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Fitzgerald M, Sotuyo N, Tischfield DJ, Anderson SA. Generation of cerebral cortical GABAergic interneurons from pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cells 2020; 38:1375-1386. [PMID: 32638460 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex functions by the complex interactions of intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal activities, glial actions, and the effects of humoral factors. The intrinsic neuronal influences are mediated by two major subclasses: excitatory glutamatergic neurons that generally have axonal projections extending beyond the neuron's locality and inhibitory GABAergic neurons that generally project locally. These interneurons can be grouped based on morphological, neurochemical, electrophysiological, axonal targeting, and circuit influence characteristics. Cortical interneurons (CIns) can also be grouped based on their origins within the subcortical telencephalon. Interneuron subtypes, of which a dozen or more are thought to exist, are characterized by combinations of these subgrouping features. Due to their well-documented relevance to the causes of and treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders, and to their remarkable capacity to migrate extensively following transplantation, there has been tremendous interest in generating cortical GABAergic interneurons from human pluripotent stem cells. In this concise review, we discuss recent progress in understanding how interneuron subtypes are generated in vivo, and how that progress is being applied to the generation of rodent and human CIns in vitro. In addition, we will discuss approaches for the rigorous designation of interneuron subgroups or subtypes in transplantation studies, and challenges to this field, including the protracted maturation of human interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Fitzgerald
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nathaniel Sotuyo
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David J Tischfield
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Liu Z, Liu H, He J, Lin P, Tong Q, Yang J. Myeloma cells shift osteoblastogenesis to adipogenesis by inhibiting the ubiquitin ligase MURF1 in mesenchymal stem cells. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/633/eaay8203. [PMID: 32457115 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aay8203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The suppression of bone formation is a hallmark of multiple myeloma. Myeloma cells inhibit osteoblastogenesis from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can also differentiate into adipocytes. We investigated myeloma-MSC interactions and the effects of such interactions on the differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes or osteoblasts using single-cell RNA sequencing, in vitro coculture, and subcutaneous injection of MSCs and myeloma cells into mice. Our results revealed that the α4 integrin subunit on myeloma cells stimulated vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM1) on MSCs, leading to the activation of protein kinase C β1 (PKCβ1) signaling and repression of the muscle ring-finger protein-1 (MURF1)-mediated ubiquitylation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ2 (PPARγ2). Stabilized PPARγ2 proteins enhanced adipogenesis and consequently reduced osteoblastogenesis from MSCs, thus suppressing bone formation in vitro and in vivo. These findings reveal that suppressed bone formation is a direct consequence of myeloma-MSC contact that promotes the differentiation of MSCs into adipocytes at the expense of osteoblasts. Thus, this study provides a potential strategy for treating bone resorption in patients with myeloma by counteracting tumor-MSC interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cellular Homeostasis and Human Diseases, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Hematologic Malignancy, Research Institute Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jin He
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Center for Hematologic Malignancy, Research Institute Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Pei Lin
- Department of Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Qiang Tong
- Children's Nutrition Research Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma, Center for Cancer Immunology Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA. .,Center for Hematologic Malignancy, Research Institute Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sheehan CJ, McMahon JJ, Serdar LD, Silver DL. Dosage-dependent requirements of Magoh for cortical interneuron generation and survival. Development 2020; 147:dev.182295. [PMID: 31857347 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic interneuron development underlies cortical function and its disruption contributes to neurological disease. Yet the mechanisms by which viable interneurons are produced from progenitors remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate dosage-dependent requirements of the exon junction complex component Magoh for interneuron genesis in mouse. Conditional Magoh ablation from interneuron progenitors, but not post-mitotic neurons, depletes cortical interneuron number through adulthood, with increased severity in homozygotes. Using live imaging, we discover that Magoh deficiency delays progenitor mitotic progression in a dosage-sensitive fashion, with 40% of homozygous progenitors failing to divide. This shows that Magoh is required in progenitors for both generation and survival of newborn progeny. Transcriptome analysis implicates p53 signaling; moreover, p53 ablation in Magoh haploinsufficient progenitors rescues apoptosis, completely recovering interneuron number. In striking contrast, in Magoh homozygotes, p53 loss fails to rescue interneuron number and mitotic delay, further implicating mitotic defects in interneuron loss. Our results demonstrate that interneuron development is intimately dependent upon progenitor mitosis duration and uncover a crucial post-transcriptional regulator of interneuron fate relevant for neurodevelopmental pathologies.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Sheehan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - John J McMahon
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Lucas D Serdar
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Debra L Silver
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA .,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.,Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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4
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aPKC in neuronal differentiation, maturation and function. Neuronal Signal 2019; 3:NS20190019. [PMID: 32269838 PMCID: PMC7104321 DOI: 10.1042/ns20190019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The atypical Protein Kinase Cs (aPKCs)—PRKCI, PRKCZ and PKMζ—form a subfamily within the Protein Kinase C (PKC) family. These kinases are expressed in the nervous system, including during its development and in adulthood. One of the aPKCs, PKMζ, appears to be restricted to the nervous system. aPKCs are known to play a role in a variety of cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, polarity, migration, survival and key metabolic functions such as glucose uptake, that are critical for nervous system development and function. Therefore, these kinases have garnered a lot of interest in terms of their functional role in the nervous system. Here we review the expression and function of aPKCs in neural development and in neuronal maturation and function. Despite seemingly paradoxical findings with genetic deletion versus gene silencing approaches, we posit that aPKCs are likely candidates for regulating many important neurodevelopmental and neuronal functions, and may be associated with a number of human neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Homan CC, Pederson S, To TH, Tan C, Piltz S, Corbett MA, Wolvetang E, Thomas PQ, Jolly LA, Gecz J. PCDH19 regulation of neural progenitor cell differentiation suggests asynchrony of neurogenesis as a mechanism contributing to PCDH19 Girls Clustering Epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2018; 116:106-119. [PMID: 29763708 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PCDH19-Girls Clustering Epilepsy (PCDH19-GCE) is a childhood epileptic encephalopathy characterised by a spectrum of neurodevelopmental problems. PCDH19-GCE is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the X-chromosome gene, Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19) encoding a cell-cell adhesion molecule. Intriguingly, hemizygous males are generally unaffected. As PCDH19 is subjected to random X-inactivation, heterozygous females are comprised of a mosaic of cells expressing either the normal or mutant allele, which is thought to drive pathology. Despite being the second most prevalent monogeneic cause of epilepsy, little is known about the role of PCDH19 in brain development. In this study we show that PCDH19 is highly expressed in human neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) and investigate its function in vitro in these cells of both mouse and human origin. Transcriptomic analysis of mouse NSPCs lacking Pcdh19 revealed changes to genes involved in regulation of neuronal differentiation, and we subsequently show that loss of Pcdh19 causes increased NSPC neurogenesis. We reprogramed human fibroblast cells harbouring a pathogenic PCDH19 mutation into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) and employed neural differentiation of these to extend our studies into human NSPCs. As in mouse, loss of PCDH19 function caused increased neurogenesis, and furthermore, we show this is associated with a loss of human NSPC polarity. Overall our data suggests a conserved role for PCDH19 in regulating mammalian cortical neurogenesis and has implications for the pathogenesis of PCDH19-GCE. We propose that the difference in timing or "heterochrony" of neuronal cell production originating from PCDH19 wildtype and mutant NSPCs within the same individual may lead to downstream asynchronies and abnormalities in neuronal network formation, which in-part predispose the individual to network dysfunction and epileptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire C Homan
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Stephen Pederson
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Thu-Hien To
- Bioinformatics Hub, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Chuan Tan
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia
| | - Sandra Piltz
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Mark A Corbett
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia
| | - Ernst Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul Q Thomas
- Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Lachlan A Jolly
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia.
| | - Jozef Gecz
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5006, Australia; School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide 5000, Australia.
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Tischfield DJ, Anderson SA. Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286389 DOI: 10.3791/56358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons as well as synchronizing the outputs of pyramidal neuron ensembles. Deficits in interneuron function have been implicated in a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, and epilepsy. The derivation of cortical interneurons from embryonic stem cells not only allows for the study of their development and function, but provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of cortical interneuron-related disorders. Interneurons also have the remarkable capacity to survive, migrate, and integrate into host cortical circuitry post-transplantation, making them ideal candidates for use in cell-based therapies. Here, we present a scalable, highly efficient, modified embryoid body-to-monolayer method for the derivation of Nkx2.1-expressing interneuron progenitors and their progeny from mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Using a Nkx2.1::mCherry:Lhx6::GFP dual reporter mESC line, Nkx2.1 progenitors or their Lhx6-expressing post-mitotic progeny can be isolated via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and subsequently used in a number of downstream applications. We also provide methods to enrich for parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneuron subgroups, which may be helpful for studying aspects of fate determination or for use in therapeutic applications that would benefit from interneuron subgroup-enriched transplantations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Tischfield
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Stewart A Anderson
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania;
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