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Grbović LM, Pavlović KJ, Jovanović-Šanta SS, Vasiljević BR. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Bile Acids Derivatives: An Overview. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190213114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
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The first attempts at microwave-assisted (MW) syntheses of bile acid derivatives
were performed in domestic MW appliances. However, the reproducibility of these
syntheses, which were performed in uncontrolled conditions, was very low. In the first
part of this overview, compounds synthesized under such conditions are presented. Consequently,
with the development of MW technology, MW-assisted reactions in MW reactors
became reproducible. Thus, in the second part of this review, syntheses of bile acidsbased
compounds in MW reactors are presented. Among others, publications dealing with
the following topics will be covered:
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− Chemical transformations of hydroxyl and/or carboxyl functions of bile acids into
esters or amides,
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− Hydroxyl group oxidations,
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− Derivatization of oxo-compounds with different nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g. 4-amino-3-
substituted-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiones, thiocarbohydrazides and thiosemicarbazides)
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Bile acid-based molecular tweezers, capable of stereospecific molecular recognition
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Reactions of hydroxyl functions to give chlorine derivatives, presenting reactive intermediates in substitution
reactions with N- or O-containing nucleophilic arylhydrazides, urea derivatives, substituted thiadiazoles or
triazoles or amino acid methyl esters, mainly in solvent-free conditions.
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Some of the synthesized compounds expressed antimicrobial potential and/or good recognition properties as
artificial receptors for specific amino acids or anions.
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Detailed comparisons between conventional and MW-assisted procedures for chemical transformations of bile
acids are given in most of the presented publications. Based on these results, MW irradiation methods are simpler,
more efficient, cleaner and faster than conventional synthetic methods, meeting the requirements of green
chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica M. Grbović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ksenija J. Pavlović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Suzana S. Jovanović-Šanta
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana R. Vasiljević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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2
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Stević S, Mikov M, Stanojević-Ristić Z, Rašić J, Vitković L. Concentrations of sodium 3α, 7α--dihydroxy-12-oxo 5β cholanate in biological material after its intravenous and intranasal application. PRAXIS MEDICA 2018. [DOI: 10.5937/pramed1802075s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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3
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Rinaldi L, Binello A, Stolle A, Curini M, Cravotto G. Efficient mechanochemical complexation of various steroid compounds with α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin. Steroids 2015; 98:58-62. [PMID: 25725254 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemical technology enables solvent-free micronized solid dispersions and efficient molecular host-guest inclusion complexes to be formed in matrices which contain cyclodextrins (CDs). This type of complexation has been studied using α-, β- and γ-cyclodextrin with the dual aims of improving overall solubility and enhancing the bioavailability of common steroid compounds, such as cholic acids and β-sitosterols or lowering cholesterol content in products of animal origin. Several parameters have been studied and optimized: CD/compound molar ratio (1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 3:1) in function of the cavity sizes of the three different CDs, milling time (from 5 to 40 min) and rotation speed (from 100 to 300 rpm). DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) analyses have revealed that inclusion complexes were efficiently formed after 40 min milling (200 rpm) for β-CD/cholesterol and β-CD/ugrsodeoxycholic acid (encapsulation efficiency 96% and 77% respectively). Besides steroid encapsulation/vehiculation, the mechanochemical technique may pave the way for new ideas in solventless steroid extraction from vegetal matrices with CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, University of Turin, via Quarello 15, 10135 Turin, Italy; Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS - Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria, 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Arianna Binello
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS - Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria, 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Achim Stolle
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental Chemistry (ITUC), Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Lessingstr. 12, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Massimo Curini
- Dipartimento di, University of Perugia, Via del liceo 1, I-06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS - Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria, 9, 10125 Turin, Italy
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4
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Al-Zaydi KM. Microwave and ultrasound promoted synthesis of substituted new arylhydrazono pyridinones. ARAB J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Al-Zaydi KM, Borik RM, Elnagdi MH. Studies with arylhydrazonopyridinones: Synthesis of new arylhydrazono thieno[3,4-c]pyridinones as novel D2T2 dye class; classical verse green methodologies. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2009; 16:660-668. [PMID: 19112037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2008.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 11/09/2008] [Accepted: 11/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A variety of arylhydrazonopyridinones were prepared via heating cyanoacetamides with ethyl acetoacetate in absence of solvent under reflux conventionally or ultrasound irradiation or in a microwave oven. The formed products 5 and 6 could be readily converted to thienopyridones. Attempted addition of the latter to electron poor olefins afforded only arylhydrazonopyridinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah M Al-Zaydi
- Department of Chemistry, Girl's College of Education, Jeddah, P.O. Box 50918, Jeddah 21533, Saudi Arabia.
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Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of a series of bile acid derivatives. HEMIJSKA INDUSTRIJA 2009. [DOI: 10.2298/hemind0904313k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The new conjugates of selected bile acids (hyocholic (2), deoxycholic (3), hyodeoxycholic (4) and 12-ketocholic (5) acids) with ethyl 11-aminoundecanoate 7, 8, 11, and 13 were synthesized. The conjugation reaction was carried out in ethyl acetate in the presence of N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydroquinoline (EEDQ) and triethylamine. Under the same experimental conditions, the conjugation reaction involving ethyl 6-aminohexanoate resulted in formation of a conjugate 9 only in the case of deoxycholic acid (3) in addition to the unexpected ethyl ester 10. In the case of the other bile acids (cholic (1), hyodeoxycholic (4) and 12-ketocholic (5) acids) only an unexpected ester formation took place giving esters 6, 12, and 14. Cytotoxic activity against four tumor cell lines (human breast adenocarcinoma ER-, MDA-MB-231; breast adenocarcinoma ER+, MCF-7; cervix epiteloid carcinoma, HeLa S-3; and prostate cancer, PC-3) was evaluated. Conjugate 8 showed strong activity against HeLa S-3 and conjugate 11 for PC-3. Ethyl ester of 12-ketocholic acid 14 showed very strong antiproliferative activity against MCF-7 and HeLa S-3.
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Cravotto G, Cintas P. The combined use of microwaves and ultrasound: improved tools in process chemistry and organic synthesis. Chemistry 2007; 13:1902-9. [PMID: 17245792 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200601845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Microwave heating and ultrasonic waves are among the most simple, inexpensive, and valuable tools in applied chemistry. Besides saving energy, these green techniques promote faster and more selective transformations. Could they be combined to enhance their effects still further? As they are of a basically different nature (quantum and non-quantum fields), each must be fine-tuned by its specific parameters; a combined device will often be subject to additional hazard limitations. However, recent developments evidence that such a combination is certainly possible and safe, ranging from simple modifications to flow systems that are well suited for automation and scaling-up. By using selected examples, this concept article gives an overview of apparatus currently available for simultaneous or tandem irradiation and explains how it can be utilized in organic synthesis and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 9, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Cravotto G, Binello A, Boffa L, Rosati O, Boccalini M, Chimichi S. Regio- and stereoselective reductions of dehydrocholic acid. Steroids 2006; 71:469-75. [PMID: 16504228 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/14/2006] [Accepted: 01/16/2006] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Dehydrocholic acid (DHCA), an unnatural bile acid, is manufactured by oxidation of cholic acid. Its biotransformation by two basidiomycetes (Trametes hirsuta and Collybia velutipes) is reported. These mycelia showed different affinities for the substrate and selectivities of attack: T. hirsuta in particular regio- and stereoselectively reduced the 3-keto group to yield 3 alpha-hydroxy-7,12-diketo-5 beta-cholan-24-oic acid (7,12-diketolithocolic acid) as the main product. A number of different chemical reductions were carried out on DHCA; among them hydrogenation with Raney Nickel in water under high-intensity ultrasound proved highly regio- and stereoselective, yielding 7,12-diketolithocolic acid exclusively. (1)H and (13)C resonances were assigned in details thanks to a series of 1D and 2D NMR runs including DEPT, NOESY, H-H COSY, gHSQC and gHMBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, via P. Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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Abstract
This article reviews the progress in the chemistry of the steroids that was published between January and December 2005. The reactions and partial synthesis of estrogens, androgens, pregnanes, bile acid derivatives, cholestanes and vitamin D analogues are covered. There are 139 references.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
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