1
|
Chen H, Ding Y, Wang Y, Sun Y. The Contribution of Meckel's Cartilage-Derived Type II Collagen-Positive Cells to the Jawbone Development and Repair. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:221554241259059. [PMID: 38836522 PMCID: PMC11179589 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241259059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Jawbones and long bones, despite their shared skeletal lineage, frequently exhibit distinct origins and developmental pathways. Identifying specific progenitor subsets for mandibular osteogenesis remains challenging. Type II collagen is conventionally associated with cartilaginous structures, yet our investigation has identified the presence of type II collagen positive (Col2+) cells within the jawbone development and regeneration. The role of Col2+ cells in jawbone morphogenesis and repair has remained enigmatic. In this study, we analyze single-cell RNA sequencing data from mice jawbone at embryonic day 10.5. Through fate-mapping experiments, we have elucidated that Col2+ cells and their progeny are instrumental in mandibular osteogenesis across both fetal and postnatal stages. Furthermore, lineage tracing with a tamoxifen-inducible CreER system has established the pivotal role of Col2+ cells, marked by Col2-CreER and originating from the primordial Meckel's cartilage, in jawbone formation. Moreover, our research explored models simulating jawbone defects and tooth extraction, which underscored the osteogenic differentiation capabilities of postnatal Col2+ cells during repair. This finding not only highlights the regenerative potential of Col2+ cells but also suggests their versatility in contributing to skeletal healing and regeneration. In conclusion, our findings position Col2+ cells as essential in orchestrating osteogenesis throughout the continuum of mandibular development and repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Chen
- Department of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunpeng Ding
- Department of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Department of Oral Implantology, Stomatological Hospital and Dental School of Tongji University, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Webb S, Haniffa M. Large-scale single-cell RNA sequencing atlases of human immune cells across lifespan: Possibilities and challenges. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2250222. [PMID: 36826421 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing technologies have successfully been leveraged for immunological insights into human prenatal, pediatric, and adult tissues. These single-cell studies have led to breakthroughs in our understanding of stem, myeloid, and lymphoid cell function. Computational analysis of fetal hematopoietic tissues has uncovered trajectories for T- and B-cell differentiation across multiple organ sites, and how these trajectories might be dysregulated in fetal and pediatric health and disease. As we enter the age of large-scale, multiomic, and integrative single-cell meta-analysis, we assess the advances and challenges of large-scale data generation, analysis, and reanalysis, and data dissemination for a broad range of scientific and clinical communities. We discuss Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable data sharing and unified cell ontology languages as strategic areas for progress of the field in the near future. We also reflect on the trend toward deployment of multiomic and spatial genomic platforms within single-cell RNA sequencing projects, and the crucial role these data types will assume in the immediate future toward creation of comprehensive and rich single-cell atlases. We demonstrate using our recent studies of human prenatal and adult hematopoietic tissues the importance of interdisciplinary and collaborative working in science to reveal biological insights in parallel with technological and computational innovations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Webb
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Polubothu S, Bender N, Muthiah S, Zecchin D, Demetriou C, Martin SB, Malhotra S, Travnickova J, Zeng Z, Böhm M, Barbarot S, Cottrell C, Davies O, Baselga E, Burrows NP, Carmignac V, Diaz JS, Fink C, Haenssle HA, Happle R, Harland M, Majerowski J, Vabres P, Vincent M, Newton-Bishop JA, Bishop DT, Siegel D, Patton EE, Topf M, Rajan N, Drolet B, Kinsler VA. PTPN11 Mosaicism Causes a Spectrum of Pigmentary and Vascular Neurocutaneous Disorders and Predisposes to Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:1042-1051.e3. [PMID: 36566878 PMCID: PMC10602917 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.09.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis is a diagnosis that denotes the coexistence of pigmentary and vascular birthmarks of specific types, accompanied by variable multisystem involvement, including CNS disease, asymmetrical growth, and a predisposition to malignancy. Using a tight phenotypic group and high-depth next-generation sequencing of affected tissues, we discover here clonal mosaic variants in gene PTPN11 encoding SHP2 phosphatase as a cause of phakomatosis pigmentovascularis type III or spilorosea. Within an individual, the same variant is found in distinct pigmentary and vascular birthmarks and is undetectable in blood. We go on to show that the same variants can cause either the pigmentary or vascular phenotypes alone, and drive melanoma development within pigmentary lesions. Protein structure modeling highlights that although variants lead to loss of function at the level of the phosphatase domain, resultant conformational changes promote longer ligand binding. In vitro modeling of the missense variants confirms downstream MAPK pathway overactivation and widespread disruption of human endothelial cell angiogenesis. Importantly, patients with PTPN11 mosaicism theoretically risk passing on the variant to their children as the germline RASopathy Noonan syndrome with lentigines. These findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis and biology of nevus spilus and capillary malformation syndromes, paving the way for better clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Satyamaanasa Polubothu
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Bender
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Siobhan Muthiah
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Davide Zecchin
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos Demetriou
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Barberan Martin
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sony Malhotra
- Scientific Computing Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jana Travnickova
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Zhiqiang Zeng
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Markus Böhm
- Department of Dermatology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastien Barbarot
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Cottrell
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Childrens' Hospital, Columbus, USA
| | - Olivia Davies
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eulalia Baselga
- Department of Dermatology, SJD Barcelona Children's Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nigel P Burrows
- Department of Dermatology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Virginie Carmignac
- Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Joey Santiago Diaz
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom; Department of Statistics, College of Science, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Munoz, Philippines; Department of Physical Sciences and Mathematics, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Manila Ermita, Manila, Philippines
| | - Christine Fink
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Holger A Haenssle
- Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Happle
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mark Harland
- Section of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, Cancer Research UK Clinical Centre at Leeds, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jacquelyn Majerowski
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Pierre Vabres
- Génétique des Anomalies du Développement, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France; Department of Dermatology, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Marie Vincent
- Department of Dermatology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Julia A Newton-Bishop
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - D Tim Bishop
- Division of Haematology and Immunology, Leeds Institute of Medical Research, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn Siegel
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - E Elizabeth Patton
- MRC Human Genetics Unit and Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Topf
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Virologie (LIV) and Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Neil Rajan
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Drolet
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Veronica A Kinsler
- Mosaicism and Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom; Paediatric Dermatology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang J, Wei Q, Yang Y, Che M, Ma Y, Peng L, Yu H, Shi H, He G, Wu R, Zeng T, Zeng X, Ma W. Small extracellular vesicles derived from four dimensional-culture of mesenchymal stem cells induce alternatively activated macrophages by upregulating IGFBP2/EGFR to attenuate inflammation in the spinal cord injury of rats. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1146981. [PMID: 37187882 PMCID: PMC10176095 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1146981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectively reducing the inflammatory response after spinal cord injury (SCI) is a challenging clinical problem and the subject of active investigation. This study employed a porous scaffold-based three dimensional long-term culture technique to obtain human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (hUC-MSC)-derived Small Extracellular Vesicles (sEVs) (three dimensional culture over time, the "4D-sEVs"). Moreover, the vesicle size, number, and inner protein concentrations of the MSC 4D-sEVs contained altered protein profiles compared with those derived from 2D culture conditions. A proteomics analysis suggested broad changes, especially significant upregulation of Epidermal Growth Factors Receptor (EGFR) and Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2 (IGFBP2) in 4D-sEVs compared with 2D-sEVs. The endocytosis of 4D-sEVs allowed for the binding of EGFR and IGFBP2, leading to downstream STAT3 phosphorylation and IL-10 secretion and effective induction of macrophages/microglia polarization from the pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, both in vitro and in the injured areas of rats with compressive/contusive SCI. The reduction in neuroinflammation after 4D-sEVs delivery to the injury site epicenter led to significant neuroprotection, as evidenced by the number of surviving spinal neurons. Therefore, applying this novel 4D culture-derived Small Extracellular Vesicles could effectively curb the inflammatory response and increase tissue repair after SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingshuai Wei
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingtian Che
- Biobank and Pathology Shared Resources, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yuanhuan Ma
- Guangzhou Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lizhi Peng
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyang Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huijuan Shi
- Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanheng He
- Department of Acupuncture, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongjie Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, Guangdong Provincial People’s Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Zeng
- Lab of Stem Cell Biology and Innovative Research of Chinese Medicine, National Institute of Stem Cell Clinical Research, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine/Guangdong Academy of Chinese Medicine/The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Ma, ; Xiang Zeng,
| | - Wenbin Ma
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Ma, ; Xiang Zeng,
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Cellular senescence is implicated in a wide range of physiological and pathological conditions throughout an organism's entire lifetime. In particular, it has become evident that senescence plays a causative role in aging and age-associated disorders. This is not due simply to the loss of function of senescent cells. Instead, the substantial alterations of the cellular activities of senescent cells, especially the array of secretory factors, impact the surrounding tissues or even entire organisms. Such non-cell-autonomous functionality is largely coordinated by tissue-specific genes, constituting a cell fate-determining state. Senescence can be viewed as a gain-of-function phenotype or a process of cell identity shift. Cellular functionality or lineage-specific gene expression is tightly linked to the cell type-specific epigenetic landscape, reinforcing the heterogeneity of senescence across cell types. Here, we aim to define the senescence cellular functionality and epigenetic features that may contribute to the gain-of-function phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Olan
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ,
| | - Masashi Narita
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom; ,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Temporally divergent regulatory mechanisms govern neuronal diversification and maturation in the mouse and marmoset neocortex. Nat Neurosci 2022; 25:1049-1058. [PMID: 35915179 PMCID: PMC9343253 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01123-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian neocortical neurons span one of the most diverse cell type spectra of any tissue. Cortical neurons are born during embryonic development, and their maturation extends into postnatal life. The regulatory strategies underlying progressive neuronal development and maturation remain unclear. Here we present an integrated single-cell epigenomic and transcriptional analysis of individual mouse and marmoset cortical neuron classes, spanning both early postmitotic stages of identity acquisition and later stages of neuronal plasticity and circuit integration. We found that, in both species, the regulatory strategies controlling early and late stages of pan-neuronal development diverge. Early postmitotic neurons use more widely shared and evolutionarily conserved molecular regulatory programs. In contrast, programs active during later neuronal maturation are more brain- and neuron-specific and more evolutionarily divergent. Our work uncovers a temporal shift in regulatory choices during neuronal diversification and maturation in both mice and marmosets, which likely reflects unique evolutionary constraints on distinct events of neuronal development in the neocortex.
Collapse
|
7
|
Ding Y, Mo C, Geng J, Li J, Sun Y. Identification of Periosteal Osteogenic Progenitors in Jawbone. J Dent Res 2022; 101:1101-1109. [PMID: 35319300 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221084200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unlike long bones, jawbone development is mainly accomplished by intramembranous ossification resulting from the differentiation of periosteal progenitor cells. However, the spatiotemporal ontogeny of periosteal progenitor cells during jawbone development and repair remains elusive. In this study, we mapped the transcriptional landscape of the human jawbone periosteum at single-cell resolution and identified a cathepsin K (Ctsk)+ periosteal subset. Lineage tracing analysis indicated that Ctsk-Cre-labeled periosteal cells could make contributions to jawbone development. However, different from the periosteal-specific location of Ctsk+ cells in long bone, we also identified Ctsk+ stromal cells in jawbone marrow and implied the heterogeneity of jawbone Ctsk+ hierarchy. In further analysis of the periosteal progenitor cell subset of heterogeneous Ctsk+ hierarchy, we identified a unique Ctsk+Ly6a+ subset of cells. The additional marker Ly6a helped to further confine the progenitor subset to the jawbone periosteum and was nearly undetectable in the bone marrow. Defects in the jawbone could activate the migration and osteogenic differentiation of Ctsk+Ly6a+ cells. Local ablation of Ctsk+ cells by diphtheria reduced the number of Ctsk+Ly6a+ cells and delayed the repair of the bone defect. Taken together, we identify a novel periosteal osteogenic progenitor subset that is active in jawbone osteogenesis and healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ding
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - C Mo
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Shanghai East Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, Frontier Science Center for Stem Cell Research, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Geng
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Li
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Sun
- Department of Implantology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yu T, Cazares O, Tang AD, Kim HY, Wald T, Verma A, Liu Q, Barcellos-Hoff MH, Floor SN, Jung HS, Brooks AN, Klein OD. SRSF1 governs progenitor-specific alternative splicing to maintain adult epithelial tissue homeostasis and renewal. Dev Cell 2022; 57:624-637.e4. [PMID: 35202586 PMCID: PMC8974236 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alternative splicing generates distinct mRNA variants and is essential for development, homeostasis, and renewal. Proteins of the serine/arginine (SR)-rich splicing factor family are major splicing regulators that are broadly required for organ development as well as cell and organism viability. However, how these proteins support adult organ function remains largely unknown. Here, we used the continuously growing mouse incisor as a model to dissect the functions of the prototypical SR family protein SRSF1 during tissue homeostasis and renewal. We identified an SRSF1-governed alternative splicing network that is specifically required for dental proliferation and survival of progenitors but dispensable for the viability of differentiated cells. We also observed a similar progenitor-specific role of SRSF1 in the small intestinal epithelium, indicating a conserved function of SRSF1 across adult epithelial tissues. Thus, our findings define a regulatory mechanism by which SRSF1 specifically controls progenitor-specific alternative splicing events to support adult tissue homeostasis and renewal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingsheng Yu
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Oscar Cazares
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Alison D Tang
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Hyun-Yi Kim
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tomas Wald
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adya Verma
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Mary Helen Barcellos-Hoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Stephen N Floor
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Angela N Brooks
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Department of Orofacial Sciences and Program in Craniofacial Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang J, He J, Zhu M, Han Y, Yang R, Liu H, Xu X, Chen X. Cellular Heterogeneity and Plasticity of Skin Epithelial Cells in Wound Healing and Tumorigenesis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:1912-1925. [PMID: 35143021 PMCID: PMC9391238 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10295-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cellular differentiation, the fundamental hallmark of cells, plays a critical role in homeostasis. And stem cells not only regulate the process where embryonic stem cells develop into a complete organism, but also replace ageing or damaged cells by proliferation, differentiation and migration. In characterizing distinct subpopulations of skin epithelial cells, stem cells show large heterogeneity and plasticity for homeostasis, wound healing and tumorigenesis. Epithelial stem cells and committed progenitors replenish each other or by themselves owing to the remarkable plasticity and heterogeneity of epidermal cells under certain circumstance. The development of new assay methods, including single-cell RNA sequence, lineage tracing assay, intravital microscopy systems and photon-ablation assay, highlight the plasticity of epidermal stem cells in response to injure and tumorigenesis. However, the critical mechanisms and key factors that regulate cellular plasticity still need for further exploration. In this review, we discuss the recent insights about the heterogeneity and plasticity of epithelial stem cells in homeostasis, wound healing and skin tumorigenesis. Understanding how stem cells collaborate together to repair injury and initiate tumor will offer new solutions for relevant diseases. Schematic abstract of cellular heterogeneity and plasticity of skin epithelial cells in wound healing and tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingru Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Jia He
- Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meishu Zhu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Second People's Hospital of Shenzhen, First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yan Han
- The Yonghe Medical Group Limited Company, George Town, Cayman Islands
| | - Ronghua Yang
- Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xuejuan Xu
- Endocrinology Department, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Department of Burn Surgery, First People's Hospital of Foshan, Foshan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mädler SC, Julien-Laferriere A, Wyss L, Phan M, Sonrel A, Kang ASW, Ulrich E, Schmucki R, Zhang JD, Ebeling M, Badi L, Kam-Thong T, Schwalie PC, Hatje K. Besca, a single-cell transcriptomics analysis toolkit to accelerate translational research. NAR Genom Bioinform 2021; 3:lqab102. [PMID: 34761219 PMCID: PMC8573822 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) revolutionized our understanding of disease biology. The promise it presents to also transform translational research requires highly standardized and robust software workflows. Here, we present the toolkit Besca, which streamlines scRNA-seq analyses and their use to deconvolute bulk RNA-seq data according to current best practices. Beyond a standard workflow covering quality control, filtering, and clustering, two complementary Besca modules, utilizing hierarchical cell signatures and supervised machine learning, automate cell annotation and provide harmonized nomenclatures. Subsequently, the gene expression profiles can be employed to estimate cell type proportions in bulk transcriptomics data. Using multiple, diverse scRNA-seq datasets, some stemming from highly heterogeneous tumor tissue, we show how Besca aids acceleration, interoperability, reusability and interpretability of scRNA-seq data analyses, meeting crucial demands in translational research and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Clara Mädler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alice Julien-Laferriere
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luis Wyss
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Phan
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Sonrel
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Albert S W Kang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric Ulrich
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, I2O Disease Translational Area, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Schmucki
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jitao David Zhang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Ebeling
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Badi
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tony Kam-Thong
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Petra C Schwalie
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Klas Hatje
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Oh S, Park H, Zhang X. Hybrid Clustering of Single-Cell Gene Expression and Spatial Information via Integrated NMF and K-Means. Front Genet 2021; 12:763263. [PMID: 34819947 PMCID: PMC8606648 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.763263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in single cell transcriptomics have allowed us to study the identity of single cells. This has led to the discovery of new cell types and high resolution tissue maps of them. Technologies that measure multiple modalities of such data add more detail, but they also complicate data integration. We offer an integrated analysis of the spatial location and gene expression profiles of cells to determine their identity. We propose scHybridNMF (single-cell Hybrid Nonnegative Matrix Factorization), which performs cell type identification by combining sparse nonnegative matrix factorization (sparse NMF) with k-means clustering to cluster high-dimensional gene expression and low-dimensional location data. We show that, under multiple scenarios, including the cases where there is a small number of genes profiled and the location data is noisy, scHybridNMF outperforms sparse NMF, k-means, and an existing method that uses a hidden Markov random field to encode cell location and gene expression data for cell type identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sooyoun Oh
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Haesun Park
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Xiuwei Zhang
- School of Computational Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells: An Overview of Evolving Methods and Concepts. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13235910. [PMID: 34885020 PMCID: PMC8657142 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13235910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In recent years, colorectal cancer stem cells (cCSCs) have been the object of intense investigation for their promise to disclose new aspects of colorectal cancer cell biology, as well as to devise new treatment strategies for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, accumulating studies on cCSCs by complementary technologies have progressively disclosed their plastic nature, i.e., their capability to acquire different phenotypes and/or functions under different circumstances in response to both intrinsic and extrinsic signals. In this review, we aim to recapitulate how a progressive methodological development has contributed to deepening and remodeling the concept of cCSCs over time, up to the present. Abstract Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most deadly cancers worldwide. Colorectal cancer stem cells (cCSCs) are the driving units of CRC initiation and development. After the concept of cCSC was first formulated in 2007, a huge bulk of research has contributed to expanding its definition, from a cell subpopulation defined by a fixed phenotype in a plastic entity modulated by complex interactions with the tumor microenvironment, in which cell position and niche-driven signals hold a prominent role. The wide development of cellular and molecular technologies recent years has been a main driver of advancements in cCSCs research. Here, we will give an overview of the parallel role of technological progress and of theoretical evolution in shaping the concept of cCSCs.
Collapse
|
13
|
Aztekin C. Tissues and Cell Types of Appendage Regeneration: A Detailed Look at the Wound Epidermis and Its Specialized Forms. Front Physiol 2021; 12:771040. [PMID: 34887777 PMCID: PMC8649801 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.771040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic implementation of human limb regeneration is a daring aim. Studying species that can regrow their lost appendages provides clues on how such a feat can be achieved in mammals. One of the unique features of regeneration-competent species lies in their ability to seal the amputation plane with a scar-free wound epithelium. Subsequently, this wound epithelium advances and becomes a specialized wound epidermis (WE) which is hypothesized to be the essential component of regenerative success. Recently, the WE and specialized WE terminologies have been used interchangeably. However, these tissues were historically separated, and contemporary limb regeneration studies have provided critical new information which allows us to distinguish them. Here, I will summarize tissue-level observations and recently identified cell types of WE and their specialized forms in different regeneration models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne, EPFL, School of Life Sciences, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Species that can regrow their lost appendages have been studied with the ultimate aim of developing methods to enable human limb regeneration. These examinations highlight that appendage regeneration progresses through shared tissue stages and gene activities, leading to the assumption that appendage regeneration paradigms (e.g. tails and limbs) are the same or similar. However, recent research suggests these paradigms operate differently at the cellular level, despite sharing tissue descriptions and gene expressions. Here, collecting the findings from disparate studies, I argue appendage regeneration is context dependent at the cellular level; nonetheless, it requires (i) signalling centres, (ii) stem/progenitor cell types and (iii) a regeneration-permissive environment, and these three common cellular principles could be more suitable for cross-species/paradigm/age comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Can Aztekin
- School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sacher F, Feregrino C, Tschopp P, Ewald CY. Extracellular matrix gene expression signatures as cell type and cell state identifiers. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 10:100069. [PMID: 34195598 PMCID: PMC8233473 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcriptomic signatures based on cellular mRNA expression profiles can be used to categorize cell types and states. Yet whether different functional groups of genes perform better or worse in this process remains largely unexplored. Here we test the core matrisome - that is, all genes coding for structural proteins of the extracellular matrix - for its ability to delineate distinct cell types in embryonic single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. We show that even though expressed core matrisome genes correspond to less than 2% of an entire cellular transcriptome, their RNA expression levels suffice to recapitulate essential aspects of cell type-specific clustering. Notably, using scRNA-seq data from the embryonic limb, we demonstrate that core matrisome gene expression outperforms random gene subsets of similar sizes and can match and exceed the predictive power of transcription factors. While transcription factor signatures generally perform better in predicting cell types at early stages of chicken and mouse limb development, i.e., when cells are less differentiated, the information content of the core matrisome signature increases in more differentiated cells. Moreover, using cross-species analyses, we show that these cell type-specific signatures are evolutionarily conserved. Our findings suggest that each cell type produces its own unique extracellular matrix, or matreotype, which becomes progressively more refined and cell type-specific as embryonic tissues mature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sacher
- Laboratory of Regulatory Evolution, DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland
| | - Christian Feregrino
- Laboratory of Regulatory Evolution, DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Tschopp
- Laboratory of Regulatory Evolution, DUW Zoology, University of Basel, Basel CH-4051, Switzerland
| | - Collin Y. Ewald
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Regeneration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich, Schwerzenbach CH-8603, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang Y, Zhang P. Evaluation of machine learning approaches for cell-type identification from single-cell transcriptomics data. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6145135. [PMID: 33611343 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-cell transcriptomics is rapidly advancing our understanding of the cellular composition of complex tissues and organisms. A major limitation in most analysis pipelines is the reliance on manual annotations to determine cell identities, which is time-consuming, irreproducible and sometimes lack canonical markers for certain cell types. There is a growing realization of the potential of machine learning models as a supervised classification approach that can significantly aid decision-making processes for cell-type identification. In this work, we performed a comprehensive and impartial evaluation of 10 machine learning models that automatically assign cell phenotypes. The performance of classification methods is estimated by using 20 publicly accessible single-cell RNA sequencing datasets with different sizes, technologies, species and levels of complexity. The performance of each model for within dataset (intra-dataset) and across datasets (inter-dataset) experiments based on the classification accuracy and computation time are both evaluated. Besides, the sensitivity to the number of input features, different annotation levels and dataset complexity was also been estimated. Results showed that most classifiers perform well on a variety of datasets with decreased accuracy for complex datasets, while the Linear Support Vector Machine (linear-SVM) and Logistic Regression classifier models have the best overall performance with remarkably fast computation time. Our work provides a guideline for researchers to select and apply suitable machine learning-based classification models in their analysis workflows and sheds some light on the potential direction of future improvement on automated cell phenotype classification tools based on the single-cell sequencing data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Huang
- George Washington University School of Business, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Division of Immunotherapy and the Director of Bioinformatics Core at the Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gerhard GM, Bill R, Messemaker M, Klein AM, Pittet MJ. Tumor-infiltrating dendritic cell states are conserved across solid human cancers. J Exp Med 2021; 218:e20200264. [PMID: 33601412 PMCID: PMC7754678 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) contribute a small fraction of the tumor microenvironment but are emerging as an essential antitumor component based on their ability to foster T cell immunity and immunotherapy responses. Here, we discuss our expanding view of DC heterogeneity in human tumors, as revealed with meta-analysis of single-cell transcriptome profiling studies. We further examine tumor-infiltrating DC states that are conserved across patients, cancer types, and species and consider the fundamental and clinical relevance of these findings. Finally, we provide an outlook on research opportunities to further explore mechanisms governing tumor-infiltrating DC behavior and functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve M. Gerhard
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ruben Bill
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marius Messemaker
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Allon M. Klein
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mikael J. Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rice G, Rompolas P. Advances in resolving the heterogeneity and dynamics of keratinocyte differentiation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 67:92-98. [PMID: 33091828 PMCID: PMC7736530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian skin is equipped with a highly dynamic stratified epithelium. The maintenance and regeneration of this epithelium is supported by basally located keratinocytes, which display stem cell properties, including lifelong proliferative potential and the ability to undergo diverse differentiation trajectories. Keratinocytes support not just the surface of the skin, called the epidermis, but also a range of ectodermal structures including hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands. Recent studies have shed light on the hitherto underappreciated heterogeneity of keratinocytes by employing state-of-the-art imaging technologies and single-cell genomic approaches. In this mini review, we highlight major recent discoveries that illuminate the dynamics and cellular mechanisms that govern keratinocyte differentiation in the live mammalian skin and discuss the broader implications of these findings for our understanding of epithelial and stem cell biology in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Rice
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Panteleimon Rompolas
- Department of Dermatology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sahu S, Sharan SK. Translating Embryogenesis to Generate Organoids: Novel Approaches to Personalized Medicine. iScience 2020; 23:101485. [PMID: 32864586 PMCID: PMC7441954 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The astounding capacity of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) to differentiate and self-organize has revolutionized the development of 3D cell culture models. The major advantage is its ability to mimic in vivo microenvironments and cellular interactions when compared with the classical 2D cell culture models. Recent innovations in generating embryo-like structures (including blastoids and gastruloids) from PSCs have advanced the experimental accessibility to understand embryogenesis with immense potential to model human development. Taking cues on how embryonic development leads to organogenesis, PSCs can also be directly differentiated to form mini-organs or organoids of a particular lineage. Organoids have opened new avenues to augment our understanding of stem cell and regenerative biology, tissue homeostasis, and disease mechanisms. In this review, we provide insights from developmental biology with a comprehensive resource of signaling pathways that in a coordinated manner form embryo-like structures and organoids. Moreover, the advent of assembloids and multilineage organoids from PSCs opens a new dimension to study paracrine function and multi-tissue interactions in vitro. Although this led to an avalanche of enthusiasm to utilize organoids for organ transplantation studies, we examine the current limitations and provide perspectives to improve reproducibility, scalability, functional complexity, and cell-type characterization. Taken together, these 3D in vitro organ-specific and patient-specific models hold great promise for drug discovery, clinical management, and personalized medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sounak Sahu
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 32-04, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Shyam K. Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Building 560, Room 32-33, 1050 Boyles Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| |
Collapse
|