Fluorous tolerance of the estrogen receptor alpha as probed by 11-polyfluoroalkylestradiol derivatives

Medicinal applications of perfluoroalkylated chain-containing compounds

Compounds with polyfluorinated molecular fragments possess unique properties associated with the presence of a large number of fluorine atoms that affect lipophilicity and conformational rigidity of the parent molecule along with other effects. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of synthesized compounds possessing perfluoroalkylated or polyfluorinated chains that have been tested for bioactivity or as potential drug candidates for the treatment of various diseases. As far as the length of the perfluoroalkylated chain is concerned the focus is centered on the compound bearing perfluoroethyl or tetrafluoroethyl as well as longer chains. The perfluoroalkylated compounds discussed are classified according to their biological activity.

Capacity of type I and II ligands to confer to estrogen receptor alpha an appropriate conformation for the recruitment of coactivators containing a LxxLL motif-Relationship with the regulation of receptor level and ERE-dependent transcription in MCF-7 cells

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) belongs to the superfamily of nuclear receptors and as such acts as a ligand-modulated transcription factor. Ligands elicit in ERalpha conformational changes leading to the recruitment of coactivators required for the transactivation of target genes via cognate response elements. In many cells, activated ERalpha also undergoes downregulation by proteolysis mediated by the ubiquitin/proteasome system. Although these various molecular processes have been well characterized, little is known as to which extent they are interrelated. In the present study, we used a panel of type I (estradiol derivatives and "linear", non-steroidal ligands) and type II ("angular" ligands) estrogens, in order to identify possible relationships between ligand binding affinity, recruitment of LxxLL-containing coactivators, ERalpha downregulation in MCF-7 cells and related transactivation activity of ligand-bound ERalpha. For type I estrogens, there was a clear-cut relationship between ligand binding affinity, hydrophobicity around C-11 of estradiol and ability of ERalpha to associate with LxxLL motifs, both in cell-free condition and in vivo (MCF-7 cells). Moreover, LxxLL motif recruitment by ERalpha seemed to be a prerequisite for the downregulation of the receptor. By contrast, type II ligands, as well as estradiol derivatives bearing a bulky side chain at 11beta, had much less tendency to promote ERalpha-LxxLL interaction or even behaved as antagonists in this respect, in agreement with the well known partial estrogenicity/antiestrogenicity of some of these compounds. Interestingly, some type II ligands which antagonized LxxLL motif recruitment were nonetheless able to enhance ERalpha-mediated gene transactivation.