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Hammouda MM, Elattar KM, Rashed MM, Osman AMA. Synthesis, biological activities, and future perspectives of steroidal monocyclic pyridines. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1934-1972. [PMID: 37859725 PMCID: PMC10583814 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00411b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroidal pyridines are a class of compounds that have been the subject of extensive research in recent years due to their potential biological activities. The introduction of a pyridine ring into the steroid skeleton can significantly alter the chemical and biological properties of the compound, making it more potent and/or selective for a particular target. Different synthetic methods have been developed for the preparation of steroidal pyridines. This review provides an overview of the synthesis, biological activities, and future perspectives of steroidal monocyclic dihydropyridines, tetrahydropyridines, and pyridines from 2005 to the present. The different synthetic methods that have been developed for the preparation of these steroids are discussed, as well as the proposed mechanisms and the biological activities that have been reported. Finally, the potential of steroidal monocyclic pyridines for the development of new drugs is discussed. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the field of steroidal monocyclic pyridines for researchers and scientists who are interested in this area of research. It is also hoped that this review will stimulate further research into the synthesis and biological activities of steroidal pyridines to develop new and improved drugs for the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Hammouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Khaled M Elattar
- Unit of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201010655354
| | - Marwa M Rashed
- Toxicology Department, Mansoura Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Amany M A Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University Shebin El-Koam Egypt
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2
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Sharma K, Kumar H. Formation of nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocycles on steroidal ring system: A review. Steroids 2023; 191:109171. [PMID: 36581085 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Steroidal heterocyclic compounds constitute interesting and promising scaffolds for drug discovery as they have displayed diverse chemical reactivity and several types of biological activities. This study is a concise report on the most recent advancements in the chemistry of the steroid skeleton, including reactions at the A, B, and D ring systems. The modern synthetic methods for the steroidal nitrogen-containing six-membered heterocyclic derivatives from 3-keto-, 6-keto-, 17-keto-, and 20-keto-steroids, as well as 2-Aldo-, 4-Aldo-, 6-Aldo-, and 16-Aldo-steroids, are discussed. However, some other methods for the synthesis of steroidal N-containing 6-membered heterocyclic derivatives are also included. These compounds have shown therapeutic potential as cytotoxic agents against various cell lines and have also shown antiproliferative, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. Therefore, they could be used as prospective candidates for the development of various medications. This paper not only describes synthetic details involved in creating N-containing 6-membered heterocyclic steroid derivatives, but also provides a brief overview of the medicinal applications of these compounds. This information will be highly useful for the medicinal chemists conducting research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamlesh Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India.
| | - Himanshi Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shree Guru Gobind Singh Tricentenary University, Gurugram 122505, Haryana, India
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Ghosh T, Biswas D, Bhakta S. Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis of Fused Carbo- and Heterocycles: Recent Advances. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200725. [PMID: 36065137 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The use of palladium catalysts in fused ring synthesis has been increasingly noteworthy in recent years in organic synthesis. It has a lot of potential compared to other transition metal catalysts, because of its one-of-a-kind feature that makes them more widely applicable in a variety of disciplines application. Palladium is important in a variety of Heck processes, including intramolecular, intermolecular, and reductive Heck reactions, which produce diverse carbocycles and heterocycles of biological importance. Under optimal reaction conditions, carbocyclization or heterocyclization occurs, resulting in the production of numerous structural building blocks of naturally occurring compounds. Beside intramolecular Heck-type reactions, cycloaddition, cycloalkylation, oxidative coupling, C-H functionalization, cross-coupling reactions, and carboamidation reactions have also been employed extensively to access fused carbo- and heterocycles of immense biological importance. This review article provides a well-summarized discussion (since 2001) on fused carbo- and heterocycle ring synthesis using palladium catalysts, overviewing their applications, and mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Ghosh
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Sciences, Simhat, Haringhata, 741249, Haringhata, INDIA
| | - Diptam Biswas
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Chemistry, INDIA
| | - Sayantika Bhakta
- Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Applied Chemistry, INDIA
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Ispán D, Varga B, Balogh S, Zsirka B, Gömöry Á, Skoda‐Földes R. Claisen‐Schmidt Condensation and Domino Claisen‐Schmidt Condensation ‐ Michael Addition of 16‐Formyl Steroids in the Presence of Switchable Polarity Solvents. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Ispán
- Research Group of Organic Synthesis and Catalysis University of Pannonia Egyetem u. 10. (P.O.Box 158) H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
| | - Bence Varga
- Research Group of Organic Synthesis and Catalysis University of Pannonia Egyetem u. 10. (P.O.Box 158) H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Balogh
- NMR Laboratory University of Pannonia Egyetem u. 10 H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
| | - Balázs Zsirka
- Research Group for Surfaces and Nanostructures University of Pannonia Egyetem u. 10 H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
| | - Ágnes Gömöry
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences Eötvös Loránd Research Network Magyar tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Rita Skoda‐Földes
- Research Group of Organic Synthesis and Catalysis University of Pannonia Egyetem u. 10. (P.O.Box 158) H-8200 Veszprém Hungary
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Saranya S, Rohit KR, Radhika S, Anilkumar G. Palladium-catalyzed multicomponent reactions: an overview. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:8048-8061. [PMID: 31410440 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01538h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This first review on this topic focuses on the developments in the chemistry of Pd-catalyzed multi-component reactions (MCRs). MCRs are generally atom economic, ideal and eco-friendly reactions, and often the final products are generated almost without any by-products. In this review, the developments in Pd-catalyzed MCRs are categorized based on the products formed such as acyclic compounds, carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds and miscellaneous compounds. MCRs have great applications in various fields like medicinal chemistry, combinatorial synthesis, heterocyclic chemistry etc. and this review covers the literature up to 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Saranya
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India.
| | - K R Rohit
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India.
| | - Sankaran Radhika
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India.
| | - Gopinathan Anilkumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India. and Advanced Molecular Materials Research Centre (AMMRC), Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P O, Kottayam, Kerala 686 560, India
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C. Boruah R, S. Nongthombam G. Divergent Synthesis of Steroid Analogs from Steroidal β-Formylenamides, Conjugated Enones and β-Formylvinyl Halides. HETEROCYCLES 2019. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-18-898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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7
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Bardasov IN, Alekseeva AU, Chunikhin SS, Tafeenko VA, Ershov OV. Three-component synthesis and optical properties of triarylpyridines containing a buta-1,3-diene-1,1,3-tricarbonitrile fragment. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Czajkowska-Szczykowska D, Morzycki JW, Wojtkielewicz A. Pd-catalyzed steroid reactions. Steroids 2015; 97:13-44. [PMID: 25173819 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We review the most important achievements of the last decade in the field of steroid synthesis in the presence of palladium catalysts. Various palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, including Heck, Suzuki, Stille, Sonogashira, Negishi and others, are exemplified with steroid transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek W Morzycki
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Białystok, Hurtowa 1, 15-399 Białystok, Poland.
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Saikia P, Gogoi S, Gogoi S, Boruah RC. An efficient route for annulation of pyrimidines to steroids and non-steroids via a base catalyzed one-pot three component reaction. Steroids 2014; 88:1-6. [PMID: 24973635 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A facile strategy for the synthesis of steroidal A- and D-ring fused pyrimidines has been accomplished in high yields via a one-pot reaction of steroidal ketones, aromatic aldehydes and amidine derivatives in presence of potassium tert-butoxide in refluxing ethanol. The generality of the reaction was also extended to non-steroidal ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Saikia
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Shyamalee Gogoi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India
| | - Sanjib Gogoi
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India.
| | - Romesh C Boruah
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India.
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Maleki B, Ashrafi SS. Nano α-Al2O3supported ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NH4H2PO4/Al2O3): preparation, characterization and its application as a novel and heterogeneous catalyst for the one-pot synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[b]pyran and pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole derivatives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07813f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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11
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Shekarrao K, Kaishap PP, Gogoi S, Gogoi S, Boruah RC. A facile synthesis of steroidal D-ring fused pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.07.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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12
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A facile one-pot synthesis of 7-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines by base induced three-component reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Mohareb RM, Al-Omran F, Azzam RA. Heterocyclic ring extension of estrone: synthesis and cytotoxicity of fused pyran, pyrimidine and thiazole derivatives. Steroids 2014; 84:46-56. [PMID: 24686206 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The one pot reaction of estrone with the aromatic aldehydes 2a-c and either of malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate afforded the fused pyran derivatives 4a-f. On the other hand, carrying the same reaction using thiourea instead of the cyanomethylene reagent gave the fused pyrimidine derivatives 6a-c. The latter compounds reacted with phenacyl bromide to give the thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidine derivatives 8a-c. The reaction of the title compound with bromine gave the monobromo derivative 13 which in turn reacted with either thiourea or cyanothioacetamide to give the thiazole derivatives 14 and 16, respectively. The cytotoxicity of the newly synthesized products was evaluated against six human cancer and normal cell lines where the results showed that compounds 4c, 4f, 6b, 8b, 8c, 10, 13, 16, 18c and 19c exhibited optimal cytotoxic effect against the cancer cell lines, with IC50's in the nM range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafat M Mohareb
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, A.R., Egypt.
| | - Fatima Al-Omran
- Department of Chemistry, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 5969, 13060 Safat, Kuwait
| | - Rasha A Azzam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, A.R., Egypt
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Kaishap PP, Shekarrao K, Saikia P, Gogoi S, Boruah RC. A facile synthesis of benzo[b][1,4]thiazepine derivatives by palladium acetate catalyzed reaction. Tetrahedron Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.01.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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