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Hogg EKJ, Findlay GM. Functions of SRPK, CLK and DYRK kinases in stem cells, development, and human developmental disorders. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2375-2415. [PMID: 37607329 PMCID: PMC10952393 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Human developmental disorders encompass a wide range of debilitating physical conditions and intellectual disabilities. Perturbation of protein kinase signalling underlies the development of some of these disorders. For example, disrupted SRPK signalling is associated with intellectual disabilities, and the gene dosage of DYRKs can dictate the pathology of disorders including Down's syndrome. Here, we review the emerging roles of the CMGC kinase families SRPK, CLK, DYRK, and sub-family HIPK during embryonic development and in developmental disorders. In particular, SRPK, CLK, and DYRK kinase families have key roles in developmental signalling and stem cell regulation, and can co-ordinate neuronal development and function. Genetic studies in model organisms reveal critical phenotypes including embryonic lethality, sterility, musculoskeletal errors, and most notably, altered neurological behaviours arising from defects of the neuroectoderm and altered neuronal signalling. Further unpicking the mechanisms of specific kinases using human stem cell models of neuronal differentiation and function will improve our understanding of human developmental disorders and may provide avenues for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. J. Hogg
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Greg M. Findlay
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
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2
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Balmas E, Sozza F, Bottini S, Ratto ML, Savorè G, Becca S, Snijders KE, Bertero A. Manipulating and studying gene function in human pluripotent stem cell models. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2250-2287. [PMID: 37519013 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are uniquely suited to study human development and disease and promise to revolutionize regenerative medicine. These applications rely on robust methods to manipulate gene function in hPSC models. This comprehensive review aims to both empower scientists approaching the field and update experienced stem cell biologists. We begin by highlighting challenges with manipulating gene expression in hPSCs and their differentiated derivatives, and relevant solutions (transfection, transduction, transposition, and genomic safe harbor editing). We then outline how to perform robust constitutive or inducible loss-, gain-, and change-of-function experiments in hPSCs models, both using historical methods (RNA interference, transgenesis, and homologous recombination) and modern programmable nucleases (particularly CRISPR/Cas9 and its derivatives, i.e., CRISPR interference, activation, base editing, and prime editing). We further describe extension of these approaches for arrayed or pooled functional studies, including emerging single-cell genomic methods, and the related design and analytical bioinformatic tools. Finally, we suggest some directions for future advancements in all of these areas. Mastering the combination of these transformative technologies will empower unprecedented advances in human biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Balmas
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Sozza
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Sveva Bottini
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Ratto
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Savorè
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Silvia Becca
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Kirsten Esmee Snijders
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bertero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center "Guido Tarone", University of Turin, Torino, Italy
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Ito R, Kimura A, Hirose Y, Hatano Y, Mima A, Mae SI, Keidai Y, Nakamura T, Fujikura J, Nishi Y, Ohta A, Toyoda T, Inagaki N, Osafune K. Elucidation of HHEX in pancreatic endoderm differentiation using a human iPSC differentiation model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8659. [PMID: 37248264 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35875-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
For pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based regenerative therapy against diabetes, the differentiation efficiency to pancreatic lineage cells needs to be improved based on the mechanistic understanding of pancreatic differentiation. Here, we aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying pancreatic endoderm differentiation by searching for factors that regulate a crucial pancreatic endoderm marker gene, NKX6.1. Unbiasedly screening an siRNA knockdown library, we identified a candidate transcription factor, HHEX. HHEX knockdown suppressed the expression of another pancreatic endoderm marker gene, PTF1A, as well as NKX6.1, independently of PDX1, a known regulator of NKX6.1 expression. In contrast, the overexpression of HHEX upregulated the expressions of NKX6.1 and PTF1A. RNA-seq analysis showed decreased expressions of several genes related to pancreatic development, such as NKX6.1, PTF1A, ONECUT1 and ONECUT3, in HHEX knockdown pancreatic endoderm. These results suggest that HHEX plays a key role in pancreatic endoderm differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ito
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Azuma Kimura
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yurie Hirose
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Hatano
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Mima
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Mae
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yamato Keidai
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakamura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Junji Fujikura
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yohei Nishi
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Akira Ohta
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Taro Toyoda
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Nobuya Inagaki
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenji Osafune
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, 53 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
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Oceguera-Yanez F, Avila-Robinson A, Woltjen K. Differentiation of pluripotent stem cells for modeling human skin development and potential applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1030339. [PMID: 36506084 PMCID: PMC9728031 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin of mammals is a multilayered and multicellular tissue that forms an environmental barrier with key functions in protection, regulation, and sensation. While animal models have long served to study the basic functions of the skin in vivo, new insights are expected from in vitro models of human skin development. Human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) have proven to be invaluable tools for studying human development in vitro. To understand the mechanisms regulating human skin homeostasis and injury repair at the molecular level, recent efforts aim to differentiate PSCs towards skin epidermal keratinocytes, dermal fibroblasts, and skin appendages such as hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Here, we present an overview of the literature describing strategies for human PSC differentiation towards the components of skin, with a particular focus on keratinocytes. We highlight fundamental advances in the field employing patient-derived human induced PSCs (iPSCs) and skin organoid generation. Importantly, PSCs allow researchers to model inherited skin diseases in the search for potential treatments. Skin differentiation from human PSCs holds the potential to clarify human skin biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Oceguera-Yanez
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,*Correspondence: Fabian Oceguera-Yanez, ; Knut Woltjen,
| | | | - Knut Woltjen
- Department of Life Science Frontiers, Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan,*Correspondence: Fabian Oceguera-Yanez, ; Knut Woltjen,
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Go YY, Lee CM, Ju WM, Chae SW, Song JJ. Extracellular Vesicles (Secretomes) from Human Trophoblasts Promote the Regeneration of Skin Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136959. [PMID: 34203413 PMCID: PMC8269172 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, placental trophoblasts have been of interest in the fields of obstetrics and gynecology, mainly due to their involvement in the formation of a connection between the mother and fetus that aids in placental development and fetal survival. However, the regenerative capacities of trophoblasts for application in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering are poorly understood. Here, we aim to determine the skin regeneration and anti-aging capacities of trophoblast-derived conditioned medium (TB-CM) and exosomes (TB-Exos) using human normal dermal fibroblasts (HNDFs). TB-CM and TB-Exos treatments significantly elevated the migration and proliferation potencies of HNDF cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. When RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) was used to investigate the mechanism underlying TB-CM-induced cell migration on scratch-wounded HNDFs, the increased expression of genes associated with C-X-C motif ligand (CXCL) chemokines, toll-like receptors, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling was observed. Furthermore, treatment of intrinsically/extrinsically senescent HNDFs with TB-CM resulted in an enhanced rejuvenation of HNDFs via both protection and restoration processes. Gene expression of extracellular matrix components in the skin dermis significantly increased in TB-CM- and TB-Exos-treated HNDFs. These components are involved in the TB-CM and Exo-mediated regeneration and anti-aging of HNDFs. Thus, this study demonstrated the regenerative and anti-aging efficacies of trophoblast-derived secretomes, suggesting their potential for use in interventions for skin protection and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon Young Go
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (Y.Y.G.); (C.M.L.); (W.M.J.); (S.-W.C.)
- Institute for Health Care Convergence Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Chan Mi Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (Y.Y.G.); (C.M.L.); (W.M.J.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Won Min Ju
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (Y.Y.G.); (C.M.L.); (W.M.J.); (S.-W.C.)
| | - Sung-Won Chae
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (Y.Y.G.); (C.M.L.); (W.M.J.); (S.-W.C.)
- Institute for Health Care Convergence Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
| | - Jae-Jun Song
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea; (Y.Y.G.); (C.M.L.); (W.M.J.); (S.-W.C.)
- Institute for Health Care Convergence Center, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2626-3186; Fax: +82-2-2626-0475
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Agnew C, Liu L, Liu S, Xu W, You L, Yeung W, Kannan N, Jablons D, Jura N. The crystal structure of the protein kinase HIPK2 reveals a unique architecture of its CMGC-insert region. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:13545-13559. [PMID: 31341017 PMCID: PMC6746438 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.009725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain-interacting protein kinase (HIPK) family is comprised of four nuclear protein kinases, HIPK1-4. HIPK proteins phosphorylate a diverse range of transcription factors involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. HIPK2, thus far the best-characterized member of this largely understudied family of protein kinases, plays a role in the activation of p53 in response to DNA damage. Despite this tumor-suppressor function, HIPK2 is also found overexpressed in several cancers, and its hyperactivation causes chronic fibrosis. There are currently no structures of HIPK2 or of any other HIPK kinase. Here, we report the crystal structure of HIPK2's kinase domain bound to CX-4945, a casein kinase 2α (CK2α) inhibitor currently in clinical trials against several cancers. The structure, determined at 2.2 Å resolution, revealed that CX-4945 engages the HIPK2 active site in a hybrid binding mode between that seen in structures of CK2α and Pim1 kinases. The HIPK2 kinase domain crystallized in the active conformation, which was stabilized by phosphorylation of the activation loop. We noted that the overall kinase domain fold of HIPK2 closely resembles that of evolutionarily related dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinases (DYRKs). Most significant structural differences between HIPK2 and DYRKs included an absence of the regulatory N-terminal domain and a unique conformation of the CMGC-insert region and of a newly defined insert segment in the αC-β4 loop. This first crystal structure of HIPK2 paves the way for characterizing the understudied members of the HIPK family and for developing HIPK2-directed therapies for managing cancer and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Agnew
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lijun Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Shu Liu
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115
| | - Wei Xu
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115
| | - Liang You
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - David Jablons
- Thoracic Oncology Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94115, Supported by the Kazan McClain Partners' Foundation and the H. N. and Frances C. Berger Foundation. To whom correspondence may be addressed:
1600 Divisadero St., A745, San Francisco, CA 94115. Tel.:
415-353-7502; E-mail:
| | - Natalia Jura
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, To whom correspondence may be addressed:
555 Mission Bay Blvd. S., Rm. 452W, San Francisco, CA 94158. Tel.:
415-514-1133; E-mail:
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Targeted Therapy-Resistant Melanoma Cells Acquire Transcriptomic Similarities with Human Melanoblasts. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10110451. [PMID: 30453548 PMCID: PMC6265976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10110451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of adaptive and acquired drug resistance in tumors are not completely understood. So far, gene amplifications or mutations, leading to the reactivation of the MAPK or PI3K pathways have been described. In this study, we used two different methods to generate human melanoblasts: (1) via differentiation from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and (2) via dedifferentiation from melanocytes. The melanoblast transcriptomes were then compared to the transcriptome of MAPK inhibitor-resistant melanoma cells. We observed that the expression of genes associated with cell cycle control, DNA damage control, metabolism, and cancer was altered in both melanoblast populations and in both adaptive and acquired resistant melanoma samples, compared to drug-sensitive samples. However, genes involved in antigen presentation and cellular movement were only regulated in the melanoblast populations and in the acquired resistant melanoma samples, compared to the drug-sensitive samples. Moreover, melanocyte-derived melanoblasts and adaptive resistant melanoma samples were characterized by different expression levels of certain transcription factors or genes involved in the CDK5 pathway. In conclusion, we show here that in vitro models of human melanoblasts are very important tools to comprehend the expression profiles of drug-resistant melanoma.
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