1
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Sakellariou P, Kiousi P, Petrou M, Angelis YS. Simultaneous quantitation and identification of intact Nandrolone phase II oxo-metabolites based on derivatization and inject LC-MS/(HRMS) methodology. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38581282 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Α sensitive and selective derivatization and inject method for the quantification of intact nandrolone phase II oxo-metabolites was developed and validated using liquid chromatography - (tandem high resolution) mass spectrometry (LC-MS/(HRMS)). For the derivatization, Girard's reagent T (GRT) was used directly in natural urine samples and the analysis of the metabolites of interest was performed by direct injection into LC-MS/(HRMS) system operating in positive ionization mode. Derivatization enabled the efficient detection of nandrolone oxo-metabolites, while at the same time producing intense product ions under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions that are related to metabolites of the steroid backbone and not to the conjugated moieties. Glucuronide and sulfate metabolites of nandrolone were chromatographically resolved and quantified in the same run in the range of 1-100 ng mL-1, while at the same time structure identification could be performed for each metabolite. Full validation of the method was performed according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) International Standard for Laboratories (ISL). Nandrolone oxo-metabolites were quantified in two sets of urine samples, the first set consisted of real urine samples previously detected as negative and the second set consisted of urine samples collected from two excretion studies after nandrolone decanoate administration. The results for 19-norandrosterone glucuronide (19-NAG) and 19-noretiocholanolone glucuronide (19-NEG) were compared with those obtained by traditional gas chromatography - (tandem) mass spectrometry (GC-MS/[MS]) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis Sakellariou
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Polyxeni Kiousi
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | | | - Yiannis S Angelis
- Doping Control Laboratory of Athens, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
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2
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Nair VS, Howa JD, Morrison MS, Beggs L, Campbell T, Fedoruk M, Ahrens B, Eichner D. δ 13 C values of urinary 19-norandrosterone in antidoping samples and potential for adverse findings from boar offal consumption. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:1356-1360. [PMID: 36929692 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
19-Norandrosterone (19NA) is the preferred urinary target compound to identify doping with nandrolone or related 19-norsteroids. At concentrations between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) is required to establish exogenous origin of urinary 19NA. An absolute difference of 3‰ between urinary 19NA and an endogenous reference compound (ERC) constitutes a finding for exogenous origin of 19NA. Over the last 3 years, 77 samples containing urinary 19NA between 2.5 and 15 ng/mL were analyzed at our laboratory. The measured δ13 C values for 19NA ranged from -29.5‰ to -16.8‰. In comparison, the δ13 C values for the corresponding urinary ERCs ranged from -22.4‰ to -16.2‰. Due to the considerable overlap in values between the target compound and the natural range of urinary ERCs, it can be challenging to distinguish between endogenous and exogenous origins of urinary 19NA. In addition, it is well known that consumption of offal from non-castrated pigs can produce 19NA in urine. To determine whether this could cause a positive IRMS finding under the current IRMS positivity criteria, meat from non-castrated boars fed a mixture of corn and soy was consumed by 13 volunteers. Two volunteers produced 19NA findings above 2.5 ng/mL, and the measured isotope values, while inconsistent with documented 19-norsteroid preparations, did meet IRMS positivity criteria. However, these increases in 19NA urinary concentrations were short-lived due to rapid elimination. Timely follow-up collections may help support a claim for dietary exposure when low urinary concentrations of 19NA with pseudo-endogenous isotope values are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - John D Howa
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew S Morrison
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Lacey Beggs
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Thane Campbell
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Matthew Fedoruk
- United States Anti-Doping Agency, Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Brian Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
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3
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Fedoruk M, Geyer H. Sports drug testing and the athletes' exposome. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1814-1821. [PMID: 34694748 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Similar to the general population, elite athletes are exposed to a complex set of environmental factors including chemicals and radiation and also biological and physical stressors, which constitute an exposome that is, unlike for the general population, subjected to specific scrutiny for athletes due to applicable antidoping regulations and associated (frequent) routine doping controls. Hence, investigations into the athlete's exposome and how to distinguish between deliberate drug use and different contamination scenarios has become a central topic of antidoping research, as a delicate balance is to be managed between the vital and continually evolving developments of sensitive analytical techniques on the one hand, and the risk of the athletes' exposome potentially causing adverse analytical findings on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Fedoruk
- United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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4
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Iannella L, Colamonici C, Curcio D, Botrè F, de la Torre X. Detecting the abuse of 19-norsteroids in doping controls: A new gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:770-784. [PMID: 33242373 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The detection of 19-norsteroids abuse in doping controls currently relies on the determination of 19-norandrosterone (19-NA) by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). An additional confirmatory analysis by gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) is performed on samples showing 19-NA concentrations between 2.5 and 15 ng/ml and not originated from pregnant female athletes or female treated with 19-norethisterone. 19-Noretiocholanolone (19-NE) is typically produced to a lesser extent as a secondary metabolite. The aim of this work was to improve the GC-C-IRMS confirmation procedure for the detection of 19-norsteroids misuse. Both 19-NA and 19-NE were analyzed as target compounds (TCs), whereas androsterone (A), pregnanediol (PD), and pregnanetriol (PT) were selected as endogenous reference compounds (ERCs). The method was validated and applied to urine samples collected by three male volunteers after the administration of nandrolone-based formulations. Before the instrumental analysis, urine samples (<25 ml) were hydrolyzed with β-glucuronidase from Escherichia coli and extracted with n-pentane. Compounds of interest were purified through a single (for PT) or double (for 19-NE, 19-NA, A, and PD) liquid chromatographic step, to reduce the background noise and eliminate interferences that could have affect the accuracy of δ13 C values. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2 ng/ml was ensured for both 19-NA and 19-NE. The 19-NE determination could be helpful in case of "unstable" urine samples, in late excretion phases or when coadministration with 5α-reductase inhibitors occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Iannella
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Davide Curcio
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy.,ISSUL-Institute des sciences du sport, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Rome, Italy
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5
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Hülsemann F, Fußhöller G, Lehn C, Thevis M. Excretion of 19‐norandrosterone after consumption of boar meat. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1581-1586. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Hülsemann
- Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Gregor Fußhöller
- Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Christine Lehn
- Institute of Legal Medicine University of Munich Munich Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
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6
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Brailsford AD, Majidin WNM, Wojek N, Cowan DA, Walker C. IRMS delta values (
13
C) of nandrolone and testosterone products available in the UK: Implications for anti‐doping. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1722-1727. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Brailsford
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Wan Noor Mahirah Majidin
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Nick Wojek
- UK Anti‐Doping Fleetbank House, 2‐6 Salisbury Square London EC4Y 8AE UK
| | - David A. Cowan
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Christopher Walker
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
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7
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Mullen J, Gadot Y, Eklund E, Andersson A, J Schulze J, Ericsson M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Rane A, Ekström L. Pregnancy greatly affects the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1070-1075. [PMID: 29349906 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Concentrations of urinary steroids are measured in anti-doping test programs to detect doping with endogenous steroids. These concentrations are combined into ratios and followed over time in the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP). The most important ratio in the ABP is the testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio but this ratio is subject to intra-individual variations, especially large in women, which complicates interpretation. In addition, there are other factors affecting T/E. Pregnancy, for example, is known to affect the urinary excretion rate of epitestosterone and hence the T/E ratio. However, the extent of this variation and how pregnancy affect other ratios has not been fully evaluated. Here we have studied the urinary steroid profile, including 19-norandrosterone (19-NA), in 67 pregnant women and compared to postpartum. Epitestosterone was higher and, consequently, the T/E and 5αAdiol/E ratios were lower in the pregnant women. Androsterone/etiocholanolone (A/Etio) and 5αAdiol/5βAdiol, on the other hand, were higher in the first trimester as compared to postpartum (p<0.0001 and p=0.0396, respectively). There was no difference in A/T during pregnancy or after. 19-NA was present in 90.5% of the urine samples collected from pregnant women. In this study, we have shown that the steroid profile of the ABP is affected by pregnancy, and hence can cause atypical passport findings. These atypical findings would lead to unnecessary confirmation procedures, if the patterns of pregnancy are not recognized by the ABP management units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mullen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yifat Gadot
- St Michaels Hospital and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emma Eklund
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Andersson
- Doping Control Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny J Schulze
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Doping Control Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lindén Hirschberg
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Ferro P, Ventura R, Pérez-Mañá C, Farré M, Segura J. Evaluation of fibronectin 1 in one dried blood spot and in urine after rhGH treatment. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:1011-1016. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Ferro
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
| | - R. Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park; Barcelona Spain
| | - C. Pérez-Mañá
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés; Bellaterra Spain
| | - M. Farré
- Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Research Group; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics and Toxicology; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona-UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallés; Bellaterra Spain
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit; Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol-IGTP; Badalona Spain
| | - J. Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuroscience Research Program; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute); Barcelona Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences; Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park; Barcelona Spain
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9
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Palonek E, Ericsson M, Gårevik N, Rane A, Lehtihet M, Ekström L. Atypical excretion profile and GC/C/IRMS findings may last for nine months after a single dose of nandrolone decanoate. Steroids 2016; 108:105-11. [PMID: 26853157 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of the anabolic androgenic steroid nandrolone and its prohormones is prohibited in sport. A common route of nandrolone administration is intramuscular injections of a nandrolone ester. Here we have investigated the detection time of nandrolone and 19-norandrosterone and 19-noretiocholanolone metabolites in eleven healthy men after the administration of a 150 mg dose of nandrolone decanoate. The urinary concentrations of nandrolone and the metabolites were monitored by GC-MS/MS for nine months and in some samples the presence of 19-norandrosterone was confirmed by GC/C/IRMS analysis. The participants were genotyped for polymorphisms in PDE7B1 and UGT2B15 genes previously shown to influence the activation and inactivation of nandrolone decanoate. There were large inter-individual variations in the excretion rate of nandrolone and the metabolites, although not related to genetic variations in the UGT2B15 (rs1902023) and PDE7B1 (rs7774640) genes. After the administration, 19-norandrosterone was found at 2-8-fold higher concentrations than 19-noretiocholanolone. We showed that nandrolone doping can be identified 4 and 9 months after the injection of only one single dose in six and three individuals, respectively. We also noted that GC/C/IRMS confirms the presence of exogenous 19-norandrosterone in the urine samples, showing δ13 values around -32 ‰. This was true even in a sample that was not identified as an atypical finding after the GC-MS/MS analysis further showing the power of using GC/C/IRMS in routine anti-doping settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Palonek
- Doping Control Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Ericsson
- Doping Control Laboratory, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska University Hospital, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nina Gårevik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Rane
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Lehtihet
- Department of Medicine/Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet and Centre for Andrology and Sexual Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital C2:84, SE 141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Ekström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-14186 Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Kuuranne T, Saugy M, Baume N. Confounding factors and genetic polymorphism in the evaluation of individual steroid profiling. Br J Sports Med 2015; 48:848-55. [PMID: 24764553 PMCID: PMC4033181 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the fight against doping, steroid profiling is a powerful tool to detect drug misuse with endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids. To establish sensitive and reliable models, the factors influencing profiling should be recognised. We performed an extensive literature review of the multiple factors that could influence the quantitative levels and ratios of endogenous steroids in urine matrix. For a comprehensive and scientific evaluation of the urinary steroid profile, it is necessary to define the target analytes as well as testosterone metabolism. The two main confounding factors, that is, endogenous and exogenous factors, are detailed to show the complex process of quantifying the steroid profile within WADA-accredited laboratories. Technical aspects are also discussed as they could have a significant impact on the steroid profile, and thus the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP). The different factors impacting the major components of the steroid profile must be understood to ensure scientifically sound interpretation through the Bayesian model of the ABP. Not only should the statistical data be considered but also the experts in the field must be consulted for successful implementation of the steroidal module.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories Ltd., , Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Cawley AT, George AV. Complementary stable carbon isotope ratio and amount of substance measurements in sports anti-doping. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:897-911. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Revised: 05/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adrian V. George
- School of Chemistry; University of Sydney; Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
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12
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Current Awareness in Drug Testing and Analysis. Drug Test Anal 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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