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Yang T, Guo J, Song H, Datsomor O, Chen Y, Jiang M, Zhan K, Zhao G. Hexokinase 1 and 2 mediates glucose utilization to regulate the synthesis of kappa casein via ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 in bovine mammary epithelial cells. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 16:338-349. [PMID: 38362515 PMCID: PMC10867561 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Glucose plays a vital part in milk protein synthesis through the mTOR signaling pathway in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMEC). The objectives of this study were to determine how glucose affects hexokinase (HK) activity in BMEC and investigate the regulatory effect of HK in kappa casein (CSN3) synthesis via the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway in BMEC. For this, HK1 and HK2 were knocked out in BMEC using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. The gene and protein expression, glucose uptake, and cell proliferation were measured. We found that glucose uptake, cell proliferation, CSN3 gene expression levels, and expression of HK1 and HK2 increased with increasing glucose concentrations. Notably, glucose uptake was significantly reduced in HK2 knockout (HK2KO) BMEC treated with 17.5 mM glucose. Moreover, under the same glucose treatment conditions, the proliferative ability and abundance of CSN3 were significantly diminished in both HK1 knockout (HK1KO) and HK2KO BMEC compared with that in wild-type BEMC. We further observed that the phosphorylation levels of ribosome protein subunit 6 kinase 1 (S6K1) were reduced in HK1KO and HK2KO BMEC following treatment with 17.5 mM glucose. As expected, the levels of glucose-6-phosphate and the mRNA expression levels of glycolysis-related genes were decreased in both HK1KO and HK2KO BMEC following glucose treatment. These results indicated that the knockout of HK1 and HK2 inhibited cell proliferation and CSN3 expression in BMEC under glucose treatment, which may be associated with the inactivation of the S6K1 and inhibition of glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Han Song
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Osmond Datsomor
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuhang Chen
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Effects of replacing corn with by-product from biscuit manufacture on feed intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, ingestive behavior, and growth performance of pure or crossbred Morada Nova sheep. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:175. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03177-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Monllor P, Muelas R, Roca A, Atzori AS, Díaz JR, Sendra E, Romero G. Long-Term Feeding of Dairy Goats with Broccoli By-Product and Artichoke Plant Silages: Milk Yield, Quality and Composition. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091670. [PMID: 32948051 PMCID: PMC7552285 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of a 40% inclusion of broccoli by-product (BB) and artichoke plant (AP) silages in dairy goat diets on the milk yield, composition and animal health status during a full lactation. Feed consumption was lower in AP and BB animals due to their composition and higher moisture content, and BB animals showed a significant reduction in body weight. Milk from the BB treatment had the highest fat content, total solids and useful dry matter content (5.02, 13.9 and 8.39%, respectively). The Se level was slightly lower in AP and BB animals; however, the milk of these treatments was the lowest in Na and, in the case of BB animals, the richest in Ca (1267 mg/kg). Control and AP milk showed a similar fatty acid profile, although AP had a more beneficial aptitude for human health (lower ratio of n6/n3, 12.5). Plasma components, as metabolic parameters, were adequate for goats. It was concluded that a 40% inclusion of AP is an adequate solution to reduce the cost of feeding without harming the animals' health or performance and to improve the nutritional milk quality. It is necessary to lower the BB level of inclusion to increase feed consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monllor
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Raquel Muelas
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Amparo Roca
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Alberto S. Atzori
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - José Ramón Díaz
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Esther Sendra
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Gema Romero
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-749-704
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Danes MAC, Hanigan MD, Arriola Apelo SI, Dias JDL, Wattiaux MA, Broderick GA. Post-ruminal supplies of glucose and casein, but not acetate, stimulate milk protein synthesis in dairy cows through differential effects on mammary metabolism. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:6218-6232. [PMID: 32418692 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-18086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids and glucose have been shown to regulate protein synthesis in the mammary gland through their effects on cellular signaling pathways. Acetate might also have an effect on protein synthesis via the AMP-activated kinase signaling pathway, because it is the main energy source for the mammary secretory cell. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of casein and energy-yielding nutrients (acetate and glucose), and their combination, on performance and mammary metabolism. Six multiparous Holstein cows, averaging 49 kg of milk/d, were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with 14-d periods. Cows were fed to 100% National Research Council requirements for metabolizable protein (MP) and energy (ME) for 9 d, after which they were feed-restricted for 5 d to 85% of their individual ad libitum intake and then abomasally infused with 1 of 6 treatments. Treatments were acetate (A), glucose (G), each at 5% of ad libitum ME intake, casein (C) at 15% of ad libitum MP intake, A + C, G + C, or a saline solution (negative control). Casein infused alone increased milk protein yield numerically, with 25% recovery of the infused casein in milk protein. Glucose infused alone increased milk and milk protein yield and promoted the highest efficiency of nitrogen utilization (37%), with an efficiency of MP use for milk protein of 58%. We discovered no effect of treatment on mammary plasma flow, and the increase in milk protein yield with glucose infusion was brought about by greater mammary AA clearance rate. Infusion of casein and glucose together further increased milk protein yield in an additive fashion, and 47% of the infused casein was recovered in milk protein. Acetate infused alone had no effect on milk protein yield but increased milk fat yield numerically, suggesting that the greater amount of acetate taken up by the mammary gland was used for milk fat synthesis. Infusion of acetate and casein together yielded responses similar to those of casein alone. In conclusion, glucose has a major effect on stimulating milk protein synthesis, and the mammary gland has the ability to increase its supply of nutrients to match its synthetic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A C Danes
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200, Brazil.
| | - M D Hanigan
- Department of Dairy Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg 24061
| | | | - J D L Dias
- Department of Animal Science, University of Lavras, Lavras, 37200, Brazil
| | - M A Wattiaux
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
| | - G A Broderick
- Broderick Nutrition and Research LLC, Madison, WI 53705
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Amino acid transportation, sensing and signal transduction in the mammary gland: key molecular signalling pathways in the regulation of milk synthesis. Nutr Res Rev 2020; 33:287-297. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954422420000074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe mammary gland, a unique exocrine organ, is responsible for milk synthesis in mammals. Neonatal growth and health are predominantly determined by quality and quantity of milk production. Amino acids are crucial maternal nutrients that are the building blocks for milk protein and are potential energy sources for neonates. Recent advances made regarding the mammary gland further demonstrate that some functional amino acids also regulate milk protein and fat synthesis through distinct intracellular and extracellular pathways. In the present study, we discuss recent advances in the role of amino acids (especially branched-chain amino acids, methionine, arginine and lysine) in the regulation of milk synthesis. The present review also addresses the crucial questions of how amino acids are transported, sensed and transduced in the mammary gland.
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Zhang MC, Zhao SG, Wang SS, Luo CC, Gao HN, Zheng N, Wang JQ. d-Glucose and amino acid deficiency inhibits casein synthesis through JAK2/STAT5 and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways in mammary epithelial cells of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2017; 101:1737-1746. [PMID: 29248227 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids and energy deficiency lead to lower milk protein content in dairy cows. However, the known mechanisms involved in this process do not adequately explain the variability of milk protein concentration in the mammary gland. We hypothesized that a deficiency in d-glucose (d-Glc) or AA would inhibit casein synthesis by regulating signaling pathways in mammary epithelial cells. Cow mammary epithelial cells (CMEC) were subjected to combinations of 1 of 3 concentrations of d-Glc (0, 2.50, or 17.5 mM) and 1 of 3 concentrations of AA (0, 1.03, or 7.20 mM). The effect of each mixture on cell cycle stage was assessed by flow cytometry. The expression levels of β-casein and κ-casein (encoded by CSN2 and CSN3) were measured by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a (Stat5a), AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), and eukaryotic factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4EBP1) were analyzed by Western blotting. The percentages of cells in the DNA postsynthetic (G2) and DNA synthesis (S) phases would decrease, with the level of d-Glc or AA declining individually, but no interaction was observed between the d-Glc and AA effects. The CSN2 and CSN3 mRNA and protein were downregulated when d-Glc or AA decreased individually from 17.5 to 2.50 mM or from 7.20 to 1.03 mM, but d-Glc deficiency had a greater effect according to the regression analysis. The phosphorylation ratio of Jak2 (Tyr1007/1008), Stat5a (Tyr694), mTOR (Ser2448), S6K1 (Thr389), and 4EBP1 (Thr37) was downregulated with the level of d-Glc or AA decline, whereas the phosphorylation ratio of AMPK (Thr183/172) was upregulated. And the change of d-Glc level had a more marked effect than AA in regulating the activity of these signaling protein above according to the regression analysis. Thus, d-Glc or AA deficiency likely reduced casein transcription via inhibition of the Jak2/Stat5 pathway, and reduced translation via suppression of the mTOR pathway by activation of AMPK, but d-Glc deficiency had a more marked effect. These indicated that deficiency of AA, and especially Glc, suppressed proliferation of CMEC and casein gene and protein expression, associated with inhibition of JAK2/STAT5 and AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture-Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - S G Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture-Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - S S Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture-Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - C C Luo
- Ministry of Agriculture-Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - H N Gao
- Ministry of Agriculture-Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - N Zheng
- Ministry of Agriculture-Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - J Q Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture-Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control for Milk and Dairy Products, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Dairy Products, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; Ministry of Agriculture-Milk and Dairy Product Inspection Center, Beijing 100193, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, P. R. China.
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Nichols K, Kim J, Carson M, Metcalf J, Cant J, Doelman J. Glucose supplementation stimulates peripheral branched-chain amino acid catabolism in lactating dairy cows during essential amino acid infusions. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1145-1160. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Cant J, Madsen T, Cieslar S. Predicting extraction and uptake of arterial energy metabolites by the mammary glands of lactating cows when blood flow is perturbed. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:718-32. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-9366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Alstrup L, Weisbjerg M, Hymøller L, Larsen M, Lund P, Nielsen M. Milk production response to varying protein supply is independent of forage digestibility in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4412-22. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Appuhamy J, Nayananjalie W, England E, Gerrard D, Akers R, Hanigan M. Effects of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling and essential amino acids on mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling and protein synthesis rates in mammary cells. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:419-29. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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