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Fleitas MMD, Kim SS, Kim NK, Seo SR. Cynanoside F Controls Skin Inflammation by Suppressing Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091740. [PMID: 36139814 PMCID: PMC9495541 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease accompanied by severe itching and dry skin. Currently, the incidence of AD due to excessive activation of immune cells by various environmental factors is increasing worldwide, and research on inflammatory response inhibitors with fewer side effects is continuously needed. Cynanoside F (CF) is one of the pregnane-type compounds in the root of Cynanchum atratum, an oriental medicinal herb that has been shown to have antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-inflammatory effects. Although CF has been isolated as a component in Cynanchum atratum, the scientific role of CF has not yet been explored. In this study, we evaluated the effect of CF on AD and revealed the mechanism using in vitro and in vivo experimental models. CF significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced protein expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which are important proinflammatory mediators in the RAW264.7 macrophage cell line. CF did not inhibit the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling activated by LPS but significantly reduced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), such as p38 MAPK, JNK, and ERK. CF consistently inhibited the activity of the activator protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, a downstream molecule of MAPK signaling. In addition, in an experiment using an oxazolone-induced AD mouse model, the CF-treated group showed a marked decrease in epidermal thickness, the number of infiltrated mast cells, and the amount of histamine. The mRNA levels of IL-1β, interleukin-4 (IL-4), and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) were consistently lowered in the group treated with CF. Moreover, the phosphorylation of c-Jun and c-Fos protein levels, which are the AP-1 components, were lowered in the skin tissues of CF-treated mice. These results provide the first evidence that CF has an inhibitory effect on AD and suggest the possibility of CF being developed as a potential therapeutic agent for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Melissa Duarte Fleitas
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Seon Sook Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | | | - Su Ryeon Seo
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-33-250-8541; Fax: +82-33-241-4627
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Yan Y, Tang P, Zhang X, Wang D, Peng M, Yan X, Hu Z, Tang L, Hao X. Anti-TMV effects of seco-pregnane C 21 steroidal glycosides isolated from the roots of Cynanchum paniculatum. Fitoterapia 2022; 161:105225. [PMID: 35659523 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is known to infect a wide range of plants, resulting in reduced yield and productivity. Novel, effective, and plant-based pesticides are required to protect plants against TMV infection. To identify novel anti-TMV agents from natural sources, we systematically studied the roots of Cynanchum paniculatum and isolated six new seco-pregnane C21 steroidal glycosides, along with 14 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis. The anti-TMV activity of compounds were screened using the half-leaf method. Biological tests revealed that compounds 1, 2, 5, 9, 10, 15, and 16 displayed significant anti-TMV activities compared with the positive control ningnanmycin. In addition, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot analysis confirmed the antiviral activity of these compounds, as evident from reduced TMV coat protein (TMV-CP) gene replication and TMV-CP protein expression. These compounds downregulated the expression of NtHsp70-1 and NtHsp70-261, indicating that these steroidal glycosides possibly inhibit the TMV infection by suppressing the expression of NtHsp70-1 and NtHsp70-061 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China; School of Medicine and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Pan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Mingyou Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Zuquan Hu
- School of Biology and Engineering, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.
| | - Xiaojiang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants & College of Pharmacy, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Chemical Drug R&D, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Yan C, Li J, Zhang P, Liu R, He J, Chang YX. A review of the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Cynanchumatratum. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114748. [PMID: 34662666 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The dried roots and rhizomes of Cynanchum atratum Bunge is named 'Baiwei' according to traditional Chinese medicine theory. It is also named Cynanchi atrati Radix in Chinese Pharmacopoeia. Cynanchi atrati Radix is famous for its medicinal value of clearing away heat, relieving drenching, detoxifying and treating abscesses. It was commonly used in some Asian countries for the treatment of fever, vasoconstrictive syncope, lymphangitis and other diseases, obviously due to the effect of C21 steroidal glycosides. THE AIM OF THE REVIEW The review concentrates on the botany, ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Cynanchum atratum. We also discuss expectations for prospective research and implementation of this herb. MATERIALS AND METHODS Relevant information about C. atratum was gained from ancient books and records, Doctoral and master's Theses, Science Direct, Pubmed, Wiley, CNKI, WanFang DATA, Google Scholar and other domestic and foreign literature. Some electronic databases have been included. RESULTS As a member of the Apocynaceae family, C. atratum possesses its up-and-coming biological characteristics. It is widely reported for treating of postpartum fatigue, vomiting, urine drops, nephritis, urinary tract infection, edema, bronchitis and rheumatic low back pain. By now, over 100 compounds have been identified from C. atratum, including C21 steroidal glycosides, acetophenones, alkaloids, volatile oil and other ingredients. Activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-virus, antibacterial, anti-forgetful and others have been corroborated in vivo and in vitro. In addition, many of the active ingredients, such as Cynatratoside A, Cynanversicoside A, B, D, G, p-hydroxyacetophenone, 2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone and some volatile oils have been used as quality markers. CONCLUSION All kinds of research conducted on C.atratum, especially in field of ethnopharmacological use, phytochemicals and pharmacology have been reviewed. The herb has been used over the years in treating nephritis, urinary tract infection, bronchitis and rheumatic lumbocrural pain. Many studies have been carried out to identify compounds that play a leading role in drug activity. However, the mechanism of drug therapy remains unclear. The evidence used to prove the quality standard of medicinal materials is obviously inadequate. Besides, safety evaluation is necessary for clinical medication. Similarly, the separation of steroidal saponins and the development of new drugs will also need further discussion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratories of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuqiao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratories of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Chaozhuo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratories of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratories of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; College of Pharmaceutical Engineering of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yan-Xu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; Tianjin Key Laboratories of Phytochemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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Guo HW, Tian YG, Liu YH, Huang J, Wang JX, Long H, Wei H. Discovery of Polyoxypregnane Derivatives From Aspidopterys obcordata With Their Potential Antitumor Activity. Front Chem 2022; 9:799911. [PMID: 35071186 PMCID: PMC8766633 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.799911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bioassay-guided phytochemical study of an ethnic medicinal plant Aspidopterys obcorda ta Hemsl. var. obcordata results in the isolation of eight new polyoxypregnane derivatives, named aspidatasides A–H (1–8), along with ten known analogs (9–18). The series polyoxypregnane derivatives were screened for their cytoxic activity against HL-60 cells, and compound 2 showed the highest potency with an IC50 8.03 μM. Preliminary structure–activity relationship studies displayed that the sugar chain and double bond could notably impact their biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Guo
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Yun-Gang Tian
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Yi-Han Liu
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Jia Huang
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Jian-Xia Wang
- School of Medicine, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Hua Long
- College of Biology and Environmental Science, Jishou University, Jishou, China
| | - Hua Wei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou, China.,Tujia Medicine Research Center in Hunan (Jishou University), Jishou, China
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Structure characterization of an arabinogalactan from Cynanchum atratum and its immune stimulatory activity on RAW264.7 cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 194:163-171. [PMID: 34861274 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a water-soluble neutral polysaccharide (CAPW-1) with an average molecular weight of 64 kDa was purified from the root of Cynanchum atratum Bunge (Apocynaceae). The monosaccharide residue analysis revealed that CAPW-1 was composed of arabinose and galactose with a relative molar ratio of 7: 3. The backbone of CAPW-1 was consisted of 1,3-Galp and 1,3,6-Galp, the branches were attached to the O-6 of 1,3-Galp, and the side chains contained 1,6-Galp, 1,3,6-Galp, 1,5-linked, 1,3-linked, 1,3,5-linked, and terminal-Araf, which was attached to the O-3 of side 1,6-Galp. The bioactivity study indicated CAPW-1 could stimulate the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells and promote the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) with no cytotoxicity. The results suggested a potential application of CAPW-1 as an immunostimulant for the treatment of diseases such as infection and tumor.
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Wang S, Shan W, Ma L, Zheng Z, Ying Y, Zhan Z. Two New Pregnane Glycosides from the Roots of Cynanchum Atratum. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/174751913x13824451791467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilei Wang
- College of Pharmaceutic al Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Weiguang Shan
- College of Pharmaceutic al Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Liefeng Ma
- College of Pharmaceutic al Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutic al Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Youmin Ying
- College of Pharmaceutic al Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
| | - Zhajun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutic al Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, P.R. China
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Han L, Zhou X, Yang M, Zhou L, Deng X, Wei S, Wang W, Wang Z, Qiao X, Bai C. Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Effects of Plants in Genus Cynanchum Linn. (Asclepiadaceae). Molecules 2018; 23:E1194. [PMID: 29772722 PMCID: PMC6099929 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Genus Cynanchum L. belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae, which comprise more than 200 species distributed worldwide. In Chinese medical practice, numerous drugs (such as tablets and powders) containing different parts of plants of this genus are used to treat snake bites, bruises, osteoblasts, rheumatoid arthritis and tumors. A search for original articles published on the cynanchum genus was performed by using several resources, including Flora of China Official Website and various scientific databases, such as PubMed, SciFinder, the Web of Science, Science Direct, and China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI). Advances in the botanical, ethnomedicinal, phytochemical, and pharmacological studies of this genus are reviewed in this paper. Results showed that more than 440 compounds, including C21 steroids, steroidal saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids and terpene, have been isolated and identified from Cynanchum plants up to now. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that plants possess an array of biological activities, including anti-tumor, neuroprotective and anti-fungal effects. Popular traditional prescription of Cynanchum sp. was also summed up in this paper. However, many Cynanchum species have received little or no attention. Moreover, few reports on the clinical use and toxic effects of Cynanchum sp. are available. Further attention should be focused on the study of these species to gather information on their respective toxicology data and relevant quality-control measures and clinical value of the crude extracts, active compounds, and bioactive metabolites from this genus. Further research on Cynanchum sp. should be conducted, and bioactivity-guided isolation strategies should be emphasized. In addition, systematic studies of the chemical composition of plants should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xiuping Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Mengmeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Li Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xinxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Shijie Wei
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Wenping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Zhizhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Xue Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Changcai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
- Ningxia Research Center of Modern Hui Medicine Engineering and Technology; Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Jin Q, Han XH, Yun CY, Lee C, Lee JW, Lee D, Lee MK, Jung SH, Hong JT, Kim Y, Hwang BY. Melanogenesis inhibitory pregnane glycosides from Cynanchum atratum. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2018. [PMID: 29526485 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Bioassay-guided fractionation of the methanolic extract from the roots of Cynanchum atratum has resulted in the isolation of three new pregnane glycosides (1-3) along with four known compounds (4-7). Their structures were identified by analysis of the spectroscopic data including extensive 2D NMR. All of the isolates were evaluated for their potential to inhibit the melanin production in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-activated B16 melanoma cells. Of these, compounds 4-7 dose-dependently inhibited the melanin production with the IC50 values ranging from 4 μM to 33 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghao Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Xiang Hua Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheong-Yong Yun
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hun Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea.
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C 21 -steroidal glycosides and sesquiterpenes from the roots of Cynanchum bungei and their inhibitory activities against the proliferation of B and T lymphocytes. Fitoterapia 2018; 124:193-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Choi YY, Kim MH, Lee H, Ahn KS, Um JY, Lee SG, Kim J, Yang WM. Cynanchum atratum inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:321-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.03.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Zhang J, Ma L, Wu ZF, Yu SL, Wang L, Ye WC, Zhang QW, Yin ZQ. Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activity of C 21 steroids from the roots of Cynanchum atratum. Steroids 2017; 122:1-8. [PMID: 28327355 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two new (1-2) and two known C21 steroids (3-4) were isolated from the roots of Cynanchum atratum. Their structures were elucidated by detailed 1D and 2D spectroscopic. The MTT assay showed that compounds 1-4 displayed obvious cytotoxic activities against HepG2 cells with IC50 values ranging from 10.19μM to 76.12μM. Compounds 1-3 also exhibited cytotoxic effects in A549 cells with IC50 values of 30.87-95.39μM. Compound 3 showed the antiproliferative activity via G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and proapoptosis in HepG2 cells by Flowcytometry analysis. Western blotting analysis revealed that compound 3 could induce HepG2 cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway by downregulating Bcl-2 expression, upregulating Bax protein expression, and activating caspase-9 and caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zheng-Feng Wu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Shu-Le Yu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, PR China; Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Qing-Wen Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences (ICMS), University of Macau, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qi Yin
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.
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Nam KW, Jang WS, Jyoti MA, Kim S, Lee BE, Song HY. In vitro activity of (-)-deoxypergularinine, on its own and in combination with anti-tubercular drugs, against resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 23:578-582. [PMID: 27064017 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) infections has created a need for new effective drugs that also target extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) and/or augment the activities of existing drugs against tuberculosis. AIM This study searched natural products for a new lead compound that targets MDR/XDR-TB. METHODS An active compound was purified from the roots of Cynanchum atratum Bunge (Asclepiadaceae) after screening 1640 plant extracts, and its inhibitory effects against MDR/XDR strains and synergistic effects with existing anti-TB drugs were assessed using the resazurin, MGIT, and checkboard assays. RESULTS (-)-Deoxypergularinine, purified from the roots of C. atratum, inhibited not only M. tuberculosis but also MDR/XDR strains. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of (-)-deoxypergularinine for H37Ra, H37Rv, MDR, and XDR strains were all about 12.5 µg/ml. Moreover, combinations of (-)-deoxypergularinine with the first-line standard drugs rifampicin or isoniazid afforded six- and eight-fold reductions in drug MIC values, respectively, against strain H37Ra. CONCLUSIONS (-)-Deoxypergularinine exerts anti-tubercular activities not only against normal tuberculosis strains but also MDR/XDR strains, and synergic effects with rifampicin and isoniazid for the H37Ra strain. The alkaloid may be valuable for targeting M/XDR M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kung-Woo Nam
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Woong Sik Jang
- Regional Innovation Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Anirban Jyoti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Sukyung Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Eui Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeon Song
- Regional Innovation Center, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31538, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Yin ZQ, Yu SL, Wei YJ, Ma L, Wu ZF, Wang L, Zhang QW, Zhao M, Ye WC, Che CT, Zhang J. C21 steroidal glycosides from Cynanchum stauntonii induce apoptosis in HepG2 cells. Steroids 2016; 106:55-61. [PMID: 26708267 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two new (1-2) and three known (3-5) C21 steroidal glycosides were isolated from Cynanchum stauntonii. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D-NMR spectroscopic data as well as HRTOFMS analysis. The cytotoxicity of the compounds against A549, HepG2, and 4T1 cell lines were evaluated by MTT assay. Compound 4 exhibited good inhibitory activities with the IC50 values 26.82, 12.24, and 44.12 μM, respectively. Furthermore, compound 4 could induce G1 phase arrest, upregulate the expression levels of caspases-3, -9, and Bax, and downregulate the expression level of Bcl-2. These results indicated that compound 4 might be valuable to anticancer drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Qi Yin
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Shu-Le Yu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Yu-Jian Wei
- The First Clinical Medical Institute, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Zheng-Feng Wu
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry & State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tradition Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Wen-Cai Ye
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Products & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Pharmacodynamic Constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicine and New Drugs Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, and WHO Collaborating Center for Tradition Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210028, China.
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14
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Cui B, Wang X, Yang Y, Yang Y, Shi S, Guo F, Li Y. Sixteen novel C-21 steroidal glycosides from the roots of Cynanchum mooreanum. Steroids 2015; 104:79-94. [PMID: 26341046 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fourteen novel 14,15-diseco-18-nor-pregnane-type steroidal glycosides, mooreanoside A-C (1-3) and mooreanoside F-P (6-16) and two new 14,15-diseco-pregnane-type steroidal glycosides, mooreanoside D-E (4-5) were isolated from the roots of Cynanchum mooreanum Hemsl. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical analysis. Compounds 1-6, 8-10, 12-14 and 16 were tested for their immunological activities in vitro against Con-A induced proliferation of mice splenocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yifu Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yang Yang
- Experiment Center for Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Songshan Shi
- Institute of Chinese Material Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Fujiang Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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15
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Fu YW, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Wang B, Liang JH, Lin DJ. Cynatratoside-C efficacy against theronts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and toxicity tests on grass carp and mammal blood cells. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2015; 117:13-20. [PMID: 26575152 DOI: 10.3354/dao02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Infection by Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, a ciliated protozoan parasite, results in high fish mortality and causes severe economic losses in aquaculture. To find new, efficient anti-I. multifiliis agents, cynatratoside-C was isolated from Cynanchum atratum by bioassay-guided fractionation in a previous study. The present study investigated the anti-theront activity, determined the toxicity of cynatratoside-C to grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus and mammalian blood cells, and evaluated the protection of cynatratoside-C against I. multifiliis theront infection in grass carp. Results showed that all theronts were killed by 0.25 mg l-1 of cynatratoside-C in 186.7 ± 5.8 min. Cynatratoside-C at 0.25 mg l-1 was effective in treating infected grass carp and protecting naive fish from I. multifiliis infestation. The 96 h median lethal concentration (LC50) of cynatratoside-C to grass carp and 4 h median effective concentration (EC50) of cynatratoside-C to theront were 46.8 and 0.088 mg l-1, respectively. In addition, the hemolysis assay demonstrated that cynatratoside-C had no cytotoxicity to rabbit red blood cells. Therefore, cynatratoside-C could be a safe and effective potential parasiticide for controlling I. multifiliis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
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16
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Fu YW, Zhang QZ, Xu DH, Liang JH, Wang B. Antiparasitic effect of cynatratoside-C from Cynanchum atratum against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis on grass carp. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7183-7189. [PMID: 24980562 DOI: 10.1021/jf5018675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich), a fish ectoparasite, comprises an important challenge in the aquaculture industry. In this study, a steroidal glycoside, cynatratoside-C, isolated from Cynanchum atratum roots by bioassay-guided fractionation was used to treat I. multifiliis. The cynatratoside-C at 0.25 mg/L demonstrated a 100% mortality of I. multifiliis in vitro after 5 h exposure. The 5 h median effective concentration (EC50) of cynatratoside-C to nonencysted tomonts was 0.083 mg/L. In addition, cynatratoside-C at concentrations of 0.125 and 0.06 mg/L could completely terminate the reproduction of encysted tomonts. The cynatratoside-C at 2 mg/L could cure the infected grass carp within 48 h. The exact mechanism of cynatratoside-C for killing I. multifiliis is unknown, but it manifests itself microscopically through loss of membrane integrity of nonencysted tomonts or through releasing immature theronts from encysted tomonts. The immature theronts finally died before infecting fish. On the basis of these results, cynatratoside-C could be used as a natural anti-I. multifiliis agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
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17
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Bai H, Li W, Zhao H, Anzai Y, Li H, Guo H, Kato F, Koike K. Isolation and structural elucidation of novel cholestane glycosides and spirostane saponins from Polygonatum odoratum. Steroids 2014; 80:7-14. [PMID: 24291419 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Much attention has been paid to cholestane-type steroidal glycosides because of their importance from the perspectives of both chemical diversity and significant biological activities. A phytochemical investigation of the rhizomes of Polygonatum odoratum (Liliaceae) resulted in the isolation of three novel cholestane-type steroidal glycosides (1-3) with unique Δ(14,16)-unsaturated D-ring structures as well as two novel spirostane-type steroidal saponins (4 and 5) and three known steroidal glycosides (6-8). Their structures were determined by various spectroscopic methods and chemical reactions. Steroidal saponin 7 showed significant antifungal activity against Candida albicans JCM1542 (MIC 3.1 μg/mL) and Aspergillus fumigatus JCM1738 (MIC 6.3 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bai
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, PR China.
| | - Wei Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
| | - Huanxin Zhao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, PR China
| | - Yojiro Anzai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Haiming Li
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, PR China
| | - Huanjie Guo
- Institute of Materia Medica, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250062, PR China
| | - Fumio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Miyama 2-2-1, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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18
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Jadhav RS, Ahmed L, Swamy PL, Sanaullah S. Neuroprotective effects of polyhydroxy pregnane glycoside isolated from Wattakaka volubilis (L.f.) Stapf. after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion in rats. Brain Res 2013; 1515:78-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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19
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Yu JQ, Deng AJ, Qin HL. Nine new steroidal glycosides from the roots of Cynanchum stauntonii. Steroids 2013; 78:79-90. [PMID: 23127820 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nine new steroidal glycosides, named as stauntosides C-K (2, 5, 7-10, 13, 14, and 16), along with seven known compounds (1, 3, 4, 6, 11, 12, and 15) were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the roots of Cynanchum stauntonii. The structures of these new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analyses, mainly 1D and 2D NMR, and HRESI-MS, and qualitative chemical methods. Their significance in terms of the chemotaxonomy of C. stauntonii is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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20
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Jeon J, Park KA, Lee H, Shin S, Zhang T, Won M, Yoon HK, Choi MK, Kim HG, Son CG, Hong JH, Hur GM. Water extract of Cynanchi atrati Radix regulates inflammation and apoptotic cell death through suppression of IKK-mediated NF-κB signaling. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 137:626-34. [PMID: 21718772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 05/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Cynanchi atrati Radix has been traditionally used as an anti-inflammatory agent to treat febrile diseases, acute urinary infection or subcutaneous pyogenic infection with invasion of the pathogenic factors. AIM OF STUDY Nuclear factor (NF)-κB is a pleiotropic transcriptional factor of many genes involved in inflammatory and anti-apoptotic responses. To identify a novel, potent inhibitor of NF-κB signaling pathway, a plant extract library of traditional oriental medicine was screened for the capability to block the NF-κB activity in cells overexpressing toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and then evaluated the anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic functions of water extract of Cynanchi atrati Radix (WECR) in macrophages and cancer cells, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of WECR on the proinflammatory mediators (inducible NO synthase [iNOS], cyclooxygenase [COX]-2), IκB-α degradation, RelA/p65 phosphorylation and caspase cleavages were measured by immunblotting. NF-κB transcriptional activity, IκB kinase (IKK) activity and nitric oxide (NO) production was measured using the luciferase assay, in vitro kinase assay and Griess reaction. RESULTS WECR efficiently inhibited LPS-induced expression of proinflammatory mediators including iNOS and COX-2. IKK kinase activity, IκB-α degradation, nuclear translocation of RelA/p65 and NF-κB transcriptional activity induced by LPS were suppressed by WECR. Furthermore, WECR dramatically enhances the apoptotic response, as evident by the combination with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) was able to induce the cytotoxic action through caspase-dependent pathway. CONCLUSION These results indicate that WECR has a potential to inhibit IKK-mediated NF-κB activation, and is a valuable compound for modulating inflammatory or cancerous conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhee Jeon
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, Daejeon Regional Cancer Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
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