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Ahmed A, Elsakka M, Elhenawy Y, Amer A, Mansi A, Bassyouni M, Gadalla M, Refaat A. Experimental investigation of a nano coating efficiency for dust mitigation on photovoltaic panels in harsh climatic conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23013. [PMID: 39362961 PMCID: PMC11449939 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-72772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Dust accumulation on photovoltaic (PV) panels in arid regions diminishes solar energy absorption and panel efficiency. In this study, the effectiveness of a self-cleaning nano-coating thin film is evaluated in reducing dust accumulation and improving PV Panel efficiency. Surface morphology and elemental analysis of the nano-coating and dust are conducted. Continuous measurements of solar irradiances and ambient temperature have been recorded. SEM analysis of dust revealed irregularly shaped micron-sized particles with potential adhesive properties, causing shading effects on the PV panel surface. Conversely, the coating particles exhibited a uniform, spherical shape, suggesting effective prevention of dust adhesion. Solar irradiance ranged from 120 W/m² to a peak of 720 W/m² at noon. Application of the self-cleaning nano-coating thin film consistently increased short circuit current (Isc), with the coated panel averaging 2.8 A, which is 64.7% higher than the uncoated panel's 1.7 A. The power output of the coated panel ranged from 7 W to 38 W, with an average of approximately 24.75 W, whereas the uncoated panel exhibited a power output between 3 W and 23 W, averaging around 14 W. These findings highlight the substantial potential of nano-coating for effective dust mitigation, particularly in dusty environments, thus enhancing PV system reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa Ahmed
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt.
- Energy Research and Studies Centre, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed Elsakka
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
- Energy Research and Studies Centre, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Yasser Elhenawy
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Amer
- Mechanical Power Engineering Department, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Amr Mansi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Bassyouni
- Chemical Engineering Department, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
- Centre of Excellence in Membrane-Based Water Desalination Technology for Testing and Characterization (CEMTC), Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Mamdouh Gadalla
- Chemical Engineering Department, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Refaat
- Electrical Engineering Department, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
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2
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Chadly A, Aldayyani HY, Hamasha MM, Amer S, Maalouf M, Mayyas A. Selection of optimal strategy for managing decentralized solar PV systems considering uncertain weather conditions. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12269. [PMID: 38806584 PMCID: PMC11133323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62891-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Solar power is a promising source of energy that is environmentally friendly, sustainable, and renewable. Solar photovoltaic (PV) panels are the most common and mature technology used to harness solar energy. Unfortunately, these panels are prone to dust accumulation, which can have a significant impact on their efficiency. To maintain their effectiveness, solar photovoltaics s must be cleaned regularly. Eight main techniques are used to clean solar panels: natural, manual, mechanical, robotic, drone, coating, electrical, and acoustic. This study aims to identify the best cleaning method using multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques. Using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Fuzzy Technique for Order of Preference by Similarities to Ideal Solution (FTOPSIS), and Preference Selection Index (PSI), this research evaluates all eight cleaning methods based on several criteria that are categorized under cost, performance, resource requirement, and safety in Abu Dhabi. The data are collected from surveys completed by experts in solar and sustainable energy. The AHP, QFD, and PSI results identified natural, manual, and surface coating as the best and most effective cleaning methods. Natural cleaning involves using rainwater primarily to remove dirt and dust; manual cleaning requires cleaning agents and wiping clothes; and surface coatings involve applying a layer of hydrophobic material to the panels to repel dust. Identifying the most effective cleaning method for dust removal from solar panels can ensure optimal efficiency recovery at minimal costs and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assia Chadly
- Department of Engineering Systems & Management, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Mohammad M Hamasha
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, 13133, Jordan
| | - Sa'ed Amer
- Department of Engineering Systems & Management, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Maher Maalouf
- Department of Engineering Systems & Management, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ahmad Mayyas
- Department of Engineering Systems & Management, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Hassan G, Yilbas BS, Abubakar AA, Al-Qahtani H, Al-Sharafi A. Dynamics of droplet motion over hydrophobic surfaces with functionalized and non-functionalized ferro particles. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34866-34875. [PMID: 38035239 PMCID: PMC10686265 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06073j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamically manipulating droplet motion on hydrophobic surfaces is crucial in various fields, including biomedical, sensing, actuation, and oil-water separation applications. Ferrofluid droplets can be manipulated and controlled using external magnetic forces. The creation of ferrofluids involves multiple procedures that can affect the functionality and stability of droplet manipulation, limiting their use in sustainable applications. This study investigates the dynamics of droplet motion over functionalized and non-functionalized ferroparticles, considering different droplet volumes, ferroparticle layer widths, and wt% concentrations. The translational and sliding velocities of the droplets are measured using high-speed camera recording with a tracker application. The finding revealed the transformation of a droplet sliding motion into a rolling motion with propulsion under the magnetic influence. The sliding velocity increases for the droplets moving over the ordinary ferroparticles on the hydrophobic surface. However, the droplet motion is dominated by rolling in the case of hydrophobic ferro particles. The droplet sliding velocity rises sharply at high concentrations (or layer width) of ferroparticle as the magnetic bond number rises sharply to 3. A newborn droplet adheres to the magnet surface during droplet rolling and sliding motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan Hassan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- K. A. CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Bekir Sami Yilbas
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- IRC for Renewable Energy and Power, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- K. A. CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- Turkish Japanese University of Science and Technology Istanbul Turkey
| | - Abba Abdulhamid Abubakar
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Hussain Al-Qahtani
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- IRC for Renewable Energy and Power, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Sharafi
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- IRC for Renewable Energy and Power, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- K. A. CARE Energy Research & Innovation Center Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
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Qin J, Lu H. A review of self-cleaning coatings for solar photovoltaic systems: theory, materials, preparation, and applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:91591-91616. [PMID: 37498426 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Photovoltaic power generation is developing rapidly with the approval of The Paris Agreement in 2015. However, there are many dust deposition problems that occur in desert and plateau areas. Traditional cleaning methods such as manual cleaning and mechanical cleaning are unstable and produce a large economic burden. Therefore, self-cleaning coatings, which have unique mechanisms and high adaptability, have attracted wide attention in the photovoltaic industry and scientific community, especially the super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic coatings. The paper systematically reviewed the theory, materials, preparation, and applications of the super-hydrophobic and super-hydrophilic coatings on the photovoltaic modules. Super-hydrophobic materials such as organosilicon compounds, fluorinated polymers, and some inorganic materials are popular. TiO2 is widely used to prepare super-hydrophilic coatings on glass covers of photovoltaic panels due to its good photocatalytic activity. CVD-based surface treatment is suitable for preparing photovoltaic self-cleaning surfaces. These methods prepare self-cleaning surfaces by reacting gaseous substances with hot surfaces and depositing them on the surface. They are efficient but difficult to control accuracy. When applied to photovoltaic modules, it is crucial to consider the factors such as self-cleaning, transparency, anti-reflection, anti-icing, and durability. In future research, it is significant to improve the transparency, durability, and self-cleaning properties of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qin
- Laboratory of Energy Carbon Neutrality, School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830047, China
| | - Hao Lu
- Laboratory of Energy Carbon Neutrality, School of Electrical Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830047, China.
- Engineering Research Center of Northwest Energy Carbon Neutrality, Ministry of Education, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830047, China.
- Center of New Energy Research, School of Future Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830047, China.
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Dahlioui D, Alaoui SM, Laarabi B, Barhdadi A. Waterless cleaning technique for photovoltaic panels on dual-axis tracker. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:81667-81685. [PMID: 36227489 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23218-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Several soiling mitigation solutions and cleaning techniques have been developed to maintain high efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) panels. First of its kind, the investigation of the adaptability of the cleaning systems to solar trackers has been performed. The majority of these systems are dedicated to fixed installations whereas only few systems that can be adapted to solar trackers are presented in the updated cleaning systems background. For this reason, this paper presents an innovative approach which consists of combining trackers with an integrated cleaning system that has been designed. Based on the conducted experimental study, a maximum of 7% in soiling losses has been found for the PV generator of 4 kWp equipped with a dual-axis tracker installed in Rabat-Morocco over almost 1 year. Consequently, a reduced cleaning prototype has been realized and tested to evaluate the energy recovery based on the performed cleaning. The automatic cleaning has presented a similar efficiency with the manual cleaning with a slight difference of 0.95 pp and an increase of energy of 11.5% in the arid region. Through the economic analysis carried out taking into account the gain in energy production, the automatic cleaning cost was 0.14 USD/kWh. It has been found that the cleaning technique based on the telescopic arm would be more effective if the tracker is installed in an arid region where soiling is higher than Rabat. In this case, the payback time of the cleaning solution is faster (8 to 9 years), hence its profitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dounia Dahlioui
- Physics of Semiconductors and Solar Energy Research Team (PSES), Energy Research Center, ENS, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Soukaina Medaghri Alaoui
- Physics of Semiconductors and Solar Energy Research Team (PSES), Energy Research Center, ENS, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Bouchra Laarabi
- Physics of Semiconductors and Solar Energy Research Team (PSES), Energy Research Center, ENS, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Abdelfettah Barhdadi
- Physics of Semiconductors and Solar Energy Research Team (PSES), Energy Research Center, ENS, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
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Elnozahy A, Abd-Elbary H, Abo-Elyousr FK. Efficient energy harvesting from PV Panel with reinforced hydrophilic nano-materials for eco-buildings. ENERGY AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enbenv.2022.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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7
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Wang L, Liu M, Wu Y, Zheng H. Progress in Studies of Surface Nanotextures and Coatings with Nanomaterials on Glass for Anti-Dust Functionality. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:3677. [PMID: 36296867 PMCID: PMC9612287 DOI: 10.3390/nano12203677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dust pollution presents a wide range of adverse effects to product functionalities and the quality of human life. For instance, when dust particles deposit on solar photovoltaic panels, sunlight absorption is significantly reduced, and solar-to-electrical energy conversion yield may be lowered by 51%- Conventional (manual) dust removal methods are costly, consume significant material resources, and cause irreparable damage to the solar glass surface. Therefore, it is critical to develop glass surfaces that can clean themselves or are easily cleaned by natural forces. Many approaches have been attempted to reduce dust deposition, such as developing superhydrophobic surfaces and preparing anti-static surfaces. This paper reviews the recent progress in studies of anti-dust and cleaning mechanisms or methodologies, which include investigation into micro- and nano-sized dust properties, dust deposition processes and adhesion mechanisms to surfaces, and the state-of-the-art approaches to anti-dust and easy-cleaning functions that tailor surface micro-/nanotextures, lowering surface energy via nanocoatings, and enhancing anti-static properties with nanomaterials. We compare the advantages and disadvantages of various approaches and discuss the research prospects. We envision that future research will be focused on developing transparent surfaces with multiple dust-proof functions to cope with dust-burdening operating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yongling Wu
- Centre for Advanced Laser Manufacturing (CALM), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Hongyu Zheng
- Centre for Advanced Laser Manufacturing (CALM), School of Mechanical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
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Syafiq A, Balakrishnan V, Rahim NA. Durable self-cleaning nano-titanium dioxide superhydrophilic coating with anti-fog property. PIGMENT & RESIN TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1108/prt-06-2022-0080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Purpose
This paper aims to design the nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating system which has superhydrophilic property, self-cleaning mechanism and antifog property as well as strong adhesion on glass substrate.
Design/methodology/approach
Two hydrophilic materials have been used such as TiO2 nanoparticles as fillers and hydrophilic copolymer, Pluronic F-127 by using simple sol–gel approach. The prepared solution was applied onto glass through dip- and spray-coating techniques and then left for drying at ambient temperature.
Findings
The nano-TiO2 superhydrophilic coating has achieved the water contact angle of 4.9° ± 0.5°. The superhydrophilic coating showed great self-cleaning effect against concentrated syrup and methylene blue where thin layer of water washes the dirt contaminants away. The nano-TiO2 coating exhibits great antifog performance that maintains high transparency of around 89% when the coated glass is placed above hot-fog vapor for 10 min. The fog droplets were condensed into water film which allowed the transmission of light through the glass. The strong adhesion of coated glass shows no total failure at scratch profile when impacted with scratch load of 500, 800 and 1,200 mN.
Research limitations/implications
Findings will be useful in the development of self-cleaning superhydrophilic coating that is applicable on building glass and photovoltaic panel.
Practical implications
The developed nano-TiO2 coating is developed by the combination of hydrophilic organic copolymer–inorganic TiO2 network to achieve great superhydrophilic property, optimum self-cleaning ability and supreme antifog performance.
Social implications
The findings will be useful for residents in building glass window where the application will reduce dust accumulation and keep the glass clean for longer period.
Originality/value
The synthesis of nano-TiO2 superhydrophilic coating which can be sprayed on large glass panel and cured at ambient temperature.
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Hariri NG, Almadani IK, Osman IS. A State-of-the-Art Self-Cleaning System Using Thermomechanical Effect in Shape Memory Alloy for Smart Photovoltaic Applications. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:5704. [PMID: 36013839 PMCID: PMC9415967 DOI: 10.3390/ma15165704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This research aims to present a state-of-the-art cleaning technology solution that effectively overcomes the dust accumulation issue for conventional photovoltaic systems. Although continuous innovations and advanced developments within renewable energy technologies have shown steady improvements over the past years, the dust accumulation issue remains one of the main factors hindering their efficiency and degradation rate. By harvesting abundant solar thermal energy, the presented self-cleaning system uses a unique thermomechanical property of Shape Memory Alloys to operate a solar-based thermomechanical actuator. Therefore, this study carries out different numerical and experimental validation tests to highlight the promising practicability of the developed self-cleaning system from thermal and mechanical perspectives. The results showed that the system has a life expectancy of over 20 years, which is closely equivalent to the life expectancy of conventional photovoltaic modules while operating under actual weather conditions in Dammam city. Additionally, the thermal to mechanical energy conversion efficiency reached 19.15% while providing average cleaning effectiveness of about 95%. The presented outcomes of this study add to the body of knowledge an innovative methodology for a unique solar-based self-cleaning system aimed toward smart and modern photovoltaic applications.
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Luo Q, Peng J, Chen X, Zhang H, Deng X, Jin S, Zhu H. Recent Advances in Multifunctional Mechanical-Chemical Superhydrophobic Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:947327. [PMID: 35910015 PMCID: PMC9326238 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.947327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, biology-inspired superhydrophobic technology has attracted extensive attention and has been widely used in self-cleaning, anti-icing, oil-water separation, and other fields. However, the poor durability restricts its application in practice; thus, it is urgent to systematically summarize it so that scientists can guide the future development of this field. Here, in this review, we first elucidated five kinds of typical superhydrophobic models, namely, Young's equation, Wenzel, Cassie-Baxter, Wenzel-Cassie, "Lotus," and "Gecko" models. Then, we summarized the improvement in mechanical stability and chemical stability of superhydrophobic surface. Later, the durability test methods such as mechanical test methods and chemical test methods are discussed. Afterwards, we displayed the applications of multifunctional mechanical-chemical superhydrophobic materials, namely, anti-fogging, self-cleaning, oil-water separation, antibacterial, membrane distillation, battery, and anti-icing. Finally, the outlook and challenge of mechanical-chemical superhydrophobic materials are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Luo
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiao Peng
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Deng
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiwei Jin
- Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- China State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
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Salamah T, Ramahi A, Alamara K, Juaidi A, Abdallah R, Abdelkareem MA, Amer EC, Olabi AG. Effect of dust and methods of cleaning on the performance of solar PV module for different climate regions: Comprehensive review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154050. [PMID: 35217056 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent achievement and progress in solar PV play a significant role in controlling climate change. This study reviewed comprehensively electrical characteristics, life cycle of dust, optical characteristics, and different cleaning techniques related to the effect of dust on the performance of PV modules throughout different climate regions of the world. The power maximum power point (MPP) and curve of PV module under the effect of irradiance and temperature were presented. The effect of dust (shading) on the electrical efficiency of PV module was discussed based on soft, partial, and complete (soiling) shading. The physical properties of dust around the globe such as PM10 concentration, dust loading (mgm-2), and fine dust particles concentration were covered and discussed. Reasons behind the accumulation of dust based on, location and installation factors, dust type, and environmental factors. Environmental reasons causing dust and dust removal in accordance with the life cycle of dust was covered in detail. All the reasons that cause the generation, accumulation and removal of dust during its life cycle were explained. All forces responsible for the adhesion phase of the dust life cycle were presented. The effect of dust on PV module transmittance and electrical parameters module were discussed in detail based on physical properties of the dust at its location and installation conditions. Self-cleaning super hydrophobic surfaces based on methods such as solvents, vapor-assisted coating, powder coating, and polymerization were discussed. All cleaning technologies, including self-cleaning technologies, based on the material coating used, and the manufacturing of PV cells was compared. The future prospective for PV technologies and cleaning methods were also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Salamah
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Ahmad Ramahi
- Industrial Engineering Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Kadhim Alamara
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, American University of Ras Al Khaimah, Ras Al Khaima, United Arab Emirates
| | - Adel Juaidi
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Ramez Abdallah
- Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering Department, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine.
| | - Mohammad Ali Abdelkareem
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Chemical Engineering Department, Minia University, Elminia, Egypt.
| | - El-Cheikh Amer
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Industrial Engineering, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdul Ghani Olabi
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sustainable Energy & Power Systems Research Centre, RISE, University of Sharjah, PO Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
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The Effects of Soiling and Frequency of Optimal Cleaning of PV Panels in Palestine. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15124232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The performance of photovoltaic (PV) solar panels is dependent on certain factors, such as dust effects. Even though Palestine’s energy issues are well-known, no research has been undertaken on the soiling effect on solar energy generation in Palestine’s climatic circumstances. The study’s findings can aid Palestine’s efforts to achieve long-term energy sustainability and solar energy use. Outdoor research was conducted in Tulkarm, Palestine, to explore the impact of dust on PV systems. The current study examined the impact of dust accumulation based on the Mediterranean climate. To accomplish this, a one-year experiment was conducted from 1 January to 31 December 2021. An 85-kW PV power plant at Tulkarm was utilized in the study. Knowing the efficiency reduction over time will aid in minimizing cleaning expenses by selecting the most appropriate cleaning interval. The results concluded that in January, February, November, and December, there will be a two-month cleaning period, monthly cleaning in March and October, as well as two weeks of cleaning in April and May. It may also be concluded that the plant should be cleaned weekly throughout the months of June, July, August, and September. This recommendation is necessary to maintain the PV panel plant operating at peak efficiency.
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Redekar A, Deb D, Ozana S. Functionality Analysis of Electric Actuators in Renewable Energy Systems—A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22114273. [PMID: 35684894 PMCID: PMC9185451 DOI: 10.3390/s22114273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Various mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, and hybrid actuators can alter motion per the requirements of particular applications. However, except for electrical ones, all actuators are restricted due to their size, complex auxiliary equipment, frequent need for maintenance, and sluggish environment in renewable applications. This brief review paper highlights some unique and significant research works on applying electrical actuators to renewable applications. Four renewable energy resources, i.e., solar, wind, bio-energy, and geothermal energy, are considered to review electric actuators applicable to renewable energy systems. This review analyses the types of actuators associated with the mentioned renewable application, their functioning, their motion type, present use, advantages, disadvantages, and operational problems. The information gathered in this paper may open up new ways of optimization opportunities and control challenges in electrical actuators, thereby making more efficient systems. Furthermore, some energy-efficient and cost-effective replacements of convectional actuators with new innovative ones are suggested. This work aims to benefit scientists and new entrants working on actuators in renewable energy systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet Redekar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM), Ahmedabad 380026, India;
| | - Dipankar Deb
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Institute of Infrastructure Technology Research and Management (IITRAM), Ahmedabad 380026, India;
- Correspondence:
| | - Stepan Ozana
- Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00 Ostrava, Czech Republic;
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Liu X, Yue S, Zhao X, Lu L, Li J. Influence mechanism of liquid bridge evaporation on the dynamic behaviour of dust particles on solar photovoltaic panels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153014. [PMID: 35026251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solar photovoltaics (PVs) are one of the most promising renewable energy sources to solve the global environmental and energy crises. Dust agglomeration on PV panels greatly affects their operation life and power generation efficiency. In this study, the evaporation mechanism and laws of liquid bridges as well as the evaporation time and interaction forces for liquid bridges and particles are investigated. The effects of liquid bridge evaporation and its influencing factors on dust dynamic behaviour are discussed. Liquid bridge evaporation in the muddy state with small particle spacing can cause particle agglomeration on PV panels. However, it is very difficult for the capillary, the ribbon, and the pendulum states or the muddy state with large particle spacing to affect particle motion. In the muddy state, the interaction force for a small particle spacing consists of not only the liquid bridge force but also the drag force caused by liquid bridge evaporation, and that for a large particle spacing consists of only the drag force; in the other three states, the interaction force consists of only the liquid bridge force. Liquid bridge evaporation can greatly intensify particle agglomeration and even scaling processes with decreasing particle size. These findings can provide important theoretical guidance and value for engineering improvements in power generation and safe operation of PV panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Refractories and Metallurgy, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China; Key Laboratory for Ferrous Metallurgy and Resources Utilization of Ministry of Education, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430081, China.
| | - Song Yue
- Power Generation Branch, POWERCHINA Hubei Electric Engineering Corporation Limited, No.1 Xinqiaosi Road, Jinyinhu Street, Dongxihu District, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Xiaodong Zhao
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Luyi Lu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jianlan Li
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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15
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Yoon J, Hou Y, Knoepfel AM, Yang D, Ye T, Zheng L, Yennawar N, Sanghadasa M, Priya S, Wang K. Bio-inspired strategies for next-generation perovskite solar mobile power sources. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12915-12984. [PMID: 34622260 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smart electronic devices are becoming ubiquitous due to many appealing attributes including portability, long operational time, rechargeability and compatibility with the user-desired form factor. Integration of mobile power sources (MPS) based on photovoltaic technologies with smart electronics will continue to drive improved sustainability and independence. With high efficiency, low cost, flexibility and lightweight features, halide perovskite photovoltaics have become promising candidates for MPS. Realization of these photovoltaic MPS (PV-MPS) with unconventionally extraordinary attributes requires new 'out-of-box' designs. Natural materials have provided promising designing solutions to engineer properties under a broad range of boundary conditions, ranging from molecules, proteins, cells, tissues, apparatus to systems in animals, plants, and humans optimized through billions of years of evolution. Applying bio-inspired strategies in PV-MPS could be biomolecular modification on crystallization at the atomic/meso-scale, bio-structural duplication at the device/system level and bio-mimicking at the functional level to render efficient charge delivery, energy transport/utilization, as well as stronger resistance against environmental stimuli (e.g., self-healing and self-cleaning). In this review, we discuss the bio-inspired/-mimetic structures, experimental models, and working principles, with the goal of revealing physics and bio-microstructures relevant for PV-MPS. Here the emphasis is on identifying the strategies and material designs towards improvement of the performance of emerging halide perovskite PVs and strategizing their bridge to future MPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjin Yoon
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Yuchen Hou
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Abbey Marie Knoepfel
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Tao Ye
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Luyao Zheng
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Neela Yennawar
- Huck Institute of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Mohan Sanghadasa
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Aviation & Missile Center, Redstone Arsenal, Alabama, 35898, USA
| | - Shashank Priya
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA.
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16
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Wang D, Li Y, Wen Y, Li X, Du X. Simple and low cost fabrication of large area nanocoatings with mechanical robustness, enhanced broadband transmittance and antifogging. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.127522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Reduction of Dust on Solar Panels through Unipolar Electrostatic Traveling Wave. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11199121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel electrostatic cleaning scheme has been applied to a new designed and developed electrode having high cleaning efficiency. In this method, a high voltage, four-channel, 1 Hz square wave signal is applied to a specially designed electrode array. Models of the electric field distribution of the proposed electrode array were developed and analyzed using Ansys Maxwell simulation software and printed circuits boards (PCBs) were produced. The performance of dust removal using the electrodes was evaluated. A 1 MW solar power plant was taken as a case study, and performance and cost were compared with the classical panel cleaning method (wet cleaning system). Our study has shown that the electrostatic cleaning method can be carried out with lower cost and higher efficiency than existing methods.
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18
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Oliveira RD, Mouquinho A, Centeno P, Alexandre M, Haque S, Martins R, Fortunato E, Águas H, Mendes MJ. Colloidal Lithography for Photovoltaics: An Attractive Route for Light Management. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:1665. [PMID: 34202858 PMCID: PMC8307338 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pursuit of ever-more efficient, reliable, and affordable solar cells has pushed the development of nano/micro-technological solutions capable of boosting photovoltaic (PV) performance without significantly increasing costs. One of the most relevant solutions is based on light management via photonic wavelength-sized structures, as these enable pronounced efficiency improvements by reducing reflection and by trapping the light inside the devices. Furthermore, optimized microstructured coatings allow self-cleaning functionality via effective water repulsion, which reduces the accumulation of dust and particles that cause shading. Nevertheless, when it comes to market deployment, nano/micro-patterning strategies can only find application in the PV industry if their integration does not require high additional costs or delays in high-throughput solar cell manufacturing. As such, colloidal lithography (CL) is considered the preferential structuring method for PV, as it is an inexpensive and highly scalable soft-patterning technique allowing nanoscopic precision over indefinitely large areas. Tuning specific parameters, such as the size of colloids, shape, monodispersity, and final arrangement, CL enables the production of various templates/masks for different purposes and applications. This review intends to compile several recent high-profile works on this subject and how they can influence the future of solar electricity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Manuel J. Mendes
- CENIMAT/I3N, Departamento de Ciência dos Materiais, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, FCT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, and CEMOP/UNINOVA, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (R.D.O.); (P.C.); (M.A.); (S.H.); (R.M.); (E.F.); (H.Á.)
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19
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Tariq M, Ansari MK, Rahman F, Rahman MA, Ashraf I. Effect of Soiling on the Performance of Solar PV Modules: A Case Study of Aligarh. SMART SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23080477.2021.1901340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tariq
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ZHCET, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Mohsin Karim Ansari
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ZHCET, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Fazlur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ZHCET, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Maulana Mukhtar Ahmad Nadvi Technical Campus, Malegaon, India
| | - Md Atiqur Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Vaishali, India
| | - Imtiaz Ashraf
- Department of Electrical Engineering, ZHCET, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
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20
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Cleaning of Floating Photovoltaic Systems: A Critical Review on Approaches from Technical and Economic Perspectives. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14072018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
There are some environmental factors, such as ambient temperature, dust, etc., which cause a reduction in the efficiency of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Installation of PV panels on the water surface, commonly known as Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems, is one solution to employ PV panels in a cooler environment, achieve higher efficiency, and reduce water evaporation. FPV systems open up new opportunities for scaling up solar generating capacity, especially in countries with high population density and valuable lands, as well as countries with high evaporation rates and water resources deficiency. Since the FPV system is an almost new concept, its cleaning techniques have not been comprehensively studied. While FPV systems are located on the surface of water resources and reservoirs, the water quality can limit the application of different cleaning techniques. Therefore, this paper investigates different techniques of FPV systems cleaning and categorizes them into water-based and water-free approaches. In addition, their cleaning frequencies, as well as economic aspects, are presented and discussed to determine their merits and demerits for using them in FPV systems.
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21
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Estimation of Soiling Losses from an Experimental Photovoltaic Plant Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11041516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fossil fuels and their use to generate energy have multiple disadvantages, with renewable energies being presented as an alternative to this situation. Among them is photovoltaic solar energy, which requires solar installations that are capable of producing energy in an optimal way. These installations will have specific characteristics according to their location and meteorological variables of the place, one of these factors being soiling. Soiling generates energy losses, diminishing the plant’s performance, making it difficult to estimate the losses due to deposited soiling and to measure the amount of soiling if it is not done using very economically expensive devices, such as high-performance particle counters. In this work, these losses have been estimated with artificial intelligence techniques, using meteorological variables, commonly measured in a plant of these characteristics. The study consists of two tests, depending on whether or not the short circuit current (Isc) has been included, obtaining a maximum normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) lower than 7%, a correlation coefficient (R) higher than 0.9, as well as a practically zero normalized mean bias error (nMBE).
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22
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Thin SiNC/SiOC Coatings with a Gradient of Refractive Index Deposited from Organosilicon Precursor. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10080794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, optical coatings with a gradient of the refractive index are described. Its aim was to deposit, using the RF PECVD method, films of variable composition (ranging from silicon carbon-oxide to silicon carbon-nitride) for a smooth change of their optical properties enabling a production of the filter with a refractive index gradient. For that purpose, two organosilicon compounds, namely tetramethyldisilazane and hexamethyldisilazane, were selected as precursor compounds. The results reveal better optical properties of the materials obtained from the latter source. Depending on whether deposited in pure oxygen atmosphere or under conditions of pure nitrogen, the refractive index of the coatings amounted to 1.65 and to 2.22, respectively. By using a variable composition N2/O2 gas mixture, coatings of intermediate magnitudes of “n” were acquired. The optical properties were investigated using both UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry. The chemical structure of the coatings was studied with the help of Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. Finally, atomic force microscopy was applied to examine their surface topography. As the last step, a “cold mirror” type interference filter with a gradient of refractive index was designed and manufactured.
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23
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Degradation of Hydrophobic, Anti-Soiling Coatings for Solar Module Cover Glass. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13153811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soiling of solar module cover glass is a serious problem for solar asset managers. It causes a reduction in power output due to attenuation of the incident light, and reduces the return on investment. Regular cleaning is required to mitigate the effect but this is a costly procedure. The application of transparent hydrophobic, anti-soiling coatings to the cover glass is a promising solution. These coatings have low surface energy and contaminants do not adhere well. Even if soiling does remain on the coated surface, it is much more easily removed during cleaning. The performance of the coatings is determined using the water contact angle and roll-off angle measurements. However, although hydrophobic coatings hold out great promise, outdoor testing revealed degradation that occurs surprisingly quickly. In this study, we report on results using laboratory-based damp heat and UV exposure environmental tests. We used SEM surface imaging and XPS surface chemical analysis to study the mechanisms that lead to coating degradation. Loss of surface fluorine from the coatings was observed and this appeared to be a major issue. Loss of nanoparticles was also observed. Blistering of surfaces also occurs, leading to loss of coating material. This was probably due to the movement of retained solvents and was caused by insufficient curing. This mechanism is avoidable if care is taken for providing and carrying out carefully specified curing conditions. All these symptoms correlate well with observations taken from parallel outdoor testing. Identification of the mechanisms involved will inform the development of more durable anti-soiling, hydrophobic coatings for solar application.
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24
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Experimental Investigation to Improve the Energy Efficiency of Solar PV Panels Using Hydrophobic SiO2 Nanomaterial. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10050503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research aims to experimentally improve the overall efficiency of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels by coating them with hydrophobic SiO2 nanomaterial. Also, an accurate mathematical model was used to estimate the parameters of the PV panel, which is a non-linear optimization problem. Based on the experimental data and using the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, the optimal five parameters of a single diode model of a PV panel were determined in this study. This experimental work was conducted and carried out in the Renewable Energy Laboratory of Assiut University, Egypt. A comparative analysis was completed for three identical solar PV panels; the first panel was coated with hydrophobic SiO2 nanomaterial, so it was considered to be a self-cleaning panel; the second panel was uncoated and cleaned manually on a daily basis; and the third panel was kept dusty all the time through the experimental investigation, and was used as a reference. Experimentally, the output power of the PV panels was monitored for each panel in this study. Also, the anti-static and anti-reflection effects of coating solar PV panels with hydrophobic SiO2 nanomaterial were investigated experimentally. According to the obtained experimental results, it was found that the use of SiO2 coating for PV panels results in the better performance of the PV panels. The overall efficiency of the coated panel increased by 15% and 5%, compared to the dusty panel and the uncoated panel which was manually cleaned daily, respectively.
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25
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Nundy S, Ghosh A, Mallick TK. Hydrophilic and Superhydrophilic Self-Cleaning Coatings by Morphologically Varying ZnO Microstructures for Photovoltaic and Glazing Applications. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:1033-1039. [PMID: 31984259 PMCID: PMC6977091 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Transparent, superhydrophilic materials are indispensable for their self-cleaning function, which has become an increasingly popular research topic, particularly in photovoltaic (PV) applications. Here, we report hydrophilic and superhydrophilic ZnO by varying the morphology for use as a self-cleaning coating for PV applications. Three different ZnO microstructures, such as ZnO nanorods (R-ZnO), ZnO microflowers (F-ZnO), and ZnO microspheres (M-ZnO), were developed by hydrothermal methods. The surface morphology by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), wettability behavior by using water contact angle (WCA) measurements, structural and optical properties by using photoluminescence (PL), Raman, and UV-vis spectrophotometry, and defect estimation by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of the ZnO nanostructured films were systematically investigated. XRD confirmed the formation of the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. The average crystallite sizes of prepared R-ZnO, F-ZnO, and M-ZnO were found to be 28.95, 11.19, and 41.5 nm, respectively. The band gap values of ZnO nanostructures were calculated from the UV-vis absorption spectrum and found to be 3.6, 3.3, and 3.1 eV for R-ZnO, F-ZnO, and M-ZnO, respectively. The WCAs for R-ZnO and F-ZnO were 20.2 and 11.19°, respectively, while M-ZnO behaved like a superhydrophilic material having a WCA of 2.8°.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijita Nundy
- School
of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Aritra Ghosh
- Environmental
and Sustainability Institute, University
of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, U.K.
| | - Tapas K. Mallick
- Environmental
and Sustainability Institute, University
of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, U.K.
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26
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Liang Z, Zhou Z, Zhao L, Dong B, Wang S. Fabrication of transparent, durable and self-cleaning superhydrophobic coatings for solar cells. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01402h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A superhydrophobic coating with high transparency and ultrahigh adhesive force is prepared for application on the glass covers of solar cells, which also exhibits excellent thermal stability and strong acid–base corrosion resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihui Liang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Zezhu Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Li Zhao
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Binghai Dong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
| | - Shimin Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Wuhan 430062
- P. R. China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering
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27
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Water Saving in CSP Plants by a Novel Hydrophilic Anti-Soiling Coating for Solar Reflectors. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9110739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, results of the outdoor exposure campaign of a newly developed hydrophilic anti-soiling coating for concentrated solar thermal power (CSP) mirrors are presented. The material was exposed for nearly two years under realistic outdoor conditions and the influence of two different cleaning techniques was evaluated. Mirror samples were analyzed during exposure and their reflectance and cleanliness were measured. The performance of the anti-soiling coated mirror samples was compared to conventional uncoated silvered-glass mirrors. The coatings showed appropriate anti-soiling and easy-to-clean behavior, with a mean cleanliness gain of 1 pp and maximum values under strong soiling conditions of up to over 7 pp. Cleanliness of the coated samples stayed higher throughout the whole campaign before and after cleaning, resulting in lower soiling rate compared to the reference material. Taking into account these values and supposing a threshold for cleaning of 96%, the number of cleaning cycles could be decreased by up to 11%. Finally, the coated material showed negligible degradation, not exceeding the degradation detected for the reference material.
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28
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Assessment of Various Dry Photovoltaic Cleaning Techniques and Frequencies on the Power Output of CdTe-Type Modules in Dusty Environments. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11102850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study presents the conditions and results of experimental investigations on various photovoltaic (PV) module cleaning methods and the effects on the performance of cadmium-telluride CdTe-type photovoltaic (PV) modules located in Doha, Qatar. The study aims to find the optimum cleaning technique and frequency based on cleaning performance and cost. PV modules are in a dusty and rocky area in the western part of Doha, Qatar within the north campus of Education City. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technology is employed for five different PV modules. The results show that microfiber-based wiper along with microfiber & vacuum cleaner are the most effective cleaning methods with about 6% improvement for the weekly period compared to the control panel among the considered methods. However, due to the increased cost of adding a vacuum cleaner, the microfiber-based wiper is the most efficient method when both cost and improvement rates are considered. In addition, the most efficient cleaning frequency (among daily, weekly and monthly) is found to be the weekly cleaning under the tested climate conditions.
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29
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Syafiq A, Pandey A, Balakrishnan V, Rahim NA. Study on self-cleaning performance and hydrophobicity of TiO 2/silane coatings. PIGMENT & RESIN TECHNOLOGY 2018; ahead-of-print. [DOI: 10.1108/prt-02-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
PurposeThe paper aims to investigate the effect of Degussa P-25 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on hydrophobicity and self-cleaning ability as a single organic coating on glass substrate.Design/methodology/approachTwo methods have been used to enhance the hydrophobicity on glass substrates, namely, surface modification by using low surface energy isooctyltrimethoxysilane (ITMS) solution and construction of rough surface morphology using Degussa P-25 TiO2nanoparticles with simple bottom-up approach. The prepared sol was applied onto glass substrate using dip-coating technique and stoved in the vacuum furnace 350°C.FindingsThe ITMS coating with nano TiO2pigment has modified the glass substrate surface by achieving the water contact angle as high as 169° ± 2° and low sliding angle of 0° with simple and low-cost operation. The solid and air phase interface has created excellent anti-dirt and self-cleaning properties against dilute ketchup solution, mud and silicon powder.Research limitations/implicationsFindings will be useful in the development of self-cleaning and anti-dirt coating for photovoltaic panels.Practical implicationsSol method provides the suitable medium for the combination of organic–inorganic network to achieve high superhydrophobicity and optimum self-cleaning ability.Originality/valueApplication of blended organic–inorganic sol as self-cleaning and anti-dirt coating film.
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30
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Syafiq A, Vengadaesvaran B, Pandey AK, Rahim NA. Superhydrophilic Smart Coating for Self-Cleaning Application on Glass Substrate. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2018; 2018:1-10. [DOI: 10.1155/2018/6412601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
In general, superhydrophilic coating on glass substrate possesses water contact angle (WCA) below 10° and contains high self-cleaning properties in outdoor environment as compared to noncoated glass substrate panels. In this study, the superhydrophilic coating behavior on glass substrate has been developed. The micro- and nanosized titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles have been utilized to improve the surface roughness, and the polypropylene glycol (PPG) has been utilized to increase the surface energy of glass substrates. The wettability of coating surface shows the coating possess water contact angle (WCA) as low as 5° and suddenly reduce to 0° after 10 s. Superhydrophilic coated glass clearly shows excellent dirt repellent against dilute ketchup solution due to the absence of dirt streak on the glass surface. Meanwhile, the dirt streak is present on the bare glass surface indicating its weak self-cleaning property. The developed superhydrophilic coating on glass substrate was also found to have great antifog property compared to the bare glass substrate. Superhydrophilic surfaces have showed free tiny droplet even at 130°C of hot boiling bath for 10 min and completely dry after 1 min. The superhydrophilic coating surfaces have demonstrated free water streak after impacting with harsh water spraying for 5 min confirming that the superhydrophilic coating on glass substrate is antiwater streak.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Syafiq
- UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Level 4, JalanPantai Baharu, 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - B. Vengadaesvaran
- UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Level 4, JalanPantai Baharu, 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A. K. Pandey
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500 Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Nasrudin Abd. Rahim
- UM Power Energy Dedicated Advanced Centre (UMPEDAC), University of Malaya, Level 4, JalanPantai Baharu, 59990 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Renewable Energy Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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31
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Impact of Partial Shading on the P-V Characteristics and the Maximum Power of a Photovoltaic String. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11071860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A photovoltaic system is highly susceptible to partial shading. Based on the functionality of a photovoltaic system that relies on solar irradiance to generate electrical power, it is tacitly assumed that the maximum power of a partially shaded photovoltaic system always decreases as the shading heaviness increases. However, the literature has reported that this might not be the case. The maximum power of a partially shaded photovoltaic system under a fixed configuration and partial shading pattern can be highly insusceptible to shading heaviness when a certain critical point is met. This paper presents an investigation of the impact of partial shading and the critical point that reduce the susceptibility of shading heaviness. Photovoltaic string formed by series-connected photovoltaic modules is used in this research. The investigation of the P-V characteristic curve under different numbers of shaded modules and shading heaviness suggests that the photovoltaic string becomes insusceptible to shading heaviness when the shaded modules irradiance reaches a certain critical point. The critical point can vary based on the number of the shaded modules. The formulated equation in this research contributes to determining the critical point for different photovoltaic string sizes and numbers of shaded modules in the photovoltaic string.
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