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Niciura SCM, Sanches GM. Machine learning prediction of multiple anthelmintic resistance and gastrointestinal nematode control in sheep flocks. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e019023. [PMID: 38511818 PMCID: PMC10954252 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The high prevalence of Haemonchus contortus and its anthelmintic resistance have affected sheep production worldwide. Machine learning approaches are able to investigate the complex relationships among the factors involved in resistance. Classification trees were built to predict multidrug resistance from 36 management practices in 27 sheep flocks. Resistance to five anthelmintics was assessed using a fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), and 20 flocks with FECRT < 80% for four or five anthelmintics were considered resistant. The data were randomly split into training (75%) and test (25%) sets, resampled 1,000 times, and the classification trees were generated for the training data. Of the 1,000 trees, 24 (2.4%) showed 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in predicting a flock as resistant or susceptible for the test data. Forage species was a split common to all 24 trees, and the most frequent trees (12/24) were split by forage species, grazing pasture area, and fecal examination. The farming system, Suffolk sheep breed, and anthelmintic choice criteria were practices highlighted in the other trees. These management practices can be used to predict the anthelmintic resistance status and guide measures for gastrointestinal nematode control in sheep flocks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guilherme Martineli Sanches
- Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” - ESALQ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil
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Kozlowski Neto VA, Schmidt EMDS, Rubio CP, da Silva NMM, Tardivo R, Costa C, Meirelles PRDL, Cerón JJ, Tvarijonaviciute A, do Amarante AFT. Effect of Supplementation of Lambs with Whole Cottonseed: Impact on Serum Biomarkers and Infection by Gastrointestinal Parasites under Field Conditions. Metabolites 2023; 13:398. [PMID: 36984838 PMCID: PMC10056370 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this trial was to evaluate serum levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and biochemical analytes in crossbred lambs during the rearing phase in an integrated crop-livestock system (ICLS) to control gastrointestinal parasites. The experiment used 36 crossbred lambs (cross: Ile de France × White Dorper × Texel) divided into two groups. The WCS group was supplemented with whole cottonseed (WCS), and controls had no supplementation. Body weight, blood collection, and fecal analysis of nematode eggs and Eimeria oocysts counting per gram of feces were performed for each animal within 84 days of experiment. The following serum analytes were determined: total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, haptoglobin, and 10 oxidative stress biomarkers: cupric reducing antioxidant capacity, ferric reducing ability of plasma, trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, thiol, uric acid, paraoxonase-1, total oxidant status, ferric-xylenol orange, advanced oxidation protein products, and reactive oxygen metabolites derived compounds. The inclusion of WCS suggested the benefit in controlling infection as well as inducing an increase in antioxidants and a decrease in oxidants in lambs naturally infected by gastrointestinal parasites. The combination of WCS and ICLS could be a useful tool in controlling gastrointestinal parasite infection without affecting the production performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitoldo Antonio Kozlowski Neto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Naiara Mirelly Marinho da Silva
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Tardivo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Ciniro Costa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (FMVZ, UNESP), Rua Prof. Doutor Walter Mauricio Correa s/n, Unesp Campus Botucatu, Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil
| | - José Joaquín Cerón
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Interlab-UMU, University of Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Francisco Talamini do Amarante
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
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Schmidt EMDS, Fachiolli DF, de Oliveira RM, Almeida FA, Pariz CM, de Lima Meirelles PR, Costa C, Tvarijonaviciute A, Erel O, Neselioglu S, Ceron JJ, Rubio CP. Changes in Serum Thiol-Disulphide Homeostasis in Sheep with Gastrointestinal Nematodes. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102856. [PMID: 34679878 PMCID: PMC8532846 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Parasitism with gastrointestinal nematodes represents a significant risk to the health of livestock populations. Besides the local oxidative damage caused by the parasite, the host reacts by increasing the production of oxidants. The study of thiol-disulphide homeostasis can be of help in the evaluation of the oxidative status of sheep during this type of parasitism. In this study, the thiol-disulphide homeostasis, together with other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, were assessed in the serum of lambs infected with gastrointestinal nematodes and were evaluated after 70 days of integrated crop-livestock system and anthelmintic treatment. This study showed that the thiol-disulphide balance was impaired in the infected lambs and the changes were correlated with the parasite load, which therefore could indicate their potential use as a tool to evaluate and monitor the disease in sheep. Abstract This work aimed to evaluate the thiol-disulphide homeostasis in serum of lambs naturally infected by gastrointestinal nematodes presenting different levels of parasite load indirectly indicated by faecal worm egg counts (EPG). Furthermore, the possible changes in the thiol-disulphide dynamic after different procedures to reduce the parasitic charge, such as the integrated crop-livestock system or anthelmintic treatment, were assessed. The results were compared with a panel of various oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers. The lambs were divided into three groups: animals highly infected (EPG higher than 5000) and packed cell volume (PCV) lower than 24% (G1); animals highly infected (EPG higher than 5000) and normal PCV (>24%) (G2); and animals presenting EPG lower than 5000 and normal PCV (>24%) (G3). The highly infected lambs (G1 and G2) showed lower total thiol (TT) and native thiol (SH) (p ≤ 0.01) than those from G3. After treatment, TT and SH increased significantly in all groups (p ≤ 0.01), and the disulphide (SS)/TT and SS/SH ratios decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in G1 and G2. These results show that the thiol-disulphide balance was impaired in lambs infected by gastrointestinal nematodes and that it could be potentially used as a biomarker to monitor this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Moreira dos Santos Schmidt
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (E.M.d.S.S.); (R.M.d.O.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Center of the Federal District-UDF, Brasilia 70390-030, Brazil
| | - Daniele Floriano Fachiolli
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (D.F.F.); (C.M.P.); (P.R.d.L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Raphaela Moreira de Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (E.M.d.S.S.); (R.M.d.O.)
| | - Fabiana Alves Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Biosciences Institute, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil;
| | - Cristiano Magalhães Pariz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (D.F.F.); (C.M.P.); (P.R.d.L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Paulo Roberto de Lima Meirelles
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (D.F.F.); (C.M.P.); (P.R.d.L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Ciniro Costa
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Breeding, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (D.F.F.); (C.M.P.); (P.R.d.L.M.); (C.C.)
| | - Asta Tvarijonaviciute
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.T.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Ozcan Erel
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (O.E.); (S.N.)
| | - Salim Neselioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (O.E.); (S.N.)
| | - Jose Joaquin Ceron
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Regional Campus of International Excellence ‘Campus Mare Nostrum’, University of Murcia, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.T.); (J.J.C.)
| | - Camila Peres Rubio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Campus of Botucatu, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP), Botucatu 18618-681, Brazil; (E.M.d.S.S.); (R.M.d.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-8-6888-9762
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Gasparina JM, Baby RG, Fonseca L, Bricarello PA, Rocha RAD. Infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus found from the base to the top of the grass sward. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e028120. [PMID: 34076058 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep to anthelmintic treatment has motivated researchers to seek alternatives to reduce the use of these drugs in sheep farming and decontaminate pastureland based on knowledge about the survival dynamics of larvae. The aim of this work was to evaluate the migration of the infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus at different times of the day, strata, and sward heights, with and without shade after the deposition of contaminated sheep feces. The grass species used here was Cynodon dactylon cv. Tifton 85 in four treatments: low sward height shade; low sward height sunshine; high sward height shade; and high sward height sunshine. The number of L3 recovered from the pasture at different times of the day did not differ. The highest number of L3 recovered was in shade. The number of L3 at different times and strata occurred uniformly, confirming that L3 remain in the same place after migrating from dung at the hottest times of the day. Infective larvae of H. contortus were able to migrate across all the strata regardless of the time of day in the summer season in humid subtropical climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Mayara Gasparina
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Renata Grasieli Baby
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Lidiane Fonseca
- CONSIPA - Consultoria em Sistemas Integrados de Produção Agropecuária, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
| | - Patrizia Ana Bricarello
- Departamento de Zootecnia e Desenvolvimento Rural, Centro de Ciências Agrárias - CCA, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina - UFSC, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Raquel Abdallah da Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil.,Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa - UEPG, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brasil
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Carvalho N, Neves JHD, Pennacchi CS, Castilhos AMD, Amarante AFTD. Performance of lambs under four levels of dietary supplementation and artificially mix-infected with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 30:e025420. [PMID: 33852701 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612021010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of four diets on the performance of Dorper lambs that were artificially mix-infected with 1000 infective larvae (L3) of Haemonchus contortus and 1000 L3 of Trichostrongylus colubriformis every three days for 12 weeks was evaluated. For each diet, one infected group (n = 7) and one control group (n = 4) were set up. The four diets contained the following proportions of hay (H) and concentrate (C): Diet 1 - 100%H; Diet 2 - 75%H:25%C; Diet 3 - 50%H:50%C; Diet 4 - 25%H:75. All the infected groups showed decreases in mean packed cell volume (PCV) and total plasma protein, especially the Diet 1-infected, which was also the group with the highest fecal egg count. The diets and infection had significant effects (P < 0.05) on daily body weight gain (DBWG), cold carcass weight and daily food consumption. The control and infected groups had mean DBWG (in kg), respectively, of 0.048 and 0.025 with Diet 1; 0.082 and 0.067 with Diet 2; 0.188 and 0.189 with Diet 3; and 0.303 and 0.221 with Diet 4. In conclusion, the infection affected the productive performance regardless of the diet; however, with increased metabolizable protein and energy, the risk of occurrence of anemia and hypoproteinemia diminished.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadino Carvalho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Fundação Universidade Federal de Rondônia - UNIR, Rolim de Moura, RO, Brasil
| | - José Henrique das Neves
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Caio Santos Pennacchi
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - Andre Michel de Castilhos
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Helminthiasis is a very costly management problem in the sheep and goat industry, because the gastrointestinal parasites develop resistance against all chemical products that are discovered and produced by the pharmaceutical industry. The use of natural herbal contents of tannin as especially in Sericea Lespedeza (SL; Lespedeza cuneate) is very promising. Utilizing genetic differences in resistance among the different goat and sheep breeds is a promising alternative, with limited success to date. Totally eliminating the offending parasites from re-infesting by plowing under affected pastures for some seasons, or scheduling rotational pastures, or feeding fresh (grazed) or dried forms of the perennial warm-season legume sericea lespedeza to the infected sheep and goats, or using elevated housing with slatted floors are the most promising alternatives to the ancient tradition of herding and managing ruminants by transhumance. An elevated slatted floor housing is desirable, and deserves wider attention because of its potential in controlling helminthiasis. Slatted floors are already used in the sheep and goat industries in Sweden, Norway, Malaysia and Guatemala.
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Almeida FA, Albuquerque ACA, Bassetto CC, Starling RZC, Lins JGG, Amarante AFT. Long spelling periods are required for pasture to become free of contamination by infective larvae of Haemonchus contortus in a humid subtropical climate of São Paulo state, Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2020; 279:109060. [PMID: 32143013 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this trial was to evaluate the period of spelling necessary for a pasture to become free of contamination by infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) of sheep, in different seasons of the year, as well as to determine when the greatest pasture contamination occurs and how long it lasts. An area was divided into four paddocks, one for each season (spring, summer, autumn, and winter). In order to contaminate the paddocks with free living stages of GIN, eight ewes, naturally infected, grazed on each paddock for 14 consecutive days, starting on the following dates: autumn, on April 4, 2017; winter, on July 4, 2017; spring, on September 26, 2017; summer, on January 2, 2019. At the beginning and end of the grazing period, faecal samples were taken directly from the rectums of the ewes to count eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) and for faecal cultures. Every 14 days pasture samples were collected to assess the number of infective larvae (L3) per kilogram of dry matter. At the end of the 14 day ewe grazing period, 21 stakes were placed where there were faeces on the paddock. Subsequently, every 14 days, the faeces located at three of the stakes were collected and the L3 were recovered. After the exit of the ewes, monthly, two tracer lambs, free of helminth infection, were allocated into the paddock for 14 days. At the end of this period they were housed in covered stalls for 28 days. Faeces from the lambs were collected for individual EPG counting and faecal culture at 21 and 28 days after grazing. Infective larvae recuperation was observed from faeces and pasture in all seasons. In the autumn, spring, and summer, high EPG counts were observed in the first tracer lambs (8521, 4800, and 8064 EPG, respectively), while in winter, high infection (14132 EPG) of the animals was observed only from the second pair of tracer lambs. For a pasture to become "clean", 322 days, 350 days, 294 days, and 182 days following contamination were necessary, respectively, in the autumn, winter, spring, and summer. In autumn, spring, and summer, massive contamination of the pasture with L3 occurred soon after an area had been grazed by infected sheep, while in winter this took a little longer. The contamination persisted, approximately, from a minimum of six months post contamination in summer to up to almost one year post contamination in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana A Almeida
- Instituto De Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Cláudia A Albuquerque
- Faculdade De Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - César C Bassetto
- Instituto De Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Renan Z C Starling
- Faculdade De Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - José Gabriel G Lins
- Faculdade De Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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