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Ultrasound Diagnosis in Small Ruminants: Occurrence and Description of Genital Pathologies. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9110599. [PMID: 36356077 PMCID: PMC9698986 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9110599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the occurrence and appearance of various reproductive tract pathologies of small ruminants diagnosed using ultrasound. An eight-year retrospective study of collected ultrasound data was carried out in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil from September 2012 to July 2020. A total of 3463 animals from 16 sheep flocks and 10 dairy goat flocks, raised under extensive and intensive management systems, respectively, were used in the study. All animals were submitted to an ultrasound examination of their reproductive tract. Data were analyzed using Fisher’s exact test (p < 0.05), to compare disorder frequencies within and between species. Ewes (4.14%) had fewer reproductive disorders than does (8.98%), while rams (43.63%) and bucks (56.25%) presented no significant differences. Hydrometra was the most frequent finding in does, represented by 50.98% of cases; while, in ewes, recent fetal loss (22.85%) and cystic endometrial hyperplasia (20.00%) were the most frequent. In bucks, the findings showed no clear differences; while, for rams, the most frequent finding was testicular microlithiasis (75.00%). Ultrasonography offers clinically useful information about the reproductive tract via the images it provides; knowledge of which makes it possible to improve the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of genital pathologies.
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Kelly RF, Morrison LR, Castro AL, Scott PR. Valvular endocarditis in a 10‐month‐old ewe lamb: The diagnostic benefits of on‐farm ultrasound examination. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Kelly
- Farm Animal Services, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute Midlothian UK
| | - Linda R. Morrison
- Easter Bush Pathology Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute Midlothian UK
| | - Alberto Luque Castro
- Farm Animal Services, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Institute Midlothian UK
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Ultrasonography of Parasitic Diseases in Domestic Animals: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101252. [PMID: 35625097 PMCID: PMC9137995 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The aim of this literature review was to summarize the current knowledge on the application of ultrasonography in diagnosis, staging and monitoring of helminthic diseases in domestic animals. We selected and analyzed 122 papers about the application of ultrasonography in parasitic disease in ruminants, equids, swine, and companion animals. Helminths can be recognized in ultrasound images by their morphology, size, and location. In some cases, the parasites are not directly seen by ultrasound, but the lesions caused by them can be easily visualized. Ultrasound imaging is taking on an increasingly important role in veterinary parasitology. Abstract The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge on the application of ultrasonography in diagnosis, staging and monitoring of helminthic diseases in domestic animals. Only peer reviewed papers written in English language were included in this systematic review. All papers concerning unicellular parasites, wild animals, non-domestic experimental animals, or ex vivo or in vitro applications of ultrasonography were excluded from the review. A total of 122 papers met the inclusion criteria. Among them 47% concerned nematodes, 37% cestodes, and 16% trematodes with the genus Dirofilaria, Echinococcus, and Fasciola the most represented, respectively. Helminths can be recognized in ultrasound images by their morphology, size, and location. In some cases, the parasite stages are not directly seen by ultrasound, but the lesions caused by them can be easily visualized. Ultrasound imaging is taking on an increasingly important role in the diagnosis, staging, monitoring, and control of parasitic diseases in veterinary medicine. However, it cannot replace the clinical approach and the diagnostic tests commonly used in veterinary parasitology.
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Cloup E, McCrone I, Hughes K. Pathology in Practice. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:867-870. [PMID: 35263281 DOI: 10.2460/javma.20.04.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Cloup
- Dick White Referrals, Six Mile Bottom, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian McCrone
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge Veterinary School, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Amarir FE, Rhalem A, Marcotty T, Dorny P, Sadak A, Azrib R, Kirschvink N. Hydatid cyst detection by liver ultrasonography in sheep: impact of cyst abundance, viability and location. Small Rumin Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2022.106671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Herath HMGP, Pain SJ, Kenyon PR, Blair HT, Morel PCH. Rumen Development of Artificially-Reared Lambs Exposed to Three Different Rearing Regimens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3606. [PMID: 34944381 PMCID: PMC8698021 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of three different rearing regimens on rumen development in lambs reared artificially. Romney ram lambs were randomly allocated to one of three treatments: commercial milk replacer fed to 57 d of age and high fibre concentrate pellets (HFP57); commercial milk replacer, high fibre concentrate pellets, and early weaning from milk replacer at 42 d of age (HFP42); high protein milk replacer from 2-16 d of age followed by commercial milk replacer, low fibre concentrate pellets, and early weaning from milk replacer at 42 d of age (LFP42). Lambs were slaughtered at 57 d of age. Volatile fatty acid content in rumen fluid at slaughter was analysed and rumen tissue samples were collected for histological examination. The rumen n-butyric content was greater (p < 0.05) in both LFP42 and HFP42 treatment lambs compared to HFP57 lambs. The n-valeric content was greater (p < 0.05) in LFP42 lambs compared to both HFP57 and HFP42 treatment lambs. Thickness of the rumen dorsal wall determined by ultrasound scanning at 49 d was greater (p < 0.05) in both HFP42 and LFP42 lambs compared to HFP57 lambs. There was an interaction (p < 0.05) between treatment and site of rumen tissue sampling on papillae width, density, and rumen muscular layer thickness. Collectively, early weaning and the provision of a low fibre pellet leads to improved rumen function and physical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitihamy M. G. P. Herath
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.J.P.); (P.R.K.); (H.T.B.); (P.C.H.M.)
- Department of Livestock Production, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka
| | - Sarah J. Pain
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.J.P.); (P.R.K.); (H.T.B.); (P.C.H.M.)
| | - Paul R. Kenyon
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.J.P.); (P.R.K.); (H.T.B.); (P.C.H.M.)
| | - Hugh T. Blair
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.J.P.); (P.R.K.); (H.T.B.); (P.C.H.M.)
| | - Patrick C. H. Morel
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (S.J.P.); (P.R.K.); (H.T.B.); (P.C.H.M.)
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Corda A, Dessì G, Varcasia A, Carta S, Tamponi C, Sedda G, Scala M, Marchi B, Salis F, Scala A, Pinna Parpaglia ML. Αcute visceral cysticercosis caused by Taenia hydatigena in lambs: ultrasonographic findings. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:568. [PMID: 33176876 PMCID: PMC7661251 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04439-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cysticercosis caused by cysticercus tenuicollis is a metacestode infection that affects several species of ungulates. It is caused by the larval stage of Taenia hydatigena, an intestinal tapeworm in dogs and wild canids. In the intermediate host, the mature cysticerci are usually found in the omentum, mesentery, and peritoneum, and less frequently in the pleura and pericardium. The migrating larvae can be found mostly in the liver parenchyma causing traumatic hepatitis in young animals. Most infections are chronic and asymptomatic, and are diagnosed at the abattoir. The acute form of infection is unusual in sheep and reports of death in lambs are rare. Methods In March 2018, fifteen female lambs presented anorexia, weakness, lethargy, and death secondary to acute visceral cysticercosis. Twelve of them underwent hepatic ultrasonography. Examinations were performed on standing or left lateral recumbent animals. Results Livers of affected animals presented rounded margins and a thickened, irregular and hyperechoic surface. Hepatic parenchyma appeared to be wholly or partially affected by lesions characterized by heterogeneous areas crossed by numerous, irregular, anechoic tracts ranging from 1 to 2 cm in length and 0.1 to 0.2 cm in width. Superficial and intraparenchymal cystic structures were also visualized. The presence of lesions was confirmed by anatomopathological examination, and T. hydatigena cysticerci was identified by morphological and molecular characterization of isolates. Conclusions Our results highlighted that hepatic ultrasonography is effective for an intra-vitam diagnosis of acute cysticercosis in lambs.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgia Dessì
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Varcasia
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy.
| | - Silvia Carta
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Tamponi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Giampietro Sedda
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mauro Scala
- Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Scala
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Rubira I, Figueras L, De las Heras M, Bueso J, Castells E, Climent M, Lacasta D. Chronic proliferative rhinitis in sheep: An update. Small Rumin Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Athar H, Fazili MUR, Mir AQ, Gugjoo MB, Ahmad RA, Khan HM. Ultrasonography: An affordable diagnostic tool for precisely locating Coenurosis cyst in sheep And goats. Small Rumin Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ghanem M, Zeineldin M, Eissa A, El Ebissy E, Mohammed R, Abdelraof Y. The effects of saline water consumption on the ultrasonographic and histopathological appearance of the kidney and liver in Barki sheep. J Vet Med Sci 2018. [PMID: 29540632 PMCID: PMC5989016 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.17-0596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of varying degrees of water salinity on the ultrasonographical and histopathological appearance of the liver and kidneys in Barki sheep. Thirty Barki sheep (initial weight, 29.48 ± 0.81 kg) were allocated into three groups (n=10 per group) based on the type of drinking water for 9 months: the tap water (TW) group (350 ppm total dissolved solids [TDS]); the moderate saline water (MSW) group (4,557 ppm TDS); and the high saline water (HSW) group (8,934 ppm TDS). After 9 months, the body weight was significantly decreased in sheep subjected to MSW (P=0.0347) and HSW (P=0.0424). Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea, and creatinine were significantly increased (P<0.05) in sheep subjected to MSW and HSW. Ultrasonographic examination of the right and left kidneys revealed an increased length of both kidneys with crystal formation, particularly in male sheep. Ultrasonographic examination of the liver showed hyperechogenic dots varying in size and number between males and females. Histopathological examination of kidney revealed significant changes in both MSW and HSW groups such as hyaline matrix formation, atrophied glomerular tufts, and intramedullary congestion. Histopathological examination of the liver revealed slight fatty liver changes, slight fibrosis around the bile duct, massive inflammatory cell infiltration and vacuolar changes of hepatocytes in both MSW and HSW groups. In conclusion, water salinity negatively affects the body weight, liver and kidney appearance of Barki sheep and thus sheep production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ghanem
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha-13511, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Zeineldin
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha-13511, Egypt.,Integrated Food Animal Management Systems, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-61802, IL, U.S.A
| | - Attia Eissa
- Department of Animal Health Desert Research Center Materia, Cairo-11311, Egypt
| | - Eman El Ebissy
- Department of Animal Health Desert Research Center Materia, Cairo-11311, Egypt
| | - Rasha Mohammed
- Department of Animal Health Desert Research Center Materia, Cairo-11311, Egypt
| | - Yassein Abdelraof
- Department of Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha-13511, Egypt
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