1
|
Kuroe M, Yamazaki T, Saito N, Shimizu Y, Ihara T, Numata M, Itoh N. Development of 3β,4α-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one standard solution for doping analyses. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38605570 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Doping analyses are essential for sporting events because some athletes might use prohibited substances to win games. To obtain reliable results from doping analyses, it is important to use both reliable standard solutions and validated analytical methods at accredited laboratories. Among the focused compounds related to prohibited substances listed by the World Anti-Doping Agency, we developed a certified reference material (CRM) for 3β,4α-dihydroxy-5α-androstan-17-one (DHAS), a metabolite of formestane that is used to conceal prohibited anabolic steroids, in methanol solution (NMIJ CRM 6212-a). To develop a CRM traceable to the International System of Units (SI), we newly applied different analytical methods with an SI-traceable internal standard for quantitative NMR (qNMR) instead of mass balance approach because this CRM solution was required to develop rapidly using a limited amount of high-purity DHAS. One method was gravimetric blending using the purity of DHAS powder evaluated by both qNMR and a combination of qNMR and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the other was direct quantification of the DHAS mass fraction in the candidate solution CRM by both qNMR and qNMR/HPLC. Because the values obtained by gravimetric blending and direct quantification of the mass fraction were comparable, the arithmetic mean was applied to obtain the certified value. Considering homogeneity and stability according to ISO Guide 35: 2017, the certified values with expanded uncertainties (coverage factor k = 2, approximate 95% confidence interval) were (135.2 ± 9.5) μg/g for the mass fraction and (107.0 ± 7.5) μg/ml for the mass concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miho Kuroe
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taichi Yamazaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Naoki Saito
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Shimizu
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toshihide Ihara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiko Numata
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobuyasu Itoh
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Garcia JF, Seco-Calvo J, Arribalzaga S, Díez R, Lopez C, Fernandez MN, Garcia JJ, Diez MJ, de la Puente R, Sierra M, Sahagún AM. Online information and availability of three doping substances (anabolic agents) in sports: role of pharmacies. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1305080. [PMID: 38111382 PMCID: PMC10725911 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1305080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The Internet has become an important source for easy access to doping substances, where people and athletes may acquire, outside pharmacies and without a (medical) prescription. These online websites do not always offer quality-assured products, and are outside the regular distribution channels of medicines. The aim of this study was to estimate the availability and accessible information on the Internet about the sale of three doping substances (oxandrolone, DHEA, androstenedione). Methods: Cross-sectional exploratory study, being an observation at a point in time of the online availability of these three doping substances (WADA S1 category: anabolic agents), purchased from Spain, Puerto Rico, Canada, United States, Ukraine and Russia. The characteristics of the websites, the countries the webs sold to, the pharmaceutical forms offered and the recommendations for its use were analyzed by using a computer tool designed ad hoc. Results: There were significant differences between countries in the number of webpages that sold the products (Chi-square test, p < 0.05). Oxandrolone was available for purchase mainly when buying from Spain (27.12%) and Ukraine (26.58%), in websites dedicated to sports (77.26%). For DHEA, most of the pages offered it if the search was done from Canada (23.34%) and Russia (21.44%). Products containing androstenedione or DHEA are claimed to enhance sports performance or for sports use without providing details. Compared to the total number of websites checked, the proportion of pharmacies offering these products was low, ranging from 4.86% for DHEA to 15.79% for androstenedione. Conclusion: The three substances selected are easily available without control through the Internet. Only a small number of websites offering them were online pharmacies, and requested a prescription. Most of the doping substances are purchased from the country where they are requested. Product information described benefits for sports performance, but did not do the same with their side effects. It would be advisable for these products to be sold through pharmacies, to guarantee their quality and provide evidence-based information on their safe use, benefits and risks, and only with a prescription. Athletes should be encouraged to consult health professionals about those supplements suitable for their type of training and sports objectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Garcia
- Department of Mechanical, Informatics, and Aerospatiale Engineering, University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Jesús Seco-Calvo
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Basque Country University, Leioa, Spain
| | - Soledad Arribalzaga
- Physiotherapy Department, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Raquel Díez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Cristina Lopez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - M. Nelida Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Juan J. Garcia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - M. Jose Diez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Raul de la Puente
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Matilde Sierra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| | - Ana M. Sahagún
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED), University of Leon, Leon, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kollmeier AS, de la Torre X, Müller C, Botrè F, Parr MK. In-depth gas chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry fragmentation analysis of formestane and evaluation of mass spectral discrimination of isomeric 3-keto-4-ene hydroxy steroids. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8937. [PMID: 32876355 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The aromatase inhibitor formestane (4-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione) is included in the World Anti-Doping Agency's List of Prohibited Substances in Sport. However, it also occurs endogenously as do its 2-, 6- and 11-hydroxy isomers. The aim of this study is to distinguish the different isomers using gas chromatography/electron ionization mass spectrometry (GC/EI-MS) for enhanced confidence in detection and selectivity for determination. METHODS Established derivatization protocols to introduce [2 H9 ]TMS were followed to generate perdeuterotrimethylsilylated and mixed deuterated derivatives for nine different hydroxy steroids, all with 3-keto-4-ene structure. Formestane was additionally labelled with H2 18 O to obtain derivatives doubly labelled with [2 H9 ]TMS and 18 O. GC/EI-MS spectra of labelled and unlabelled TMS derivatives were compared. Proposals for the generation of fragment ions were substantiated by high-resolution MS (GC/QTOFMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) experiments. RESULTS Subclass-specific fragment ions include m/z 319 for the 6-hydroxy and m/z 219 for the 11-hydroxy compounds. Ions at m/z 415, 356, 341, 313, 269 and 267 were indicative for the 2- and 4-hydroxy compounds. For their discrimination the transition m/z 503 → 269 was selective for formestane. In 2-, 4- and 6-hydroxy steroids loss of a TMSO radical takes place as cleavage of a TMS-derived methyl radical and a neutral loss of (CH3 )2 SiO. Further common fragments were also elucidated. CONCLUSIONS With the help of stable isotope labelling, the structures of postulated diagnostic fragment ions for the different steroidal subclasses were elucidated. 18 O-labelling of the other compounds will be addressed in future studies to substantiate the obtained findings. To increase method sensitivity MS3 may be suitable in future bioanalytical applications requiring discrimination of the 2- and 4-hydroxy compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christian Müller
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Fabeckstr. 34-36, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping FSMI, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, Rome, 00197, Italy
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H. Annual banned‐substance review – Analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:7-26. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research ‐ Institute of Biochemistry German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents Cologne Germany
| |
Collapse
|