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Marcos J, Pozo OJ. Current LC-MS methods and procedures applied to the identification of new steroid metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 162:41-56. [PMID: 26709140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The study of the metabolism of steroids has a long history; from the first characterizations of the major metabolites of steroidal hormones in the pre-chromatographic era, to the latest discoveries of new forms of excretions. The introduction of mass spectrometers coupled to gas chromatography at the end of the 1960's represented a major breakthrough for the elucidation of new metabolites. In the last two decades, this technique is being complemented by the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition of becoming fundamental in clinical steroid determinations due to its excellent specificity, throughput and sensitivity, LC-MS has emerged as an exceptional tool for the discovery of new steroid metabolites. The aim of the present review is to provide an overview of the current LC-MS procedures used in the quest of novel metabolic products of steroidal hormones and exogenous steroids. Several aspects regarding LC separations are first outlined, followed by a description of the key processes that take place in the mass spectrometric analysis, i.e. the ionization of the steroids in the source and the fragmentation of the selected precursor ions in the collision cell. The different analyzers and approaches employed together with representative examples of each of them are described. Special emphasis is placed on triple quadrupole analyzers (LC-MS/MS), since they are the most commonly employed. Examples on the use of precursor ion scan, neutral loss scan and theoretical selected reaction monitoring strategies are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Marcos
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain; Toxicology Department, Labco Diagnostics, Verge de Guadalupe 18, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Polet M, Van Gansbeke W, Van Eenoo P, Deventer K. Efficient approach for the detection and identification of new androgenic metabolites by applying SRM GC-CI-MS/MS: a methandienone case study. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2016; 51:524-534. [PMID: 27434811 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) is a vital issue in doping control and toxicology, and searching for metabolites with longer detection times remains an important task. Recently, a gas chromatography chemical ionization triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-CI-MS/MS) method was introduced, and CI, in comparison with electron ionization (EI), proved to be capable of increasing the sensitivity significantly. In addition, correlations between AAS structure and fragmentation behavior could be revealed. This enables the search for previously unknown but expected metabolites by selection of their predicted transitions. The combination of both factors allows the setup of an efficient approach to search for new metabolites. The approach uses selected reaction monitoring which is inherently more sensitive than full scan or precursor ion scan. Additionally, structural information obtained from the structure specific CI fragmentation pattern facilitates metabolite identification. The procedure was demonstrated by a methandienone case study. Its metabolites have been studied extensively in the past, and this allowed an adequate evaluation of the efficiency of the approach. Thirty three metabolites were detected, including all relevant previously discovered metabolites. In our study, the previously reported long-term metabolite (18-nor-17β-hydroxymethyl,17α-methyl-androst-1,4,13-trien-3-one) could be detected up to 26 days by using GC-CI-MS/MS. The study proves the validity of the approach to search for metabolites of new synthetic AAS and new long-term metabolites of less studied AAS and illustrates the increase in sensitivity by using CI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Polet
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Wim Van Gansbeke
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | - Koen Deventer
- Ghent University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Doping Control Laboratory, Technologiepark 30 B, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
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Geng C, Yin J, Yu X, Yang Y, Liu J, Sun D, Chen F, Wei Z, Meng Q, Liu J. Structural identification of neopanaxadiol metabolites in rats by ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:283-294. [PMID: 26411626 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neopanaxadiol (NPD) is one of the major ginsenosides in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) that has been suggested to be a drug candidate against Alzheimer's disease. However, few data are available regarding its metabolism in rats. METHODS In this study, a method of ultraperformance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOFMS) was developed to identify major metabolites of NPD in the stomach, intestine, urine and feces of rats, with the aim of determining the main metabolic pathways of NPD in rats after oral administration. RESULTS UPLC/QTOFMS revealed two metabolites in the stomach of rats, one metabolite in the intestine and two metabolites in feces. One metabolite, named M2, was isolated and purified from rats feces, which was identified as (20S,22S)-dammar-22,25-epoxy-3β,12β,20-triol based on extensive NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry data. The main metabolites of NPD in rats were the products of epoxidation, dehydrogenation and hydroxylation. NPD was predominantly metabolized by 20,22-double-bond epoxidation and rearrangement to yield an expoxidation product (M2). CONCLUSIONS Based on the profiles of the metabolites, possible metabolic pathways of NPD in rats were proposed for the first time. This study provides new and available information on the metabolism of NPD, which is indispensable for further research on metabolic pathways of dammarane ginsengenins in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Geng
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medicine University, 467 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, P.R. China
| | - Jianyuan Yin
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Xiuhua Yu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
- Chinese Medicine Research Center, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, 1478 Gongnong Road, Changchun, 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yuxia Yang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jingyan Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Dandan Sun
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Fanbo Chen
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Zhonglin Wei
- College of Chemistry, Jilin University, 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun, 130012, P.R. China
| | - Qin Meng
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Jilin University, 1266 Fujin Road, Changchun, 130021, P.R. China
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:1-19. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory, United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14; 00380; Helsinki; Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Cologne; Germany
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