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Pooley HB, Whittington RJ, Begg DJ, Purdie AC, Plain KM, de Silva K. Sheep vaccinated against paratuberculosis have increased levels of B cells infiltrating the intestinal tissue. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2022; 252:110482. [PMID: 36122535 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2022.110482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immunisation delivered subcutaneously is currently used to control paratuberculosis, a chronic enteritis of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). These vaccines do not provide complete protection and a small cohort of animals still succumb to clinical disease. The aim of this study was to assess mycobacterial infection site-specific variations in immune cells in vaccinated sheep that did or did not develop the disease following controlled exposure to MAP. Immunohistochemical staining of terminal ileum demonstrated that vaccination increased infiltration of CD4 + T cells and B cells. Infiltration of large numbers of CD4 + T and B cells was also seen in sheep that successfully cleared infection. Vaccination promoted the polarisation of macrophages to an M1 activation state. The presence of certain cells at the site of infection, especially CD4 + T cells, is likely to contribute to vaccine success by increasing the speed and potency of the local immune response. Systemic immunisation against MAP can alter the composition of innate and adaptive immune cell populations at the predilection site for MAP infection in the ileum one year after vaccination. This informs understanding of the impact of vaccination at the site of infection and also the duration of vaccine-elicited changes. This information may assist vaccine development and allow targeting of protective immune responses in the gut of ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Pooley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia.
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia
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The potential for vaccines against scour worms of small ruminants. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:533-553. [PMID: 32569640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This review addresses the research landscape regarding vaccines against scour worms, particularly Trichostrongylus spp. and Teladorsagia circumcincta. The inability of past research to deliver scour-worm vaccines with reliable and reproducible efficacy has been due in part to gaps in knowledge concerning: (i) host-parasite interactions leading to development of type-2 immunity, (ii) definition of an optimal suite of parasite antigens, and (iii) rational formulation and administration to induce protective immunity against gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) at the site of infestation. Recent 'omics' developments enable more systematic analyses. GIN genomes are reaching completion, facilitating "reverse vaccinology" approaches that have been used successfully for the Rhipicephalus australis vaccine for cattle tick, while methods for gene silencing and editing in GIN enable identification and validation of potential vaccine antigens. We envisage that any efficacious scour worm vaccine(s) would be adopted similarly to "Barbervax™" within integrated parasite management schemes. Vaccines would therefore effectively parallel the use of resistant animals, and reduce the frequency of drenching and pasture contamination. These aspects of integration, efficacy and operation require updated models and validation in the field. The conclusion of this review outlines an approach to facilitate an integrated research program.
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Pooley HB, Plain KM, Purdie AC, Begg DJ, Whittington RJ, de Silva K. Integrated vaccine screening system: using cellular functional capacity in vitro to assess genuine vaccine protectiveness in ruminants. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:4953755. [PMID: 29718267 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental trials in the natural host are essential for development and screening of effective vaccines. For chronic diseases of livestock such as paratuberculosis, these can be lengthy and costly in nature. An alternative is to screen vaccines in vitro; however, previous studies have found that vaccine success in vitro in existing screening assays does not translate to in vivo efficacy. To overcome these issues, we have developed a system that combines both in vivo and in vitro aspects. We hypothesise that the effectiveness of vaccine-induced immune responses mounted in vivo could be gauged by assessing the ability of immune cells to 'control' an in vitro infection. Monocytes from Merino wethers (n = 45) were infected with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in vitro, cultured with autologous lymphocytes and remaining viable intracellular MAP was quantified. Cells from MAP exposed sheep had a higher capacity to kill intracellular MAP compared to non-exposed controls (P = 0.002). Importantly, cells from MAP exposed uninfected sheep had a greater capacity to kill intracellular MAP compared to vaccinated animals that were infected (ineffective vaccination), indicating that this in vitro assay has the potential to gauge actual protectiveness, or lack thereof, of a vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah B Pooley
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Karren M Plain
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Auriol C Purdie
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Douglas J Begg
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Richard J Whittington
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Kumudika de Silva
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2567, Australia
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Emery DL, Hunt PW, Le Jambre LF. Haemonchus contortus: the then and now, and where to from here? Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:755-769. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Pasternak JA, Ng SH, Buchanan RM, Mertins S, Mutwiri GK, Gerdts V, Wilson HL. Oral antigen exposure in newborn piglets circumvents induction of oral tolerance in response to intraperitoneal vaccination in later life. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:50. [PMID: 25889479 PMCID: PMC4357157 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously determined that newborn piglets orally gavaged with Ovalbumin (OVA) responded to systemic OVA re-exposure with tolerance; if adjuvants were included in oral vaccine, piglets responded with antibody-mediated immunity (Vet Immunol Immunopathol 161(3–4):211–21, 2014). Here, we will investigate whether newborn piglets gavaged with a vaccine comprised of OVA plus unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG; soluble component; OVA/CpG) combined with OVA plus CpG encapsulated within polyphosphazene microparticles (MP; particulate component) responded with systemic and mucosal immunity. To monitor the response to systemic antigen re-exposure, piglets were i.p.-immunized with OVA plus Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant (IFA) one month later. Results Newborn piglets (n = 5/group) were gavaged with a combined soluble and particulate vaccine consisting of OVA (0.5-0.05 mg) plus 50 μg CpG and 0.5 mg OVA plus 50 μg CpG encapsulated within a polyphosphazene MP (0.5 mg) referred to as OVA/CpG + MP. Control piglets were gavaged with saline alone. Piglets were i.p. immunized with 10 mg OVA (or saline) in IFA at four weeks of age and then euthanized at eight weeks of age. We observed significantly higher titres of serum anti-OVA immunoglobulin (Ig) IgM, IgA, IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG in piglets immunized with 0.05 mg OVA/CpG + MP relative to saline control animals. Thus, a single oral exposure at birth to a combined soluble and particulate OVA vaccine including adjuvants can circumvent induction of oral tolerance which impacts response to i.p. vaccination in later life. Further, piglets gavaged with 0.05 mg OVA/CpG + MP generated significant anti-OVA IgG and IgG1 titres in lung compared to saline control piglets but results were comparable to titres measured in parenteral control piglets. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ex vivo-stimulated with OVA showed markedly decreased production of IL-10 cytokine after 72 hours relative to animal-matched cells incubated with media alone. No production of IFN-γ was observed from any groups. Conclusion Newborn piglets gavaged with low dose soluble and particulate OVA plus CpG ODN and polyphosphazene adjuvants produced antigen-specific antibodies in serum and lung after systemic re-exposure in later life. These data indicate circumvention of oral tolerance but not induction of oral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Rachelle M Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Sonja Mertins
- Current address: Klinikum der Universität zu Köln, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Goldenfelsstraße 19-21, 50935, Köln, Germany.
| | - George K Mutwiri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Buchanan RM, Mertins S, Wilson HL. Oral antigen exposure in extreme early life in lambs influences the magnitude of the immune response which can be generated in later life. BMC Vet Res 2013; 9:160. [PMID: 23937675 PMCID: PMC3751536 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-9-160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous investigations in newborn lambs determined that adenovirus-mediated expression of antigen to a localized region of the gut induced antigen-specific mucosal and systemic immunity. These experiments were limited in that the localized region of the gut to which antigen was introduced was sterile and the influence of colostrum on the antigen was not assessed but they do suggest that mucosal vaccines may be an effective vaccination strategy to protect neonatal lambs. We propose that persistent oral antigen exposure introduced in extreme early life can induce immunity in lambs, despite the presence of commensal bacteria and colostrum. RESULTS To test this hypothesis, conventionally raised newborn lambs (n = 4 per group) were gavaged with ovalbumin (OVA) starting the day after birth for either a single day (2.27 g), every day for 3 days (0.23 g/day), or every day for 3 days then every second day until nine days of age (0.023 g/day). Lambs gavaged with OVA for 3 to 9 days developed significant serum anti-OVA IgG titres (p < 0.05), but not IgA titres, relative to control lambs (n = 4) after 3 and 4 weeks. At 4 weeks of age, lambs were immunized with OVA in Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant via intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection then lambs were euthanized at 7 weeks. Serum anti-OVA IgG titres were further augmented after i.p. immunization indicating immunity persisted and tolerance was not induced. Serum IgA titres remained low regardless of treatment. It is known that i.p. priming of sheep with antigen in Freund's complete adjuvant leads to an enhanced number of IgA and IgG antibody containing cells in the respiratory mucosa (Immunology 53(2):375-384, 1984). Lambs gavaged with a single bolus of 2.27 g OVA prior to i.p. immunization showed very low titres of anti-OVA IgA in the lung lavage. These data suggest that a single, high dose exposure to OVA can promote tolerance which impacts response to systemic vaccination in later life. Lambs gavaged with 0.023 g OVA for 9 days (Group C) generated significant anti-OVA IgA titres in lung (p < 0.001) compared to negative control lambs but no additive effect was observed compared to parenteral control lambs. When splenocytes were re-stimulated with OVA ex vivo, all groups failed to show increased lymphocyte proliferation or interferon (IFN)-γ production relative to the parenteral control group. CONCLUSIONS In agreement with our hypothesis, persistent low dose antigen exposure primes humoral antibody production in serum in conventionally raised newborn lambs. In contrast, a single high dose bolus of antigen triggered oral tolerance which negatively impacted the quality and magnitude of the immune response to i.p. immunization in later life. These tangential responses are important as they indicate that the dose and/or repeated oral exposure to antigen, such as that which may be found in the neonate's environment, may promote immunity or alternatively it may negatively impact responses to parenteral vaccination.
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Pelosi A, Piedrafita D, De Guzman G, Shepherd R, Hamill JD, Meeusen E, Walmsley AM. The effect of plant tissue and vaccine formulation on the oral immunogenicity of a model plant-made antigen in sheep. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52907. [PMID: 23285224 PMCID: PMC3527624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific antibody responses against a model antigen (the B subunit of the heat labile toxin of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, LTB) were studied in sheep following oral immunisation with plant-made and delivered vaccines. Delivery from a root-based vehicle resulted in antigen-specific immune responses in mucosal secretions of the abomasum and small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes. Immune responses from the corresponding leaf-based vaccine were more robust and included stimulation of antigen-specific antibodies in mucosal secretions of the abomasum. These findings suggest that oral delivery of a plant bioencapsulated antigen can survive passage through the rumen to elicit mucosal and systemic immune responses in sheep. Moreover, the plant tissue used as the vaccine delivery vehicle affects the magnitude of these responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Pelosi
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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Fragkou I, Dagleish M, Papaioannou N, Cripps P, Boscos C, Ververidis H, Orfanou D, Solomakos N, Finlayson J, Govaris A, Kyriazakis I, Fthenakis G. The induction of lymphoid follicle-like structures in the ovine teat duct following experimental infection with Mannheimia haemolytica. Vet J 2010; 184:194-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 01/26/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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McClure S. Mucosal delivery of native and recombinant protein vaccines against Trichostrongylus colubriformis. Int J Parasitol 2009; 39:599-606. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2008.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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