our protocol provides an optimized system for the management of rat colonies using fertilized oocytes cryopreservation and contributes to the 3Rs principle by reducing the number of animals used for research.

Embryo biotechnologies in sheep: Achievements and new improvements

To date, large-scale use of multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) programmes in ovine species is limited due to unpredictable results and high costs of hormonal stimulation and treatment. Therefore, even if considered reliable, they are not fully applicable in large-scale systems. More recently, the new prospects offered by in vitro embryo production (IVEP) through collection of oocytes post-mortem or by repeated ovum pick-up from live females suggested an alternative to MOET programmes and may be more extensively used, moving from the exclusive research in the laboratory to field application. The possibility to perform oocytes recovery from juvenile lambs to obtain embryos (JIVET) offers the great advantage to significantly reduce the generation interval, speeding the rate of genetic improvement. Although in the past decades several studies implemented novel protocols to enhance embryo production in sheep, the conditions of every single stage of IVEP can significantly affect embryo yield and successful transfer into the recipients. Moreover, the recent progresses on embryo production and freezing technologies might allow wider propagation of valuable genes in small ruminants populations and may be used for constitution of flocks without risks of disease. In addition, they can give a substantial contribution in preserving endangered breeds. The new era of gene editing might offer innovative perspectives in sheep breeding, but the application of such novel techniques implies involvement of specialized operators and is limited by relatively high costs for embryo manipulation and molecular biology analysis.

On-farm lambing outcomes after transfer of vitrified and slow frozen embryos

The aim of the present study was to determine the most suitable embryonic stage and embryo freezing technique for commercial implementation of frozen embryo trading by small-scale sheep producers. There was a 2 × 2 factorial design utilized for conducting the study consisting of two embryo stages (2-8 cells or morula/blastocyst) and two cryopreservation protocols (vitrification or slow-freezing). For the in vivo produced embryos, there were treatments of crossbred donor ewes to induce superovulation. Embryos were recovered surgically on either Day 2 or 5.5 after estrous onset. The embryos were cryopreserved using either a vitrification or slow-freezing method before there was transfer to recipients. Ovarian response, embryo survival and lambing outcomes were analyzed. There were no differences in number of recovered and fertilized embryos at the two embryonic developmental stages. There were no effects of embryonic stages and cryopreservation methods on pregnancy rate, twinning rate, fetal birth weights and lamb weight at 1 month of age. When there was use of vitrified embryos for transfers, there was a greater lamb weight at 2 months of age (8.38 ± 0.20 compared with 7.78 ± 0.21 kg; P =  0.044) than when there was transfer of embryos cryopreserved using slow freezing procedures. Considering economic and practical benefits to small-scale sheep farms, morula/blastocyst stage-embryo collection and transfer into the uterus is more efficacious than transferring 2-8 cells embryos into the oviduct. Results of this study may contribute to the genetic improvement in the flocks of small-scale sheep producers.

The cryoprotective effect of Ficoll 70 on the post-warming survival and quality of Cryotop-vitrified donkey embryos

Many domestic donkey breeds are at risk of extinction, there is a critical urgency for genome resource banking. In the present study, we examined whether the use of Ficoll 70 added to the vitrification medium containing ethylene glycol (EG), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and sucrose improves the cryotolerance of donkey in vivo derived embryos. Day 7-8, grade 1-2 donkey embryos were measured and morphologically evaluated and then vitrified-warmed using the Cryotop technique. Before vitrification, embryos were randomly distributed into two groups: (i) VS1 (n = 14): vitrified using 15% EG + 15% DMSO + 0.5 M sucrose; and (ii) VS2 (n = 10): vitrified in the same medium supplemented also with 18% of Ficoll 70. After 24 h of warming, the embryos were measured and evaluated for their morphology, development and viability (Propidium Iodide-Hoechst 33342 dyes). Post-warming survival was numerically higher but not significantly different (P > 0.05) when embryos were vitrified in VS2 (70%) compared to VS1 (57.1%). Embryo rupture was only observed in the VS1 group (21.4%, 3/14). Higher embryo diameter was observed in all groups after 24 h culture (P < 0.05). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed among treatments in terms of percentages of cell death. These results demonstrate that the addition of Ficoll 70 to the vitrification medium is not a pre-requisite for successful vitrification of donkey embryos. However, its addition seems to enhance some of the post-warming embryo quality characteristics. Since no statistically significant evidence was found, further studies should be conducted in order to confirm our findings.

High in vitro survival rate of sheep in vitro produced blastocysts vitrified with a new method and device

Background

To advance the use of embryo vitrification in veterinary practice, we developed a system in which embryo vitrification, warming and dilution can be performed within a straw. Ovine in vitro produced embryos (IVEP) were vitrified at either early (EBs: n = 74) or fully expanded blastocyst stage (FEBs: n = 195), using a new device named “E.Vit”, composed by a 0.25-mL straw with a 50-μm pore polycarbonate grid at one end. Embryos at each stage (EBs and FEBs) were vitrified by either Two-step (TS) or Multi-step (MS; 6 different concentrations of vitrification solutions) protocol. Non-vitrified embryos (n = 102) were maintained in in vitro culture as a control. Warming consisted of placing the straws directly into 1.5 mL tubes containing a TCM-199 solution with three decreasing concentrations of sucrose. Blastocyst re-expansion, embryo survival and hatching rate were evaluated at 2, 24 and 48 h post warming. The number of apoptotic cells was determined by TUNEL assay.

Results

Blastocyst re-expansion (2 h) after warming was higher (P < 0.05) in FEBs group, vitrified with the MS and TS methods (77.90% and 71.25%, respectively) compared with the EBs group (MS: 59.38% and TS: 48.50%, respectively). Survival rates of vitrified FEBs after 24 h IVC were higher (P < 0.001) in both methods (MS and TS) than vitrified EBs (MS: 56.25%; TS: 42.42%) and was higher (P < 0.05) in the MS method (94.19%) compared with those in TS (83.75%). After 48 h of culture the hatching rate for FEBs vitrified in MS system (91.86%) was similar to control (91.89%), but higher than FEB TS (77.5%) and EBs vitrified in MS (37.5%) and TS (33.33%). Number of apoptotic cells were higher in EBs, irrespective of the system used, compared to FEBs. The number of apoptotic cells in FEBs vitrified with MS was comparable to the control.

Conclusions

A high survival rate of IVP embryos can be achieved by the new “E.Vit” device with hatching rates in vitro comparable with control fresh embryos. This method has the potential for use in direct embryo transfer in field conditions.

Effect of different penetrating and non-penetrating cryoprotectants and media temperature on the cryosurvival of vitrified in vitro produced porcine blastocysts

The aim of this study was to determine the most efficient vitrification protocol for the cryopreservation of day 7 in vitro produced (IVP) porcine blastocysts. The post-warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified in control (17% dimethyl sulfoxide + 17% ethylene glycol [EG] + 0.4 mol/L sucrose) and commercial media did not differ, nor did the post-warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified in medium containing 1,2-propandiol in place of EG. However, vitrifying embryos in EG alone decreased the cryosurvival rate (55.6% and 33.6%, respectively, p < .05). Furthermore, the post-warm survival rates of blastocysts vitrified with either trehalose or sucrose as the non-penetrating cryoprotectant did not differ. There was also no significant difference in post-warm survival of blastocysts vitrified in control (38°C) media and room temperature (22°C) media with extended equilibration times, although when blastocysts were vitrified using control media at room temperature, the post-warm survival rate increased (56.8%, 57.3%, 72.5%, respectively, p < .05). The findings show that most cryoprotectant combinations examined proved equally effective at supporting the post-warm survival of IVP porcine blastocysts. The improved post-warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified using media held at room temperature suggests that the cryoprotectant toxicity exerted in 22°C media was reduced.

Establishment of cell-based transposon-mediated transgenesis in cattle

Transposon-mediated transgenesis is a well-established tool for genome modification in small animal models. However, translation of this active transgenic method to large animals warrants further investigations. Here, the piggyBac (PB) and sleeping beauty (SB) transposon systems were assessed for stable gene transfer into the cattle genome. Bovine fibroblasts were transfected either with a helper-independent PB system or a binary SB system. Both transposons were highly active in bovine cells increasing the efficiency of DNA integration up to 88 times over basal nonfacilitated integrations in a colony formation assay. SB transposase catalyzed multiplex transgene integrations in fibroblast cells transfected with the helper vector and two donor vectors carrying different transgenes (fluorophore and neomycin resistance). Stably transfected fibroblasts were used for SCNT and on in vitro embryo culture, morphologically normal blastocysts that expressed the fluorophore were obtained with both transposon systems. The data indicate that transposition is a feasible approach for genetic engineering in the cattle genome.

Ultrastructural Characterization of Fresh and Vitrified In Vitro- and In Vivo-Produced Sheep Embryos

The lower results in cryopreservation of in vitro-produced (IVP) sheep embryos, when compared to the in vivo derived, limits its use. Four groups of blastocyst (BL) were evaluated: fresh IVP (n = 3), fresh in vivo derived (n = 3), warmed IVP cryopreserved in open pulled straws (OPS, n = 3) and warmed in vivo derived cryopreserved in OPS (n = 3). Ultrastructural observation of processed fresh embryos showed a reduced number of microvilli and mitochondria in the IVP ones, as well as a lower number of mature mitochondria, that can be associated with deficient metabolism in IVP embryos, possibly involved in the lower resistance to cryopreservation. Both in vivo-derived and IVP embryos had a large number of vesicles, with light and dense content. In embryos vitrified by OPS, major changes were observed mainly in IVP embryos with small changes in grade 2 (fair) and high changes in grade 3 (bad) semithin scoring. The main changes associated with cryopreservation included disruption of cellular membranes and poor intracellular preservation, with loss of microvilli and the presence of cellular debris. In conclusion, ultrastructural evaluation of IVP blastocysts cryopreserved in OPS was herein described for the first time, reporting more severe cellular damage in these embryos when compared to those produced in vivo. This is probably associated with a lower cryotolerance that can be related to their lipid content and metabolism.

A comparison of different vitrification devices and the effect of blastocoele collapse on the cryosurvival of in vitro produced porcine embryos

The aim of this study was to determine the optimum conditions for vitrifying in vitro produced day 7 porcine embryos using different vitrification devices and blastocoele collapse methods. Firstly embryos were collapsed by micro-pipetting, needle puncture and sucrose with and without conducting vitrification. In the next experiment, non-collapsed embryos were vitrified in an open device using either superfine open-pulled straws (SOPS) or the CryoLoop^TM system, or vitrified in a closed device using either the CryoTip^TM or Cryo Bio^TM’s high security vitrification system (HSV). The post-thaw survival of embryos vitrified in the open devices did not differ significantly (SOPS: 37.3%; CryoLoop^TM: 37.3%) nor did the post-thaw survival of embryos vitrified in the closed devices (CryoTip™: 38.5%; HSV: 42.5%). The re-expansion rate of embryos that were collapsed via micro-pipetting (76.0%) did not differ from those that were punctured (75.0%) or collapsed via sucrose (79.6%) when vitrification was not performed. However, embryos collapsed via sucrose solutions (24.5%) and needle puncture (16.0%) prior to vitrification were significantly less likely to survive vitrification than the control (non-collapsed) embryos (53.6%, P < 0.05). The findings show that both open and closed vitrification devices were equally effective for the vitrification of porcine blastocysts. Collapsing blastocysts prior to vitrification did not improve survival, which is inconsistent with the findings of studies in other species. This may be due to the extremely sensitive nature of porcine embryos, and/or the invasiveness of the collapsing procedures.

Open pulled straw vitrification and slow freezing of sheep IVF embryos using different cryoprotectants

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the post-thaw survival and hatching rates of sheep blastocysts using different cryoprotectants. In Experiment 1, Day 6 sheep embryos were cryopreserved by a slow freezing protocol using 10% ethylene glycol (EG), 10% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or a mixture of 5% EG and 5% DMSO. Hatching rates were higher in the 10% EG group than in the 10% DMSO or EG + DMSO groups (30% vs 18% and 20%, respectively). In Experiment 2, embryos were cryopreserved by open pulled straw (OPS) vitrification using either 33% EG, 33% DMSO or a mixture of 16.5% EG + 16.5% DMSO. Re-expansion and hatching rates in the EG + DMSO group (79.16% and 52.74%, respectively) were higher than those in the EG group (64.28% and 30.02%, respectively), whereas the outcomes for the DMSO group were the lowest (45.18% and 8.6%, respectively). In Experiment 3, embryos were cryopreserved by OPS vitrification using either 40% EG, 40% DMSO or a mixture of 20% EG + 20% DMSO. Re-expansion and hatching rates were highest in the EG group than in the EG + DMSO and DMSO groups (92.16% vs 76.30% and 55.84% re-expansion, respectively; and 65.78% vs 45.55% and 14.46% hatching, respectively). In conclusion, OPS vitrification was found to be more efficient for cryopreservation of in vitro-developed sheep embryos than traditional freezing.

Cryobanking of farm animal gametes and embryos as a means of conserving livestock genetics

In the last few decades, farm animal genetic diversity has rapidly declined, mainly due to changing market demands and intensification of agriculture. But, since the removal of single species can affect the functioning of global ecosystems, it is in the interest of international community to conserve the livestock genetics and to maintain biodiversity. Increasing awareness on the reduction of breed diversity has prompted global efforts for conservation of farm animal breeds. The goals of conservation are to keep genetic variation as gene combinations in a reversible form and to keep specific genes of interest. For this purpose two types of strategies are usually proposed: in situ and ex situ conservation. In situ conservation is the breed maintaining within the livestock production system, in its environment through the enhancement of its production characteristics. Ex situ in vivo conservation is the safeguard of live animals in zoos, wildlife parks, experimental farms or other specialized centres. Ex situ in vitro conservation is the preservation of genetic material in haploid form (semen and oocytes), diploid (embryos) or DNA sequences. In the last few years, ex situ in vitro conservation programs of livestock genetic resources have focused interest on cryopreservation of gametes, embryos and somatic cells as well as testis and ovarian tissues, effectively lengthening the genetic lifespan of individuals in a breeding program even after the death. However, although significant progress has been made in semen, oocytes and embryo cryopreservation of several domestic species, a standardized procedure has not been established yet. The aim of the present review is to describe the cryobanking purposes, the collection goals, the type of genetic material to store and the reproductive biotechnologies utilized for the cryopreservation of farm animal gametes and embryos.