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Candela MG, Fanelli A, Carvalho J, Serrano E, Domenech G, Alonso F, Martínez-Carrasco C. Urban landscape and infection risk in free-roaming cats. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:295-311. [PMID: 35129882 PMCID: PMC9304129 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite public concern on the role of free‐roaming cats as reservoirs of zoonotic agents, little is known about the influence of urban and peri‐urban landscapes on the exposure risk. We evaluated the seroprevalence of three zoonotic agents (Chlamydia felis, Coxiella burnetii and Toxoplasma gondii) in domestic cats (Felis catus). Two hundred and ninety‐one free‐roaming cats were trapped in Murcia municipality (Southeast Spain), and their sera were tested for specific antibodies against T. gondii using a modified agglutination test (MAT), and for C. felis, C. burnetii and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) antibodies with ELISA technique. Pathogen seroprevalence at 95% CI was calculated for each sex and age category (up to and over 12 months) and compared with a chi‐squared test. The role of human population density and urban landscape characteristics on the risk of pathogen exposure in the cat population was explored using generalized linear models. Seropositivity against a single pathogen was found in 60% of the cats, while 19% was seropositive for two or three pathogens. Seroprevalence of C. felis was 8% (CI95%: 5–11), 37% (CI95%: 31–42) for C. burnetii and 42% (CI95%: 36–47) for T. gondii. In addition to these three pathogens, FIV seropositivity was low (1%, CI95%: −0.1 to 2) and adult cats were more likely to be seropositive to C. burnetii than young individuals (OR: 2.3, CI95%: 1.2–4.2). No sex or age class differences in seroprevalence were observed for the rest of the pathogens. Seropositivity was correlated with water surface areas for C. felis, and not with crop areas. Coxiella burnetii seropositivity was correlated with the percentage of urban areas (continuous with only buildings and discontinuous, that include buildings, parks, and pedestrian and urban green areas), human population size and peri‐urban areas with shrubs, and not correlated with other agricultural landscapes (orchards and crop areas). However, the seroprevalence of T. gondii was only associated with agricultural landscapes such as orchards. The detection of hotspot areas of high pathogen exposure risk is the basis for municipal services to implement surveillance and risk factor control campaigns in specific‐risk areas, including (a) efficient health management of urban cat colonies by geographical location, population census and health status monitoring of the components of each cat colony, (b) improvement of hygiene and sanitary conditions at the feeding points of the cat colony and (c) free‐roaming cat trapping for health monitoring and, in the long term, to know the evolution of the health status of their populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G Candela
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Angela Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - João Carvalho
- Department of Biology & Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Emmanuel Serrano
- Wildlife Ecology & Health group (WE&H) and Servei d'Ecopatologia de Fauna Salvatge (SEFaS), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Alonso
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Martínez-Carrasco
- Department of Animal Health, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Wolking D, Karmacharya D, Bista M, Shrestha R, Pandit P, Sharma A, Manandhar S, Shrestha B, Bajracharya S, Bhatta T, Dulal S, Rajbhandari R, Smith B, Mazet J, Goldstein T, Johnson C. Vulnerabilities for Exposure to Emerging Infectious Disease at Urban Settlements in Nepal. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:345-358. [PMID: 33206274 PMCID: PMC7672689 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01499-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In Nepal, rapid urbanization and rural-to-urban migration especially due to internal civil conflict have catalyzed the development of temporary settlements, often along rivers on undeveloped land. This study conducted surveillance for viruses in small mammals and assessed potential risks for virus transmission to people in urban settlements along rivers in Kathmandu, Nepal. We collected samples from 411 small mammals (100 rodents and 311 shrews) at four riverside settlement sites and detected six viruses from four virus families including Thottapalayam virus; a strain of murine coronavirus; two new paramyxoviruses; and two new rhabdoviruses. Additionally, we conducted surveys of 264 residents to characterize animal-human contact. Forty-eight percent of individuals reported contact with wildlife, primarily with rodents and shrews (91%). Our findings confirm that rodents and shrews should be considered a health threat for residents of temporary settlements, and that assessment of disease transmission risk coupled with targeted surveillance for emerging pathogens could lead to improved disease control and health security for urban populations. Additionally, interventions focused on disease prevention should consider the unique urban ecology and social dynamics in temporary settlements, along with the importance of community engagement for identifying solutions that address specific multi-dimensional challenges that life on the urban river margins presents.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wolking
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Dibesh Karmacharya
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Manisha Bista
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rima Shrestha
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Pranav Pandit
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sulochana Manandhar
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Bishwo Shrestha
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | | | - Tarka Bhatta
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Santosh Dulal
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Rajesh Rajbhandari
- Center for Molecular Dynamics Nepal (CMDN), Thapathali -11, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Brett Smith
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Jonna Mazet
- One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, USA
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Hamdan NES, Ng YL, Lee WB, Tan CS, Khan FAA, Chong YL. Rodent Species Distribution and Hantavirus Seroprevalence in Residential and Forested areas of Sarawak, Malaysia. Trop Life Sci Res 2017; 28:151-159. [PMID: 28228923 DOI: 10.21315/tlsr2017.28.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodents belong to the order Rodentia, which consists of three families in Borneo (i.e., Muridae, Sciuridae and Hystricidae). These include rats, mice, squirrels, and porcupines. They are widespread throughout the world and considered pests that harm humans and livestock. Some rodent species are natural reservoirs of hantaviruses (Family: Bunyaviridae) that can cause zoonotic diseases in humans. Although hantavirus seropositive human sera were reported in Peninsular Malaysia in the early 1980s, information on their infection in rodent species in Malaysia is still lacking. The rodent populations in residential and forested areas in Sarawak were sampled. A total of 108 individuals from 15 species of rodents were collected in residential (n = 44) and forested ( n = 64) areas. The species diversity of rodents in forested areas was significantly higher (H = 2.2342) compared to rodents in residential areas (H = 0.64715) (p < 0.001 of Zar-t test based on the Shannon index). Rattus rattus and Sundamys muelleri were present at high frequencies in both localities. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that hantavirus-targeting antibodies were absent from 53 tested serum samples. This is the first report of hantavirus seroprevalence surveillance in rodent populations in Sarawak, East Malaysia. The results suggested that hantavirus was not circulating in the studied rodent populations in Sarawak, or it was otherwise at a low prevalence that is below the detection threshold. It is important to remain vigilant because of the zoonotic potential of this virus and its severe disease outcome. Further studies, such as molecular detection of viral genetic materials, are needed to fully assess the risk of hantavirus infection in rodents and humans in this region of Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Elfieyra Syazana Hamdan
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Dato Mohd Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Ng
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Dato Mohd Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Wei Bin Lee
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Dato Mohd Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Siang Tan
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Dato Mohd Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Faisal Ali Anwarali Khan
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Dato Mohd Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
| | - Yee Ling Chong
- Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Jalan Dato Mohd Musa, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak, Malaysia
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Hantavirus infection: a global zoonotic challenge. Virol Sin 2017; 32:32-43. [PMID: 28120221 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3899-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are comprised of tri-segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA, and are members of the Bunyaviridae family. Hantaviruses are distributed worldwide and are important zoonotic pathogens that can have severe adverse effects in humans. They are naturally maintained in specific reservoir hosts without inducing symptomatic infection. In humans, however, hantaviruses often cause two acute febrile diseases, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS). In this paper, we review the epidemiology and epizootiology of hantavirus infections worldwide.
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Bordes F, Caron A, Blasdell K, de Garine-Wichatitsky M, Morand S. Forecasting potential emergence of zoonotic diseases in South-East Asia: network analysis identifies key rodent hosts. J Appl Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Bordes
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution; CNRS-IRD-CIRAD-UM; Université de Montpellier; F-34093 Montpellier France
| | - Alexandre Caron
- Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques; AGIRs; Centre International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD); F-34398 Montpellier France
- Faculdade Veterinaria; Universidade Eduardo Mondlane; Av. de Moçambique, Caixa Postal 257 Maputo Mozambique
- Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership; CIRAD; University of Harare; P.O. Box MP167 Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Kim Blasdell
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO); Australian Animal Health 16 Laboratory; 5 Portarlington Road Geelong Vic. 3220 Australia
| | - Michel de Garine-Wichatitsky
- Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques; AGIRs; Centre International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD); F-34398 Montpellier France
- Research Platform Production and Conservation in Partnership; CIRAD; University of Harare; P.O. Box MP167 Harare Zimbabwe
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of Zimbabwe; P.O. Box MP167 Harare Zimbabwe
| | - Serge Morand
- Animal et Gestion Intégrée des Risques; AGIRs; Centre International en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD); F-34398 Montpellier France
- CNRS Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution-CIRAD AGIRs; Centre d'Infectiologie Christophe Mérieux du Laos; Vientiane PO Box 3888 Samsenthai Road Lao PDR
- Department of Helminthology; Faculty of Tropical Medicine; Mahidol University; 420/6 Ratchavithi Rd Bangkok 10400 Thailand
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