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Masteghin MG, Murdin BN, Duffy DA, Clowes SK, Cox DC, Sweeney SJ, Webb RP. Advancements and challenges in strained group-IV-based optoelectronic materials stressed by ion beam treatment. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2024; 36:431501. [PMID: 39058285 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad649f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
In this perspective article, we discuss the application of ion implantation to manipulate strain (by either neutralizing or inducing compressive or tensile states) in suspended thin films. Emphasizing the pressing need for a high-mobility silicon-compatible transistor or a direct bandgap group-IV semiconductor that is compatible with complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology, we underscore the distinctive features of different methods of ion beam-induced alteration of material morphology. The article examines the precautions needed during experimental procedures and data analysis and explores routes for potential scalable adoption by the semiconductor industry. Finally, we briefly discuss how this highly controllable strain-inducing technique can facilitate enhanced manipulation of impurity-based spin quantum bits (qubits).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus G Masteghin
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Benedict N Murdin
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic A Duffy
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
- ZiNIR Ltd, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Steven K Clowes
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - David C Cox
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Sweeney
- Advanced Technology Institute, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
- ZiNIR Ltd, Eastbourne, United Kingdom
| | - Roger P Webb
- Ion Beam Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Tene T, Bellucci S, Arias Arias F, Carrera Almendariz LS, Flores Huilcapi AG, Vacacela Gomez C. Role of Graphene in Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:4670. [PMID: 39066066 PMCID: PMC11280817 DOI: 10.3390/s24144670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
This work explores the transformative role of graphene in enhancing the performance of surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based biosensors. The motivation for this review stems from the growing interest in the unique properties of graphene, such as high surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, and versatile functionalization capabilities, which offer significant potential to improve the sensitivity, specificity, and stability of SPR biosensors. This review systematically analyzes studies published between 2010 and 2023, covering key metrics of biosensor performance. The findings reveal that the integration of graphene consistently enhances sensitivity. Specificity, although less frequently reported numerically, showed promising results, with high specificity achieved at sub-nanomolar concentrations. Stability enhancements are also significant, attributed to the protective properties of graphene and improved biomolecule adsorption. Future research should focus on mechanistic insights, optimization of integration techniques, practical application testing, scalable fabrication methods, and comprehensive comparative studies. Our findings provide a foundation for future research, aiming to further optimize and harness the unique physical properties of graphene to meet the demands of sensitive, specific, stable, and rapid biosensing in various practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Tene
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, Loja 110160, Ecuador;
| | - Stefano Bellucci
- INFN-Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Via E. Fermi 54, I-00044 Frascati, Italy
| | - Fabian Arias Arias
- Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Riobamba 060155, Ecuador
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15D, I-87036 Rende, Italy
| | | | - Ana Gabriela Flores Huilcapi
- Facultad de Ciencia e Ingeniería en Alimentos y Biotecnología, Universidad Técnica de Ambato, Ambato 180104, Ecuador
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Athira ET, Satija J. Plasmonic nanoparticle etching-based optical sensors: current status and future prospects. Analyst 2023; 148:6188-6200. [PMID: 37916263 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic nanoparticles are an emerging tool for developing label-free multicolorimetric sensors for biosensing and chemosensing applications. The color absorbed by nanoparticles from visible light is influenced by their size, shape, orientation, and interparticle distance. Differently sized and shaped gold and silver nanoparticles exhibit a wide range of colors, aiding in the development of label-free sensors. Etching is the process of oxidizing nanoparticles, which alters their aspect ratio, shape, plasmonic peak, and outward appearance. It is typically used to create sensitive sensing platforms. Through etching, analytes could be detected in a simple, sensitive, and selective manner. The multicolor readout of nanoparticle etching-based multicolorimetric sensors can overcome the limitations of conventional colorimetric assays and improve the accuracy of visual inspection. This review discusses different approaches for target sensing using nanoparticle etching strategies like direct etching, enzyme-mediated etching, chemical reaction-driven etching, and anti-etching-based sensors and their mechanisms. In the future, etching strategies could be modified into portable sensing devices to detect a variety of analytes, which will aid in the development of on-time, in situ, and point-of-care sensing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- E T Athira
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
| | - Jitendra Satija
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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Jungnickel R, Mirabella F, Stockmann JM, Radnik J, Balasubramanian K. Graphene-on-gold surface plasmon resonance sensors resilient to high-temperature annealing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:371-377. [PMID: 36447098 PMCID: PMC9829571 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Gold films coated with a graphene sheet are being widely used as sensors for the detection of label-free binding interactions using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). During the preparation of such sensors, it is often essential to subject the sensor chips to a high-temperature treatment in order to ensure a clean graphene surface. However, sensor chips used currently, which often use chromium as an adhesion promoter, cannot be subjected to temperatures above 250 °C, because under such conditions, chromium is found to reorganize and diffuse to the surface, where it is easily oxidized, impairing the quality of SPR spectra. Here we present an optimized preparation strategy involving a three-cycle tempering coupled with chromium (oxide) etching, which allows the graphene-coated SPR chips to be annealed up to 500 °C with little deterioration of the surface morphology. In addition, the treatment delivers a surface that shows a clear enhancement in spectral response together with a good refractive index sensitivity. We demonstrate the applicability of our sensors by studying the kinetics of avidin-biotin binding at different pH repeatedly on the same chip. The possibility to anneal can be exploited to recover the original surface after sensing trials, which allowed us to reuse the sensor for at least six cycles of biomolecule adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Jungnickel
- Department of Chemistry, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Francesca Mirabella
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany ,Present Address: SPECS Surface Nano Analysis GmbH, Voltastr. 5, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Manfred Stockmann
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Radnik
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstätter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kannan Balasubramanian
- Department of Chemistry, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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Perera GS, Rahman MA, Blazevski A, Wood A, Walia S, Bhaskaran M, Sriram S. Rapid Conductometric Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins and Its Variants Using Molecularly Imprinted Polymer Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES 2022; 8:2200965. [PMID: 36718387 PMCID: PMC9877662 DOI: 10.1002/admt.202200965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) biosensors have captured more attention than the conventional methodologies for SARS-CoV-2 detection due to having cost-effective platforms and fast detection. However, these reported SARS-CoV-2 biosensors suffer from drawbacks including issues in detection sensitivity, degradation of biomaterials on the sensor's surface, and incapability to reuse the biosensors. To overcome these shortcomings, molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticles (nanoMIPs) incorporated conductometric biosensor for highly accurate, rapid, and selective detection of two model SARS-CoV-2 proteins: (i) receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) glycoprotein and (ii) full length trimeric spike protein are introduced. In addition, these biosensors successfully responded to several other SARS-CoV-2 RBD spike protein variants including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta. Our conductometric biosensor selectively detects the two model proteins and SARS-CoV-2 RBD spike protein variant samples in real-time with sensitivity to a detection limit of 7 pg mL-1 within 10 min of sample incubation. A battery-free, wireless near-field communication (NFC) interface is incorporated with the biosensor for fast and contactless detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants. The smartphone enabled real-time detection and on-screen rapid result for SARS-CoV-2 variants can curve the outbreak due to its ability to alert the user to infection in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganganath S. Perera
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - Md. Ataur Rahman
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - April Blazevski
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | | | - Sumeet Walia
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - Madhu Bhaskaran
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and the Micro Nano Research FacilityRMIT UniversityMelbourneVIC3001Australia
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