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Sun Y, Gao P, Zhu L, Li Z, Zhao R, Li C, Shan L. Synthesis and biological evaluation of 17-cyanopyridine derivatives of pregnenolone as potential anti-prostate cancer agents. Steroids 2021; 171:108841. [PMID: 33901535 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2021.108841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of new 17-cyanopyridine derivatives of pregnenolone have been synthesized, and their anti-proliferative activities against different human cancer cell lines were tested. The extensive structure-activity relationship (SAR) data suggested that the introduction of 2-amino-4-aryl-3-cyanopyridine to the D ring of pregnenolone may increase the anti-cancer activity. Among the products, the most potent compound 4j exhibited good growth inhibition against all the tested cells especially for PC- 3 cells with an IC50 value of 2.0 μM. Further mechanistic studies showed that 4j inhibited the formation of cell colonies and migration, increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PC-3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner, and induced necroptosis through the phosphorylation of receptor interacting protein 1/3 (P-RIP1/3) and phosphorylation of mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (P-MLKL) pathway. The 17-pregnenolone cyanopyridine derivatives hold promising potential as anti-proliferative agents, and the most potent compound could be used as a starting point for the development of new steroidal heterocycles with improved anticancer potency and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China
| | - Peipei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Taiyuan Central Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, No. 5, Dong San Dao Xiang, Jiefang Road, Taiyuan 030009, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China
| | - Ruiyun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China
| | - Congyu Li
- Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Lihong Shan
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, China.
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Yang YT, Du S, Wang S, Jia X, Wang X, Zhang X. Synthesis of new steroidal quinolines with antitumor properties. Steroids 2019; 151:108465. [PMID: 31351940 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The incorporation of the heterocycles into the steroid nucleus has been recognized as a useful strategy to develop new steroidal agents for disease treatment. Representative examples are abiraterone and galeterone, which are presently used in clinic for the treatment of advanced prostate cancers. Herein we have developed the first Al2O3/KF-promoted pfitzinger reactions for the synthesis of new steroidal quinolines. These new steroidal quinolines showed moderate to good antiproliferative activity against several human lung cancer cells. Of these compounds, compound 2f exhibited the best potency toward the tested three lung cancer cells with IC50 values <10 μM. Mechanistic studies showed that compound 2f concentration-dependently inhibited colony formation, morphological changes, apoptosis, and migration of A549 cells. To conclude, compound 2f could be used as a hit compound for developing steroid-based anti-lung cancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Tao Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Shuzhang Du
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xuedong Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China.
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3
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Yuan S, Yu B, Liu H. Brønsted Acid‐Catalyzed Direct C(
sp
2
)−H Heteroarylation Enabling the Synthesis of Structurally Diverse Biaryl Derivatives. Adv Synth Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201801226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yuan
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China E-mail: zzuyubin.weebly.com
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University)Ministry of Education of China Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China E-mail: zzuyubin.weebly.com
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University)Ministry of Education of China Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
- State key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical BiotechnologyNanjing University Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu People's Republic of China
| | - Hong‐Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China E-mail: zzuyubin.weebly.com
- Co-Innovation Center of Henan Province for New Drug R & D and Preclinical Safety Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology of Drug Preparation Technologies (Zhengzhou University)Ministry of Education of China Zhengzhou 450001 People's Republic of China
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Wang SQ, Zhou KR, Shi XL, Lv HF, Bie LY, Zhao WJ, Chen XB. Steroidal dimer by001 inhibits proliferation and migration of esophageal cancer cells via multiple mechanisms. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2018; 83:179-189. [PMID: 30406839 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-018-3715-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential inhibitory effects of structurally novel steroidal dimer by001 in esophageal cancer in vitro. METHODS The cytotoxicity of by001 on esophageal, gastric, neuroblastoma and prostate cancer cells was examined MTT assay and colony formation assay. By001 induced apoptosis and production of intracellular reactive oxygen species on esophageal cancer cells Ec109, TE-1 and human normal gastric epithelial cells GES-1 was detected by flow cytometry. The effect of by001 on mitochondrial membrane potential was detected by fluorescence microscope through JC-1 staining. The level of intracellular reactive oxygen species was measured by fluorescence microscope and flow cytometry via DCFH-DA staining. The effect of by001 on members of Bcl-2 family, Fas, LC3, PARP and caspases was determined by Western blot. The effect of by001 on migration was measured by transwell assay. RESULTS By001 effectively inhibited proliferation of esophageal, gastric, neuroblastoma and prostate cancer cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in vitro. By001 reduced the number and the size of colonies at low micromolar concentrations, elevated cellular ROS levels and caused mitochondrial dysfunction in esophageal cancer cells. Molecular mechanistic studies showed that by001 triggered apoptosis through regulating members of Bcl-2 family and Fas. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that by001 may inhibited proliferation of esophageal cancer cells through mitochondria and death receptor-mediated apoptotic pathways, autophagy induction, as well as suppressed migration of esophageal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Qi Wang
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Kai-Rui Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Hui-Fang Lv
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Liang-Yu Bie
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Wei-Jie Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Chen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, No. 127, Dongming Road, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
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Shi YK, Wang B, Shi XL, Zhao YD, Yu B, Liu HM. Synthesis and biological evaluation of new steroidal pyridines as potential anti-prostate cancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 145:11-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.12.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Ansari A, Ali A, Asif M, Shamsuzzaman S. Microwave-assisted MgO NP catalyzed one-pot multicomponent synthesis of polysubstituted steroidal pyridines. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03742b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
MgO NPs were proved to be a highly efficient catalyst for mild and clean conversion of steroids to steroidal heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anam Ansari
- Steroid Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202 002
- India
| | - Abad Ali
- Steroid Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202 002
- India
| | - Mohd Asif
- Steroid Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Aligarh Muslim University
- Aligarh 202 002
- India
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Fu DJ, Liu YC, Yang JJ, Zhang J, Xiong CD, Cao ZS, Yin XX, Wei W, Zhang YB. Design and Synthesis of Sulfonamide-1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives Bearing a Dithiocarbamate Moiety as Antiproliferative Agents. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.3184/174751917x15027935057950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of nine novel 1-(4′-sulfamoylphenyl)-1,2,3-triazole derivatives bearing a 4-dithiocarbamylmethyl moiety were designed using the molecular hybridisation approach and synthesised by alkyne/azide click chemistry. Most of the synthesised compounds exhibited moderate to good antiproliferative activity against oesophagus, gastric and prostate cancer cell lines, but a compound containing a 4-( t-butoxycarbonyl)piperazinylthiocarbonyl moiety showed the highest activity. Against a prostate cancer cell line, it had an IC50 value of 2.4 μM, about 10-fold more active than 5-flurouracil. This work shows that novel sulfonamide-1,2,3-triazole derivatives bearing a dithiocarbamate moiety linked to a 4-substituted piperazine are promising lead compounds for the development of antitumour agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Fu
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Chao Liu
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Jia Yang
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Ji Zhang
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Chao-Dong Xiong
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Zhu-Song Cao
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Xu-Xu Yin
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Bing Zhang
- New Drug Research and Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, P.R. China
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Zhang YL, Li YF, Shi XL, Yu B, Shi YK, Liu HM. Solvent-free synthesis of novel steroidal 2-aminopyridines. Steroids 2016; 115:147-153. [PMID: 27639101 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of novel steroidal 3-cyano-2-aminopyridines using enaminonitrile and various primary amines was established under solvent-free condition. Structures of the new compounds were characterized by MS, 1H and 13C NMR data and the structure of 2-aminopyridine of the product 5b was further confirmed by X-ray analysis. The reaction mechanism was proposed on the basis of the key intermediate obtained. The adjacent amine and nitrile groups existed in the final products have the potential for late stage functionalization, which would provide efficient access to steroidal compound collections with structural diversity and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, No. 100, KeXue DaDao, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang, Henan Province 461000, PR China
| | - Ya-Fei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, No. 100, KeXue DaDao, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Li Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, No. 100, KeXue DaDao, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, No. 100, KeXue DaDao, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yun-Kai Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, No. 100, KeXue DaDao, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Henan Province, No. 100, KeXue DaDao, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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9
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Efficient synthesis of new antiproliferative steroidal hybrids using the molecular hybridization approach. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 117:241-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Zhang YL, Li YF, Wang JW, Yu B, Shi YK, Liu HM. Multicomponent assembly of novel antiproliferative steroidal dihydropyridinyl spirooxindoles. Steroids 2016; 109:22-8. [PMID: 26976211 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent assembly of steroidal dihydropyridinyl spirooxindoles from pregnenolone, isatins, malononitrile, and ammonium acetate is described, which involves the formation of two C-C bonds, two C-N bonds, and an all-carbon quaternary stereogenic center in a single operation. MTT assays showed that some of these compounds had moderate to excellent cytotoxicity against the tested cancer cell lines and were more potent than 5-FU. Particularly, compound 5o represented excellent inhibitory effect toward EC-109 (IC50=0.3 μM), being about 33-fold more potent than 5-FU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ling Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xuchang University, Xuchang 461000, PR China
| | - Ya-Fei Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Jun-Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yun-Kai Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Zhengzhou University and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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