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Farhart P, Beakley D, Diwan A, Duffield R, Rodriguez EP, Chamoli U, Watsford M. Intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers in cricket: a systematic review. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:114. [PMID: 37730648 PMCID: PMC10512628 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbar spine injuries in fast bowlers account for the greatest missed playing time in cricket. A range of extrinsic and intrinsic variables are hypothesised to be associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers, and an improved understanding of intrinsic variables is necessary as these may alter load tolerance and injury risk associated with fast bowling. This review critically evaluated studies reporting intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in fast bowlers and identified areas for future investigation. METHODS OVID Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Web of Science and SCOPUS databases were last searched on 3 June 2022 to identify studies investigating intrinsic variables associated with low back pain and lumbar spine injury in cricket fast bowlers. Terms relevant to cricket fast bowling, and intrinsic variables associated with lumbar spine injury and low back pain in fast bowlers were searched. 1,503 abstracts were screened, and 118 full-text articles were appraised to determine whether they met inclusion criteria. Two authors independently screened search results and assessed risk of bias using a modified version of the Quality in Prognostic Studies tool. RESULTS Twenty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, no included studies demonstrated a low risk of bias, two studies were identified as moderate risk, and twenty-three studies were identified as high risk. Conflicting results were reported amongst studies investigating associations of fast bowling kinematics and kinetics, trunk and lumbar anatomical features, anthropometric traits, age, and neuromuscular characteristics with low back pain and lumbar spine injury. CONCLUSION Inconsistencies in results may be related to differences in study design, injury definitions, participant characteristics, measurement parameters, and statistical analyses. Low back pain and lumbar spine injury occurrence in fast bowlers remain high, and this may be due to an absence of low bias studies that have informed recommendations for their prevention. Future research should employ clearly defined injury outcomes, analyse continuous datasets, utilise models that better represent lumbar kinematics and kinetics during fast bowling, and better quantify previous injury, lumbar anatomical features and lumbar maturation. TRIAL REGISTRATION Open Science Framework https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/ERKZ2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Farhart
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia.
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia.
- Cricket New South Wales, 161 Silverwater Road, Sydney Olympic Park, Sydney, NSW, 2127, Australia.
- Delhi Capitals, JSW GMR Cricket Private Limited, Bahadurshah Zafar Marg, New Delhi, 110002, India.
| | - David Beakley
- Deakin University, Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Ashish Diwan
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
- Spine Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. George Hospital Campus, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
| | - Rob Duffield
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Pickering Rodriguez
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Uphar Chamoli
- Spine Labs, Discipline of Surgery, St. George and Sutherland Campus of the Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kogarah, NSW, 2217, Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Mark Watsford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, Moore Park Precinct, University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, NSW, 2007, Australia
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McLeod G, O'Connor S, Morgan D, Kountouris A, Finch CF, Fortington LV. Prospective reporting of injury in community-level cricket: A systematic review to identify research priorities. J Sci Med Sport 2020; 23:1028-1043. [PMID: 32553446 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cricket is a popular sport enjoyed worldwide. Injuries in cricket are not well understood at community level but are important to understand for prevention to ensure the game continues to be enjoyed safely. This systematic review was designed to assess the quality of data collection and reporting, and to summarise the injury data, in studies of community cricket players. DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS Nine databases were searched to November 2018 using the terms "cricket*" and "injur*". A nine-item critical appraisal and three-item likelihood-of-bias evaluation was conducted on included studies. Data completeness was evaluated against recommendations in the international cricket consensus statement for recording/reporting injury and the Australian Sports Injury Data Dictionary (ASIDD). Descriptive injury data (n,%) are presented in tabular format for different subgroups (activity, position, population). RESULTS Thirteen studies were included, of which eight were rated as unclear, one as high and three having a low likelihood-of-bias. The mean score for completeness of data against the consensus statement was 3.5/10 (95%C.I. 2.8-4.2). The mean score for completeness of data against the ASIDD was 4.4/6 (95%C.I. 3.9-5.0). Bruising and inflammation was the most common injury in junior cricket. Stress fractures were most common in studies of bowlers. Where studies included all activities, batting accounted for most injuries (7-49%). CONCLUSIONS The included studies inconsistently addressed recommended items for injury surveillance in community sport and cricket. Most studies focused on junior levels or adolescent bowlers, with bruising/inflammation and stress fractures being most common, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geordie McLeod
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Siobhán O'Connor
- Centre for Injury Prevention and Performance, School of Health and Human Performance, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Damian Morgan
- Federation Business School, Federation University Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Kountouris
- Sports Science & Sports Medicine Manager, Cricket Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline F Finch
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
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Abstract
Adolescent cricket pace bowlers are prone to non-contact shoulder, low back and lower-limb injuries. Exercise-based injury prevention programmes (IPPs) are effective for reducing non-contact injuries in athletes; however, a specific programme for adolescent pace bowlers has not been published. This paper therefore seeks to provide a rationale for the development of an exercise-based IPP specific for adolescent pace bowlers. It also outlines design principles and provides an example exercise programme that can be implemented at the community level. In addition, the paper addresses other injury prevention techniques concerned with the prescription of appropriate bowling loads and the modification of poor bowling biomechanics. Performing an exercise-based IPP before cricket training could reduce injury rates in adolescent pace bowlers. Eccentric strengthening exercises can be employed to target injuries to the posterior shoulder muscles, hip adductors and hamstring muscles. The risk of low back, knee and ankle injury could also be reduced with the inclusion of dynamic neuromuscular control exercises and trunk extensor endurance exercises. Other prevention strategies that need to be considered include the modification of poor bowling biomechanics, such as shoulder counter-rotation and lateral trunk flexion. Coaches and players should also aim to quantify bowling load accurately and coaches should use this information to prescribe appropriate individualised bowling loads. Specifically, players would benefit from avoiding both long periods of low load and acute periods when load is excessively high. Future evidence is needed to determine the effectiveness of the example programme outlined in this paper. It would also be beneficial to investigate whether the modification of bowling biomechanics is achievable at the non-elite level and if bowling load can be accurately measured and manipulated within a community-level population.
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Newton L, McCaig S. The effect of a cricket fielding session on glenohumeral range of motion and active joint position sense. Phys Ther Sport 2018; 31:52-57. [PMID: 29653438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of a cricket fielding session, at an identified throwing injury risk workload, on shoulder joint position sense (JPS) and active range of motion (AROM) in cricketers. DESIGN Repeated measures observational study. SETTING Indoor cricket centre. PARTICIPANTS Nineteen, asymptomatic University cricketers. MAIN OUTCOME AROM was assessed supine at 90° abduction and from this 10% off end range IR and ER was used as the position matching angle to assess JPS. JPS error scores as well as AROM were assessed pre and post a cricket fielding session consisting of 40 throws. RESULTS Following the cricket fielding session, no alteration in JPS in ER (p = 0.91) or IR (p = 0.27) was observed. There was however a significant decrease in IR (-3.9°) following the fielding drill (p = 0.007) while no significant change was observed in ER or total motion. CONCLUSION Active IR ROM is significantly decreased immediately following a cricket fielding drill, while no alterations in JPS were observed. High levels of eccentric stress have been reported in the external rotators after throwing which may contribute to the acute musculotendinous adaptations observed. Changes in IR may be a contributing factor to workload-acquired shoulder throwing injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Newton
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Campus, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, England, UK.
| | - Steve McCaig
- National Cricket Performance Centre, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE 11 3TU, England, UK
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Abstract
Context: Cricket is a popular global sport that requires a combination of physical
fitness, skill, and strategy. Although a noncontact sport, overuse and
impact injuries are common since players engage in a wide range of physical
activities, including running, throwing, batting, bowling, catching, and
diving. Significant or match time-loss injuries are defined as those that
either prevent a player from being fully available for selection in a major
match, or during a major match, cause a player to be unable to bat, bowl, or
keep wicket when required by either the rules or the team’s captain. This
review describes the various region-wise injuries sustained in cricket along
with their epidemiology, biomechanics, treatment, and prevention. Evidence Acquisition: Data were collected from peer-reviewed articles (obtained via PubMed search)
published through November 2016 that involved the medical, biomechanical,
and epidemiological aspects of cricket injuries. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 4. Results: Cricket was one of the first sports to publish recommended methods for injury
surveillance in 2005 from England, South Africa, Australia, the West Indies,
and India. While the incidence of injuries is about the same, the prevalence
of injuries has increased due to game format changes, increasing number of
matches played, and decreased rest between matches. Bowling (41.3%),
fielding, and wicket keeping (28.6%) account for most injuries. Acute
injuries are most common (64%-76%), followed by acute-on-chronic (16%-22.8%)
and chronic ones (8%-22%). The most common modern-day cricket injury is
hamstring strain, and the most severe is lumbar stress fracture in young
fast bowlers. Conclusion: With improved understanding of the scientific and medical aspects of cricket,
along with advances in surgical and nonsurgical treatment techniques, the
time to return to play has shortened considerably. While the prevalence of
cricket injuries has increased, their severity has decreased over the past
decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinshaw N Pardiwala
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai, India.,International Cricket Council (ICC) Medical Advisory Committee, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nandan N Rao
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Ankit V Varshney
- Centre for Sports Medicine, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, Mumbai, India
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Weerakkody N, Allen T. The effects of fast bowling fatigue and adhesive taping on shoulder joint position sense in amateur cricket players in Victoria, Australia. J Sports Sci 2016; 35:1954-1962. [PMID: 27754783 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1243796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The impact that muscle fatigue and taping have on proprioception in an applied sporting context remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate disturbances in position sense at the shoulder joint, and asses the effectiveness of adhesive tape in preventing injury and improving performance, after a bout of cricket fast bowling. Among amateur cricket players (N = 14), shoulder position sense, maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) force and bowling accuracy was assessed before and immediately after a fatiguing exercise bout of fast bowling. Participants were tested with the shoulder taped and untapped. Shoulder extension MVC force dropped immediately and 30 min after the exercise (P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively). Position sense errors increased immediately after exercise (P < 0.05), shifting in the direction of shoulder extension for all measurements. Taping had no effect on position errors before exercise, but did significantly reduce position errors after exercise at mid-range shoulder flexion angles (45° and 60°; P < 0.05 and P < 0.05, respectively). Taping had no significant effect on bowling accuracy. These findings may be explained by a body map shift towards a gravity neutral position. Added cutaneous input from the tape is proposed to contribute more to shoulder position sense when muscles are fatigued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivan Weerakkody
- a Pharmacy and Applied Science , La Trobe University , Edwards Rd, Flora Hill (Bldg AS2
- 03), Bendigo , VIC , Australia
| | - Trevor Allen
- b Monash University Accident Research Centre , Monash University , Clayton , VIC , Australia
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