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Qin L, Chen C, Gui Z, Jiang Y. IRX5's influence on macrophage polarization and outcome in papillary thyroid cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1399484. [PMID: 38868535 PMCID: PMC11167072 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1399484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background With a rise in recent years, thyroid cancer (TC) is the most prevalent hormonal cancer worldwide. It is essential to investigate the inherent variability at the molecular level and the immune environment within tumors of various thyroid cancer subtypes in order to identify potential targets for therapy and provide precise treatment for patients with thyroid adenocarcinoma. Methods First, we analyzed the expression of IRX5 in pan-cancer and papillary thyroid carcinoma by bioinformatics methods and collected paired samples from our center for validation. Subsequently, we analyzed the significance of IRX5 on the prognosis and diagnosis of PTC. Next, we explored the possible mechanisms by which IRX5 affects the prognosis of thyroid cancer patients by GO/KEGG enrichment analysis, and further investigated the effect of IRX5 on immune infiltration of thyroid cancer. Ultimately, by conducting experiments on cells and animals, we were able to show how IRX5 impacts the aggressive characteristics of thyroid cancer cells and its influence on macrophages within the immune system of thyroid cancer. Results In 11 malignant tumors, including PTC, IRX5 is overexpressed and associated with a poor prognosis. IRX5 may affect the prognosis of PTC through embryonic organ development, ossification, mesenchyme development, etc. Increased IRX5 expression decreases the presence of cytotoxic and Th17 cells in papillary thyroid cancer. IRX5 was highly expressed in different PTC cell lines, such as K-1 and TPC-1. Silencing IRX5 effectively halted the growth and movement of PTC cells while also decreasing M2 polarization and enhancing M1 polarization in tumor-associated macrophages. Conclusion IRX5 could impact the outlook of individuals with PTC by stimulating the shift of macrophages to M2 in the immune surroundings of thyroid cancer growths, suggesting a potential new focus for treating thyroid cancer, particularly through immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Qin
- Department of Thyroid Vascular Surgery, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, ;China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Jingzhou Hospital Affiliated to Yangtze University, Jingzhou, ;China
| | - Zhengwei Gui
- Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Wuhan, ;China
| | - Yun Jiang
- Department of Ultrasound, Hubei Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicines, Wuhan, ;China
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Lee JH, Choi S. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms of stem cell dynamics in hair follicle regeneration. Exp Mol Med 2024; 56:110-117. [PMID: 38182654 PMCID: PMC10834421 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Hair follicles, which are connected to sebaceous glands in the skin, undergo cyclic periods of regeneration, degeneration, and rest throughout adult life in mammals. The crucial function of hair follicle stem cells is to maintain these hair growth cycles. Another vital aspect is the activity of melanocyte stem cells, which differentiate into melanin-producing melanocytes, contributing to skin and hair pigmentation. Sebaceous gland stem cells also have a pivotal role in maintaining the skin barrier by regenerating mature sebocytes. These stem cells are maintained in a specialized microenvironment or niche and are regulated by internal and external signals, determining their dynamic behaviors in homeostasis and hair follicle regeneration. The activity of these stem cells is tightly controlled by various factors secreted by the niche components around the hair follicles, as well as immune-mediated damage signals, aging, metabolic status, and stress. In this study, we review these diverse stem cell regulatory and related molecular mechanisms of hair regeneration and disease conditions. Molecular insights would provide new perspectives on the disease mechanisms as well as hair and skin disorder treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hyun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Sekyu Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Medical Science and Engineering, School of Convergence Science and Technology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I_CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon, 21983, Republic of Korea.
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Janaththani P, Tevz G, Fernando A, Malik A, Rockstroh A, Kryza T, Walpole C, Moya L, Lehman M, Nelson C, Srinivasan S, Clements J, Batra J. Unravelling the Role of Iroquois Homeobox 4 and its Interplay with Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3295914. [PMID: 38076926 PMCID: PMC10705702 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3295914/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies have linked Iroquois-Homeobox 4 (IRX4) as a robust expression quantitative-trait locus associated with prostate cancer (PCa) risk. However, the intricate mechanism and regulatory factors governing IRX4 expression in PCa remain poorly understood. Here, we unveil enrichment of androgen-responsive gene signatures in metastatic prostate tumors exhibiting heightened IRX4 expression. Furthermore, we uncover a novel interaction between IRX4 and the androgen receptor (AR) co-factor, FOXA1, suggesting that IRX4 modulates PCa cell behavior through AR cistrome alteration. Remarkably, we identified a distinctive short insertion-deletion polymorphism (INDEL), upstream of the IRX4 gene that differentially regulates IRX4 expression through the disruption of AR binding. This INDEL emerges as the most significant PCa risk-associated variant within the 5p15 locus, in a genetic analysis involving 82,591 PCa cases and 61,213 controls and was associated with PCa survival in patients undergoing androgen-deprivation therapy. These studies suggest the potential of this INDEL as a prognostic biomarker for androgen therapy in PCa and IRX4 as a potential therapeutic target in combination with current clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchadsaram Janaththani
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria
| | - Gregor Tevz
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Achala Fernando
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adil Malik
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Thomas Kryza
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carina Walpole
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Mater Research UQ, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leire Moya
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie Lehman
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Canada
| | - Colleen Nelson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - The Australian Prostate Cancer BioResource
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Srilakshmi Srinivasan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Centre for Genomics and Personalised Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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