Morales JJD, Téllez Monzón LA, Nieto RL, Jorge-Montalvo P, Visitación-Figueroa L. Valorization of treated wastewater from the soaking of baby alpaca skin fur.
Heliyon 2024;
10:e38247. [PMID:
39364233 PMCID:
PMC11447450 DOI:
10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38247]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 09/08/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Baby alpaca fur industry generates considerable wastewater during the soaking process, which contains high levels of total suspended solids (TSSs), proteins, and salts, among other components. The valorization of wastewater after precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, and aeration treatments was evaluated for use in irrigation water, fertigation, groundwater recharge, concrete construction, and disposal. The precipitation treatment sludge and the coagulation-flocculation treatment were evaluated as a protein source, soil quality improvement, and disposal. The treatment system included evaluations of nine pH levels, seven coagulant doses, and seven aeration times. The contents of TSSs, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldalh nitrogen (TKN), ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3), and oils and fats (O&G), among other parameters, were determined in the treated and untreated wastewater. Before entering the treatment system, the physicochemical characterization of the wastewater showed a high concentration of parameters related to organic matter and dust, such as O&G, five-day biological oxygen demand (BOD5), COD, TSSs, TKN, and N-NH3. The optimal removal parameters were pH 12 for the chemical precipitation of proteins, a dose of 480 mg/L FeCl3 as a coagulant for TSSs removal, and 150 min of aeration; removal efficiencies of 99.02 %, 77.49 %, 79.93 %, and 64.62 % for TSSs, Cod, TKN, and N-NH3, respectively, were obtained. The wastewater after treatment can be used for groundwater recharge and concrete construction, and the wastewater with 2 % dilution can be used for irrigation water and fertigation. The sludge after precipitation is rich in protein and can be used as a protein source or soil quality improver.
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