The health of the sheep industry and the medicines to maintain it

Schmerzhafte Eingriffe beim Schaf – Schwanzkupieren

Schmerzhafte Eingriffe bei Schafen werden weltweit durchgeführt und unterliegen in den einzelnen Ländern unterschiedlichen Reglementierungen. In Deutschland sind schmerzhafte Eingriffe am Tier im Tierschutzgesetz geregelt. Trotzdem wird die Frage der Indikation und Methodik des Schwanzkupierens bei Schaflämmern unter verschiedenen Haltungsbedingungen kontrovers diskutiert und bewertet, wobei häufig Unterschiede zwischen theoretischen Forderungen und Erfahrungen in der Praxis auftreten. Daher müssen Indikation und Methodik dieses schmerzhaften Prozesses neu überdacht und gegebenenfalls gesetzlich neu reglementiert werden. Als kurz- und mittelfristige Perspektive sollten Veränderungen in der Methodik, auch mit Einsatz von Schmerzmitteln, in Betracht gezogen werden. Hierfür ist allerdings die Zulassung von Schmerzmitteln für die genannte Spezies erforderlich, nicht zuletzt um die praktizierenden Tierärzte von der Umwidmungspflicht und damit Haftung für mögliche Nebenwirkungen zu befreien. Als langfristige Perspektive sind züchterische Maßnahmen unumgänglich. Zur Etablierung einer Lösung, die Tieren, Tierhaltern und Tierärzten gerecht wird, werden in diesem Beitrag die relevanten Literaturquellen präsentiert und mögliche Lösungsansätze formuliert.

Microbial diseases of the genital system of rams or bucks

Objective of the present paper is to review microbial diseases of the genital system of male small ruminants. The paper reviews the infections and the diseases by taking an organ approach within the genital system, whilst relevant health management actions are also discussed. Diseases of the genital organs of male small ruminants include orchitis, of bacterial or viral aetiology, epididymitis, primarily caused by Brucella ovis, by other bacteria as well (e.g., Actinobacillus seminis, Haemophilus somni), infections of the accessory glands, orf, other infections of the penis or prepuce and infections of the scrotum. The health management of rams/bucks include the appropriate diagnostic investigations, the relevant therapeutic approaches and, finally, the preventive measures.

Mastitis in sheep--The last 10 years and the future of research

Bacterial mastitis is a significant welfare and financial problem in sheep flocks. This paper reviews the recently published literature, including publications that highlight the significance and virulence factors of the causal agents, especially Staphylococcus aureus and Mannheimia haemolytica, the primary causes of the disease. Research has also contributed to the understanding of risk factors, including genetic susceptibility of animals to infections, supporting future strategies for sustainable disease control. Pathogenetic mechanisms, including the role of the local defenses in the teat, have also been described and can assist formulation of strategies that induce local immune responses in the teat of ewes. Further to well-established diagnostic techniques, i.e., bacteriological tests and somatic cell counting, advanced methodologies, e.g., proteomics technologies, will likely contribute to more rapid and accurate diagnostics, in turn enhancing mastitis control efforts.

Principles of mastitis treatment in sheep and goats

This article indicates the principles for treatment of mastitis in ewes/does and explains the reasons why treatment may occasionally fail. It presents the principles for administration of antimicrobial agents at drying off of the animals. Finally, it addresses the risk of antimicrobials present in milk when improper withdrawal periods are used and the issues around testing for inhibitors before putting the milk into in a farm's tank.

Impacts of animal science research on United States sheep production and predictions for the future

One hundred years ago, there were more than 48 million sheep in the United States. In 1910, they were valued at $4/head, with 43% of income coming from the sale of sheep, lambs, and meat and 57% coming from wool. Over the years, fluctuations in this ratio have challenged the breeder and researcher alike. By 2007, sheep numbers had declined to 6.2 million, with the average sheep shearing 3.4 kg of wool (representing <10% of income), 0.2 kg more than in 1909 but 0.5 kg less than fleeces in 1955. Sheep operations have declined by more than 170,000 in the past 40 yr. A cursory examination of this information might lead one to conclude that animal science research has made little impact on sheep production in the United States. On the contrary, lamb crops in the new millennium (range = 109 to 115%) are greater than those recorded in the 1920s (85 to 89%) and dressed lamb weights increased from 18 to 32 kg from 1940 to the present. In the past century, researchers conducted thousands of investigations, with progress reported in new, existing, and crossbreed evaluations, quantitative and molecular genetics, selection, nutrition, fiber, meat, hides, milk, growth, physiology, reproduction, endocrinology, management, behavior, the environment, disease, pharmacology, toxicology, and range, pasture, and forage utilization such that a vast amount of new information was accrued. Our understanding of sheep has benefited also from research conducted on other species, and vice versa. Many factors that have contributed to the decline in the sheep industry are not influenced easily by academic research (e.g., low per capita consumption of lamb meat, predation, reluctance to adopt new technologies, cost and availability of laborers with sheep-related skills, and fewer young people pursuing careers in agriculture). The size of the US sheep industry is expected to remain stable, with possible slow growth in the foreseeable future. To remain profitable, producers will take advantage of new (or previously unused) technologies, the desire of the public for things natural, domestic niche and international fiber markets, and the ability of the sheep to control noxious weeds and thrive in suboptimal ecosystems.