1
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Amhis N, Carignan J, Tai LH. Transforming pancreaticobiliary cancer treatment: Exploring the frontiers of adoptive cell therapy and cancer vaccines. MOLECULAR THERAPY. ONCOLOGY 2024; 32:200825. [PMID: 39006944 PMCID: PMC11246060 DOI: 10.1016/j.omton.2024.200825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Pancreaticobiliary cancer, encompassing malignancies of both the pancreatic and biliary tract, presents a formidable clinical challenge marked by a uniformly bleak prognosis. The asymptomatic nature of its early stages often leads to delayed detection, contributing to an unfavorable 5-year overall survival rate. Conventional treatment modalities have shown limited efficacy, underscoring the urgent need for alternative therapeutic approaches. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising avenue in the fight against pancreaticobiliary cancer. Strategies such as therapeutic vaccines and the use of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes have garnered attention for their potential to elicit more robust and durable responses. This review seeks to illuminate the landscape of emerging immunotherapeutic interventions, offering insights from both clinical and research perspectives. By deepening our understanding of pancreaticobiliary cancer and exploring innovative treatment modalities, we aim to catalyze improvements in patient outcomes and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Amhis
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Julie Carignan
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Lee-Hwa Tai
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1E 4K8, Canada
- Centre de Recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
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2
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Zeng YY, Gu Q, Li D, Li AX, Liu RM, Liang JY, Liu JY. Immunocyte membrane-derived biomimetic nano-drug delivery system: a pioneering platform for tumour immunotherapy. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01355-z. [PMID: 39085407 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Tumor immunotherapy characterized by its high specificity and minimal side effects has achieved revolutionary progress in the field of cancer treatment. However, the complex mechanisms of tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) and the individual variability of patients' immune system still present significant challenges to its clinical application. Immunocyte membrane-coated nanocarrier systems, as an innovative biomimetic drug delivery platform, exhibit remarkable advantages in tumor immunotherapy due to their high targeting capability, good biocompatibility and low immunogenicity. In this review we summarize the latest research advances in biomimetic delivery systems based on immune cells for tumor immunotherapy. We outline the existing methods of tumor immunotherapy including immune checkpoint therapy, adoptive cell transfer therapy and cancer vaccines etc. with a focus on the application of various immunocyte membranes in tumor immunotherapy and their prospects and challenges in drug delivery and immune modulation. We look forward to further exploring the application of biomimetic delivery systems based on immunocyte membrane-coated nanoparticles, aiming to provide a new framework for the clinical treatment of tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ye Zeng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Jingan District Zhabei Central Hospital, Shanghai, 200070, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ai-Xue Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Rong-Mei Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian-Ying Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ji-Yong Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Raoul P, De Gaetano V, Sciaraffia G, Ormea G, Cintoni M, Pozzo C, Strippoli A, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC, Rinninella E. Gastric Cancer, Immunotherapy, and Nutrition: The Role of Microbiota. Pathogens 2024; 13:357. [PMID: 38787209 PMCID: PMC11124250 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have revolutionized the treatment of gastric cancer (GC), which still represents the third leading cause of cancer-related death in Western countries. However, ICI treatment outcomes vary between individuals and need to be optimized. Recent studies have shown that gut microbiota could represent a key influencer of immunotherapy responses. At the same time, the nutritional status and diet of GC patients are also predictive of immunotherapy treatment response and survival outcomes. The objective of this narrative review is to gather recent findings about the complex relationships between the oral, gastric, and gut bacterial communities, dietary factors/nutritional parameters, and immunotherapy responses. Perigastric/gut microbiota compositions/functions and their metabolites could be predictive of response to immunotherapy in GC patients and even overall survival. At the same time, the strong influence of diet on the composition of the microbiota could have consequences on immunotherapy responses through the impact of muscle mass in GC patients during immunotherapy. Future studies are needed to define more precisely the dietary factors, such as adequate daily intake of prebiotics, that could counteract the dysbiosis of the GC microbiota and the impaired nutritional status, improving the clinical outcomes of GC patients during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Raoul
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Valeria De Gaetano
- School of Specialization in Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.D.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Gianmario Sciaraffia
- School of Specialization in Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy; (V.D.G.); (G.S.)
| | - Ginevra Ormea
- Degree Course in Pharmacy, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Carmelo Pozzo
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonia Strippoli
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Digestive Disease Center (CEMAD), Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mele
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
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4
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Liu Y, Peng C, Ahad F, Ali Zaidi SA, Muluh TA, Fu Q. Advanced Strategies of CAR-T Cell Therapy in Solid Tumors and Hematological Malignancies. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2024; 19:557-572. [PMID: 38213150 DOI: 10.2174/0115748928277331231218115402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, known as CAR-T cells, represent a promising breakthrough in the realm of adoptive cell therapy. These T-cells are genetically engineered to carry chimeric antigen receptors that specifically target tumors. They have achieved notable success in the treatment of blood-related cancers, breathing new life into this field of medical research. However, numerous obstacles limit chimeric antigen receptors T-cell therapy's efficacy, such as it cannot survive in the body long. It is prone to fatigue and exhaustion, leading to difficult tumor elimination and repeated recurrence, affecting solid tumors and hematological malignancies. The challenges posed by solid tumors, especially in the context of the complex solid-tumor microenvironment, require specific strategies. This review outlines recent advancements in improving chimeric antigen receptors T-cell therapy by focusing on the chimeric antigen receptors protein, modifying T-cells, and optimizing the interaction between T-cells and other components within the tumor microenvironment. This article aims to provide an extensive summary of the latest discoveries regarding CAR-T cell therapy, encompassing its application across various types of human cancers. Moreover, it will delve into the obstacles that have emerged in recent times, offering insights into the challenges faced by this innovative approach. Finally, it highlights novel therapeutic options in treating hematological and solid malignancies with chimeric antigen receptors T-cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, PRC China
| | - Cao Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan PRC China
| | - Faiza Ahad
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Syed Aqib Ali Zaidi
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Tobias Achu Muluh
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qiuxia Fu
- Department of Pharmacy, Luzhou People's Hospital, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan PRC China
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5
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Pazhani J, Jayaraman S, Veeraraghavan VP. Therapeutic implication of chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Surg 2023; 109:230-231. [PMID: 37093067 PMCID: PMC10389241 DOI: 10.1097/js9.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Selvaraj Jayaraman
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical & Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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6
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Xiu W, Pang J, Hu Y, Shi H. Immune-related mechanisms and immunotherapy in extragonadal germ cell tumors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1145788. [PMID: 37138865 PMCID: PMC10149945 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1145788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of review Extragonadal germ cell tumors (EGCTs) are relatively rare tumors, accounting for 1%-5% of all GCTs. In this review, we summarize the current research progress regarding the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of EGCTs from an immunology perspective. Recent findings The histological origin of EGCTs is related to a gonadal origin, but they are located outside the gonad. They show great variation in morphology and can occur in the cranium, mediastinum, sacrococcygeal bone, and other areas. The pathogenesis of EGCTs is poorly understood, and their differential diagnosis is extensive and challenging. EGCT behavior varies greatly according to patient age, histological subtype, and clinical stage. Summary This review provides ideas for the future application of immunology in the fight against such diseases, which is a hot topic currently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Xiu
- 1Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiyun Pang
- 1Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Hu, ; Huashan Shi,
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Hu, ; Huashan Shi,
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7
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Immunotherapeutic Strategies for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC): Current Perspectives and Future Prospects. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081272. [PMID: 36016159 PMCID: PMC9416402 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoantigens are abnormal proteins produced by genetic mutations in somatic cells. Because tumour neoantigens are expressed only in tumour cells and have immunogenicity, they may represent specific targets for precision immunotherapy. With the reduction in sequencing cost, continuous advances in artificial intelligence technology and an increased understanding of tumour immunity, neoantigen vaccines and adoptive cell therapy (ACT) targeting neoantigens have become research hotspots. Approximately 900,000 patients worldwide are diagnosed with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) each year. Due to its high mutagenicity and abundant lymphocyte infiltration, HNSCC naturally generates a variety of potential new antigen targets that may be used for HNSCC immunotherapies. Currently, the main immunotherapy for HNSCC is use of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs). Neoantigen vaccines and adoptive cell therapy targeting neoantigens are extensions of immunotherapy for HNSCC, and a large number of early clinical trials are underway in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors for the treatment of recurrent or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (R/M HNSCC). In this paper, we review recent neoantigen vaccine trials related to the treatment of HNSCC, introduce adoptive cell therapy targeting neoantigens, and propose a potential treatment for HNSCC. The clinical application of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy and its combination with neoantigen vaccines in the treatment of HNSCC are summarized, and the prospect of using neoantigen to treat HNSCC is discussed and proposed.
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8
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647%' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'r4tf'!='r4tf%] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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9
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647'"] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647" and 2*3*8=6*8 and "hxww"="hxww] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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11
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647'||'] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 PMCID: PMC9284215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxiao Yang, ; Kai Yin, ; Xusheng Chang,
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxiao Yang, ; Kai Yin, ; Xusheng Chang,
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Dongxiao Yang, ; Kai Yin, ; Xusheng Chang,
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13
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647bsd3bmst] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647����%2527%2522\'\"] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Jin X, Liu Z, Yang D, Yin K, Chang X. Recent Progress and Future Perspectives of Immunotherapy in Advanced Gastric Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:948647. [PMID: 35844558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.948647' and 2*3*8=6*8 and 'fifm'='fifm] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
As one of the most common forms of solid tumours, gastric carcinoma has been revealed as the third leading cause of death worldwide. The symptom of gastric cancer is usually not obvious and thus difficult to detect at earlier stages. Therefore, gastric cancer is already in the advanced stage once detected in patients, which has a poor prognosis due to ineffective therapies and multiple resistance. Recent advance in understanding the microenvironment of cancer has significantly promoted the development of immunotherapy for advanced gastric cancer. Immunotherapy can induce immune responses in gastric cancer patients thus leads to the destruction of cancer cells. In comparison of traditional therapy, immunotherapy has demonstrated robust efficacy and tolerable toxicity. Therefore, this novel strategy for treatment of advanced gastric cancer has gain increasingly popularity. In this review, we summarize recent progress of immunotherapy in advanced gastric cancer, such as immune check point inhibitors, adoptive cell therapy, VEGF inhibitors, cancer vaccines and CAR-T cell therapy. We highlight immunotherapies involved in clinical applications and discuss the existing challenges of current immunotherapies and promising strategies to overcome these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Zhaorui Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongxiao Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xusheng Chang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Cao Y, Zhou Y, Chen Z, Zhang Z, Chen X, He C. Localized Chemotherapy Based on Injectable Hydrogel Boosts the Antitumor Activity of Adoptively Transferred T Lymphocytes In Vivo. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100814. [PMID: 34297480 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of antigen-specific T cells has been successfully applied in the treatment of hematological malignancies. However, its application in the treatment of solid tumors has been overshadowed by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. In this context, a preprocessing strategy is developed to reprogram the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment using a thermoresponsive hydrogel loaded with doxorubicin (DOX@Gel). Compared with hydrogel-based chemotherapy alone or adoptive T cell therapy alone, this combination exhibits enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. In addition to the direct killing of tumor cells, the local chemotherapy releases tumor-associated antigens which enhance the proliferation and effector function of endogenous and adoptively transferred T cells. Moreover, DOX@Gel significantly reduces the numbers of both myeloid derived suppressor cells and Tregs in tumor microenvironment. It is suggested that DOX@Gel promotes the efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells against solid tumors, overcoming the key limitations of adoptive T cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies Jilin Engineering Normal University 3050 Kaixuan Road Changchun 130052 P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Zhixiong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Chaoliang He
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences 5625 Renmin Street Changchun 130022 P. R. China
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Hematopoietic versus Solid Cancers and T Cell Dysfunction: Looking for Similarities and Distinctions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020284. [PMID: 33466674 PMCID: PMC7828769 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dysfunction of the immune T cell compartment occurs in many hematopoietic as well as solid cancers and hampers successful application of new immunotherapeutic approaches. A complete understanding of T cell dysfunction might improve the outcome of such therapies, but an overview in the various cancers is still lacking. We aim to map areas of similarities and differences in solid versus hematopoietic malignancies, providing a high-level rather than a detailed perspective on T cell dysfunction in those tumors. Abstract Cancer cells escape, suppress and exploit the host immune system to sustain themselves, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) actively dampens T cell function by various mechanisms. Over the last years, new immunotherapeutic approaches, such as adoptive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors, have been successfully applied for refractory malignancies that could only be treated in a palliative manner previously. Engaging the anti-tumor activity of the immune system, including CAR T cell therapy to target the CD19 B cell antigen, proved to be effective in acute lymphocytic leukemia. In low-grade hematopoietic B cell malignancies, such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia, clinical outcomes have been tempered by cancer-induced T cell dysfunction characterized in part by a state of metabolic lethargy. In multiple myeloma, novel antigens such as BCMA and CD38 are being explored for CAR T cells. In solid cancers, T cell-based immunotherapies have been applied successfully to melanoma and lung cancers, whereas application in e.g., breast cancer lags behind and is modestly effective as yet. The main hurdles for CAR T cell immunotherapy in solid tumors are the lack of suitable antigens, anatomical inaccessibility, and T cell anergy due to immunosuppressive TME. Given the wide range of success and failure of immunotherapies in various cancer types, it is crucial to comprehend the underlying similarities and distinctions in T cell dysfunction. Hence, this review aims at comparing selected, distinct B cell-derived versus solid cancer types and at describing means by which malignant cells and TME might dampen T cell anti-tumor activity, with special focus on immunometabolism. Drawing a meaningful parallel between the efficacy of immunotherapy and the extent of T cell dysfunction will shed light on areas where we can improve immune function to battle cancer.
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Melief CJM. Special Review: The future of Immunotherapy. IMMUNOTHERAPY ADVANCES 2020; 1:ltaa005. [PMID: 36756002 PMCID: PMC9902260 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, two main schools of modern immunotherapy have come to the forefront. The chimeric anti-CD20 antibody rituximab that was introduced for the treatment of refractory follicular lymphoma in 1998 was one of the first examples of the school of passive immunotherapy. Subsequently major and ever more costly efforts were spent on the development of blockbuster monotherapies including other monoclonal but also bispecific antibodies of highly defined specificity and subclass, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), as well as ex vivo expanded tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-transduced T cells, and TCR-transduced T cells. On the other hand, there is the school that works toward active induction of patient B- or T-cell immunity against antigens of choice, or active tolerance against pathogenic allergens, auto-antigens or allo-antigens. Stradled in between these two approaches is treatment with blockers of T cell checkpoint control, which releases the brakes of T cells that have already responded to antigen. Extensive and detailed insight into the cellular and molecular interactions that regulate specific immune responses is indispensable in order to be able to optimize efficacy and rule out treatment related toxicity. This applies to all types of immunotherapy. Our knowledge of the checks and balances in the immune system is still increasing at an unprecedented pace, fostering ever more effective and specific (combination) immunotherapies and offering a rich harvest of innovative immunotherapies in the years ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis J M Melief
- Correspondence: Cornelis J. M. Melief, ISA Pharmaceuticals, J.H. Oortweg 19, 2333 CH, Leiden, Netherlands. ;
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Zhu X, Li S, Xu B, Luo H. Cancer evolution: A means by which tumors evade treatment. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 133:111016. [PMID: 33246226 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various methods have been tried to study and treat cancer, the cancer remains a major challenge for human medicine today. One important reason for this is the presence of cancer evolution. Cancer evolution is a process in which tumor cells adapt to the external environment, which can suppress the human immune system's ability to recognize and attack tumors, and also reduce the reproducibility of cancer research. Among them, heterogeneity of the tumor provides intrinsic motivation for this process. Recently, with the development of related technologies such as liquid biopsy, more and more knowledge about cancer evolution has been gained and interest in this topic has also increased. Therefore, starting from the causes of tumorigenesis, this paper introduces several tumorigenesis processes and pathways, as well as treatment options for different targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Shi Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urogenital Tumor Systems and Synthetic Biology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Tumor, Translational Medicine Institute of Shenzhen, The Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China; College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bairui Xu
- The Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjian, China
| | - Hui Luo
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, The Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; The Key Lab of Zhanjiang for R&D Marine Microbial Resources in the Beibu Gulf Rim, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China; The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjian, China.
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Ghavimi S, Apfel T, Azimi H, Persaud A, Pyrsopoulos NT. Management and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Immunotherapy: A Review of Current and Future Options. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2020; 8:168-176. [PMID: 32832397 PMCID: PMC7438354 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2020.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With mortality rates of liver cancer doubling in the last 20 years, this disease is on the rise and has become the fifth most common cancer in men and the seventh most common cancer in women. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents approximately 90% of all primary liver cancers and is a major global health concern. Patients with HCC can be managed curatively with surgical resection or with liver transplantation, if they are diagnosed at an early stage. Unfortunately, most patients with HCC present with advanced stages of the disease and have underlying liver dysfunction, which allows only 15% of patients to be eligible for curative treatment. Several different treatment modalities are available, including locoregional therapy radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, percutaneous ethanol injection, trans-arterial chemoembolization, transarterial radio-embolization, cryoablation, radiation therapy, stereotactic radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, molecularly targeted therapies, and immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has recently become a promising method for inhibiting HCC tumor progression, recurrence, and metastasis. The term "Immunotherapy" is a catch-all, encompassing a wide range of applications and targets, including HCC vaccines, adoptive cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and use of oncolytic viruses to treat HCC. Immunotherapy in HCC is a relatively safe option for treating patients with advanced disease in the USA who are either unable to receive or failed sorafenib/lenvatinib therapy and thus may offer an additional survival benefit for these patients. The purpose of this review is to elaborate on some of the most recent advancements in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Ghavimi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Tehila Apfel
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Hamed Azimi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Alana Persaud
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Nikolaos T. Pyrsopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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Myeloid-driven mechanisms as barriers to antitumor CD8 + T cell activity. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:165-173. [PMID: 31884388 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is essential for host defense against pathogenic challenges, and a major constituent is the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell. Ordinarily, CD8+ T cells are endowed with a unique ability to specifically recognize and destroy their targets. However, in cases where disease emerges, especially in cancer, the efficacy of the CD8+ T cell response is frequently counterbalanced in a 'tug-of-war' by networks of tumor-driven mechanisms of immune suppression. As a result, antitumor CD8+ T cell activity is hampered, which contributes to clinical manifestations of disease. It is now well-recognized that prominent elements of that network include myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and macrophages which assume tumor-supportive phenotypes. Both myeloid populations are thought to arise as consequences of chronic inflammatory cues produced during the neoplastic process. Numerous preclinical studies have now shown that inhibiting the production, trafficking and/or function of these immune suppressive myeloid populations restore antitumor CD8+ T cell responses during both immune surveillance or in response to immune-targeted interventions. Correlative studies in cancer patients support these preclinical findings and, thus, have laid the foundation for ongoing clinical trials in patients receiving novel agents that target such myeloid elements alone or in combination with immunotherapy to potentially improve cancer patient outcomes. Accordingly, this review focuses on how and why it is important to study the myeloid-T cell interplay as an innovative strategy to boost or reinvigorate the CD8+ T cell response as a critical weapon in the battle against malignancy.
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