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Production and Functional Evaluation of Anti- Loxosceles Sera Raised by Immunizations of Rabbits with Mutated Recombinant Phospholipases-D. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010079. [PMID: 36672587 PMCID: PMC9856178 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Loxoscelism is the clinical condition triggered after the bite of spiders of the genus Loxosceles. The main species involved in accidents in South America are L. intermedia, L. laeta, and L. gaucho. The only specific treatment is the anti-Loxosceles serum produced with crude venoms. As phospholipases D (PLDs) trigger most of the effects observed in accidents, we developed and evaluated second-generation sera using mutated PLDs as antigens. Three isoforms of PLDs with site-directed mutations without biological activities were used for rabbit immunizations: D32A-E34A (L. gaucho), W230A (L. intermedia), and H12A-H47A (L. laeta). Sera were produced using crude venoms of three species of Loxosceles enriched with mutated recombinant PLDs (MIX) or using only mutated PLDs (REC). Immunizations stimulated the immune system from the second immunization with higher antibody production in the REC group. In vivo neutralization assays demonstrated that both sera reduced edema and dermonecrosis caused by Loxosceles intermedia crude venom. Follow-up of animals during the immunization protocols and in the neutralization assays demonstrated that the mutated proteins and the sera are safe. Results demonstrate the potential of using mutated recombinant PLDs in total or partial replacement of Loxosceles venoms in animal immunizations to produce anti-Loxosceles sera for treatments of Loxoscelism.
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Di Fabio JL, Cortés Castillo MDLÁ, Griffiths E. Landscape of research, production, and regulation in venoms and antivenoms: a bibliometric analysis. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2021; 45:e55. [PMID: 34035797 PMCID: PMC8139637 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2021.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the productivity and visibility in research, clinical studies, treatment, use and production of antivenoms against poisonous snakes, scorpions and spiders. METHODS Bibliometric analysis of research and other activities. Articles on venoms and antivenoms published between 2000 and 2020 were retrieved from the Scopus database. The records were analyzed by bibliometric indicators including number of documents per year, journals, authors, and citation frequency. VOSviewer® v.1.6.13 was used to construct bibliometric networks for country co-authorships and co-occurrence of terms. RESULTS Australia, Brazil, Costa Rica and India were among the six top countries with most documents and were selected for more detailed analysis. Costa Rica was the country with the largest percentage of its publications dedicated to antivenom production and venomics. Only a few papers dealt with the issues of quality, safety, and efficacy of antivenoms or the role of the national regulatory authorities. The use of VOSviewer ® allowed visualization through joint publications of networking between countries. Visualization by co-occurrence of terms showed differences in the research carried out. CONCLUSIONS Working in a collaborative and coordinated manner these four countries could have a major impact on envenoming globally. Attention should be given not only to antivenom production but also to strengthening regulatory oversight of antivenom products.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Di Fabio
- Independent consultantWashington D.CUnited States of AmericaIndependent consultant, Washington D.C., United States of America
- José Luis Di Fabio,
| | - María de los Ángeles Cortés Castillo
- Independent consultantMexico CityMexicohttps://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-665xIndependent consultant, Mexico City, Mexico, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0029-665x
| | - Elwyn Griffiths
- Independent consultant in Vaccines and BiotherapeuticsKingston upon ThamesUnited Kingdomhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-2448Independent consultant in Vaccines and Biotherapeutics, Kingston upon Thames, United Kingdom, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5801-2448
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Preparation and detection of sea snake antisera raised in rabbits. Toxicon 2020; 186:168-174. [PMID: 32828954 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antivenoms are currently the most effective medication used in the treatment of snakebites. However, there were relatively few studies on preparation of antivenoms targeting sea snakes, especially common sea snakes in China. In this study, we sought to prepare and detect mono- and bispecific antisera raised in rabbits against venoms of two sea snakes, Hydrophis cyanocinctus and H. curtus. The results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that the rabbit antisera generally showed clearly detectable immunological cross-reactions after the third immunization and indicated that the strength of cross-reactions increased with an increase in the immunizing dose. Proteins within the H. cyanocinctus and H. curtus venoms showed similar profiles and were mainly concentrated in the low-molecular-weight region (8-25 kDa). Western blotting results revealed that the bands of these low-molecular weight proteins were dense and showed strong immunogenicity. Although we detected comparatively few bands of the high-molecular-weight proteins, these also showed strong immunogenicity. Our results indicate that both mono- and bispecific antisera both can neutralize H. cyanocinctus and H. curtus venoms, and in this regard, the monospecific H. curtus and bispecific antiserum were found to be superior to the H. cyanocinctus antiserum. Given the increasing frequency of snakebites worldwide, we believe that the findings of this study will have high practical applicability.
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Choraria A, Somasundaram R, Gautam M, Ramanathan M, Paray BA, Al-Sadoon MK, Michael A. Experimental antivenoms from chickens and rabbits and their comparison with commercially available equine antivenom against the venoms of Daboia russelii and Echis carinatus snakes. TOXIN REV 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2020.1756858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Choraria
- Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India
| | | | - Mrinmoy Gautam
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, India
| | - Muthiah Ramanathan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, PSG College of Pharmacy, Coimbatore, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad K. Al-Sadoon
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - A. Michael
- Department of Microbiology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, India
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Eramanis LM, Woodward A, Courtman N, Hughes D, Padula A, Winkel KD, Boller M. Coagulation factor activity patterns of venom-induced consumption coagulopathy in naturally occurring tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomed dogs treated with antivenom. Toxicon 2020; 181:36-44. [PMID: 32330462 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) from tiger snake (Notechis scutatus) envenomation results in a dose-dependent coagulopathy that is detectable on coagulometry. However, individual coagulation factor activities in dogs with tiger snake envenomation have not been determined. This study aimed to characterise VICC and the time course of recovery in tiger snake envenomed dogs and to investigate an association between tiger snake venom (TSV) concentrations and factor activity. METHODS This was a prospective, observational, cohort study. The study cohort was 11 dogs of any age, breed, sex, body weight >10 kg, confirmed serum TSV on ELISA and treated with antivenom. Blood was collected at enrolment before antivenom administration, then at 3, 12 and 24 h after antivenom administration. Tiger snake venom concentrations were detected with a sandwich ELISA. Fibrinogen was measured using a modified Clauss method, and coagulation factors (F) II, V, VII, VIII and X were measured with factor-deficient human plasma using a modified prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin (aPTT) method. Linear mixed models, with multiple imputations of censored observations, were used to determine the effect of time and TSV concentration on the coagulation times and factor activity. This cohort was compared to 20 healthy controls. RESULTS At enrolment, there were severe deficiencies in fibrinogen, FV and FVIII, with predicted recovery by 10.86, 11.75 and 13.14 h after antivenom, respectively. There were modest deficiencies in FX and FII, with predicted recovery by 20.57 and 32.49 h after antivenom, respectively. No changes were detected in FVII. Prothrombin time and aPTT were markedly prolonged with predicted recovery of aPTT by 12.58 h. Higher serum TSV concentrations were associated with greater deficiencies in FII, FV and FVIII, and greater prolongations in coagulation times. The median (range) serum TSV concentration was 57 (6-2295) ng/mL. CONCLUSIONS In tiger snake envenomed dogs, we detected a profound, TSV-concentration-related consumption of select coagulation factors, that rapidly recovered toward normal. These findings allowed further insight into tiger snake VICC in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Mark Eramanis
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
| | - Andrew Woodward
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Natalie Courtman
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Dez Hughes
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia
| | - Andrew Padula
- Australian Venom Research Unit, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Kenneth D Winkel
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, 207-221 Bouverie St., Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Manuel Boller
- Melbourne Veterinary School, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia; Translational Research and Animal Clinical Trial Study Group (TRACTS), Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, 250 Princes Highway, Werribee, VIC, 3030, Australia.
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