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Anila MM, Rogowski P, Różycki B. Scrutinising the Conformational Ensemble of the Intrinsically Mixed-Folded Protein Galectin-3. Molecules 2024; 29:2768. [PMID: 38930833 PMCID: PMC11207097 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Galectin-3 is a protein involved in many intra- and extra-cellular processes. It has been identified as a diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for certain types of heart disease, kidney disease and cancer. Galectin-3 comprises a carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) and an N-terminal domain (NTD), which is unstructured and contains eight collagen-like Pro-Gly-rich tandem repeats. While the structure of the CRD has been solved using protein crystallography, current knowledge about conformations of full-length galectin-3 is limited. To fill in this knowledge gap, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of full-length galectin-3. We systematically re-scaled the solute-solvent interactions in the Martini 3 force field to obtain the best possible agreement between available data from SAXS experiments and the ensemble of conformations generated in the MD simulations. The simulation conformations were found to be very diverse, as reflected, e.g., by (i) large fluctuations in the radius of gyration, ranging from about 2 to 5 nm, and (ii) multiple transient contacts made by amino acid residues in the NTD. Consistent with evidence from NMR experiments, contacts between the CRD and NTD were observed to not involve the carbohydrate-binding site on the CRD surface. Contacts within the NTD were found to be made most frequently by aromatic residues. Formation of fuzzy complexes with unspecific stoichiometry was observed to be mediated mostly by the NTD. Taken together, we offer a detailed picture of the conformational ensemble of full-length galectin-3, which will be important for explaining the biological functions of this protein at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bartosz Różycki
- Institute of Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.A.); (P.R.)
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2
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Stahl F, Evert BO, Han X, Breuer P, Wüllner U. Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3 Pathophysiology-Implications for Translational Research and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3984. [PMID: 38612794 PMCID: PMC11012515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) comprise a group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases. Machado-Joseph Disease (MJD) or spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3) is the most common autosomal dominant form, caused by the expansion of CAG repeats within the ataxin-3 (ATXN3) gene. This mutation results in the expression of an abnormal protein containing long polyglutamine (polyQ) stretches that confers a toxic gain of function and leads to misfolding and aggregation of ATXN3 in neurons. As a result of the neurodegenerative process, SCA3 patients are severely disabled and die prematurely. Several screening approaches, e.g., druggable genome-wide and drug library screenings have been performed, focussing on the reduction in stably overexpressed ATXN3(polyQ) protein and improvement in the resultant toxicity. Transgenic overexpression models of toxic ATXN3, however, missed potential modulators of endogenous ATXN3 regulation. In another approach to identify modifiers of endogenous ATXN3 expression using a CRISPR/Cas9-modified SK-N-SH wild-type cell line with a GFP-T2A-luciferase (LUC) cassette under the control of the endogenous ATXN3 promotor, four statins were identified as potential activators of expression. We here provide an overview of the high throughput screening approaches yet performed to find compounds or genomic modifiers of ATXN3(polyQ) toxicity in different SCA3 model organisms and cell lines to ameliorate and halt SCA3 progression in patients. Furthermore, the putative role of cholesterol in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) in general and SCA3 in particular is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Stahl
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Bernd O. Evert
- Departments of Neurology and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.O.E.); (X.H.); (P.B.)
| | - Xinyu Han
- Departments of Neurology and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.O.E.); (X.H.); (P.B.)
| | - Peter Breuer
- Departments of Neurology and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.O.E.); (X.H.); (P.B.)
| | - Ullrich Wüllner
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Disease (DZNE), 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- Departments of Neurology and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (B.O.E.); (X.H.); (P.B.)
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3
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Smith KP, Chakravarthy S, Rahi A, Chakraborty M, Vosberg KM, Tonelli M, Plach MG, Grigorescu AA, Curtis JE, Varma D. SAXS/MC studies of the mixed-folded protein Cdt1 reveal monomeric, folded over conformations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.03.573975. [PMID: 38260441 PMCID: PMC10802334 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.03.573975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Cdt1 is a protein critical for DNA replication licensing and is well-established to be a binding partner of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex. Cdt1 has also been demonstrated to have an emerging, "moonlighting" role at the kinetochore via direct binding to microtubules and to the Ndc80 complex. However, it is not known how the structure and conformations of Cdt1 could allow for these multiple, completely unique sets of protein complexes. And while there exist multiple robust methods to study entirely folded or entirely unfolded proteins, structure-function studies of combined, mixed folded/disordered proteins remain challenging. It this work, we employ multiple orthogonal biophysical and computational techniques to provide a detailed structural characterization of human Cdt1 92-546. DSF and DSCD show both folded winged helix (WH) domains of Cdt1 are relatively unstable. CD and NMR show the N-terminal and the linker regions are intrinsically disordered. Using DLS and SEC-MALS, we show that Cdt1 is polydisperse, monomeric at high concentrations, and without any apparent inter-molecular self-association. SEC-SAXS of the monomer in solution enabled computational modeling of the protein in silico. Using the program SASSIE, we performed rigid body Monte Carlo simulations to generate a conformational ensemble. Using experimental SAXS data, we filtered for conformations which did and did not fit our data. We observe that neither fully extended nor extremely compact Cdt1 conformations are consistent with our SAXS data. The best fit models have the N-terminal and linker regions extended into solution and the two folded domains close to each other in apparent "folded over" conformations. The best fit Cdt1 conformations are consistent with a function as a scaffold protein which may be sterically blocked without the presence of binding partners. Our studies also provide a template for combining experimental and computational biophysical techniques to study mixed-folded proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle P Smith
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Present Address, Xylia Therapeutics, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Srinivas Chakravarthy
- Biophysics Collaborative Access Team, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Amit Rahi
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Manas Chakraborty
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kristen M Vosberg
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Marco Tonelli
- National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison, Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | | | - Arabela A Grigorescu
- Keck Biophysics Facility, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60201, USA
| | - Joseph E Curtis
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 6102, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, United States
| | - Dileep Varma
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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4
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Barbosa Pereira PJ, Manso JA, Macedo-Ribeiro S. The structural plasticity of polyglutamine repeats. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102607. [PMID: 37178477 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
From yeast to humans, polyglutamine (polyQ) repeat tracts are found frequently in the proteome and are particularly prominent in the activation domains of transcription factors. PolyQ is a polymorphic motif that modulates functional protein-protein interactions and aberrant self-assembly. Expansion of the polyQ repeated sequences beyond critical physiological repeat length thresholds triggers self-assembly and is linked to severe pathological implications. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on the structures of polyQ tracts in the soluble and aggregated states and discusses the influence of neighboring regions on polyQ secondary structure, aggregation, and fibril morphologies. The influence of the genetic context of the polyQ-encoding trinucleotides is briefly discussed as a challenge for future endeavors in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal.
| | - José A Manso
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- IBMC - Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
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5
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Liu G, Ekmen E, Jalalypour F, Mertens HDT, Jeffries CM, Svergun D, Atilgan AR, Atilgan C, Sayers Z. Conformational multiplicity of bacterial ferric binding protein revealed by small angle x-ray scattering and molecular dynamics calculations. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:085101. [PMID: 36859088 DOI: 10.1063/5.0136558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study combines molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements to investigate the range of conformations that can be adopted by a pH/ionic strength (IS) sensitive protein and to quantify its distinct populations in solution. To explore how the conformational distribution of proteins may be modified in the environmental niches of biological media, we focus on the periplasmic ferric binding protein A (FbpA) from Haemophilus influenzae involved in the mechanism by which bacteria capture iron from higher organisms. We examine iron-binding/release mechanisms of FbpA in varying conditions simulating its biological environment. While we show that these changes fall within the detectable range for SAXS as evidenced by differences observed in the theoretical scattering patterns calculated from the crystal structure models of apo and holo forms, detection of conformational changes due to the point mutation D52A and changes in ionic strength (IS) from SAXS scattering profiles have been challenging. Here, to reach conclusions, statistical analyses with SAXS profiles and results from different techniques were combined in a complementary fashion. The SAXS data complemented by size exclusion chromatography point to multiple and/or alternative conformations at physiological IS, whereas they are well-explained by single crystallographic structures in low IS buffers. By fitting the SAXS data with unique conformations sampled by a series of MD simulations under conditions mimicking the buffers, we quantify the populations of the occupied substates. We also find that the D52A mutant that we predicted by coarse-grained computational modeling to allosterically control the iron binding site in FbpA, responds to the environmental changes in our experiments with conformational selection scenarios that differ from those of the wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goksin Liu
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Erhan Ekmen
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Farzaneh Jalalypour
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Haydyn D T Mertens
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Cy M Jeffries
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dmitri Svergun
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory - Hamburg Unit, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ali Rana Atilgan
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Canan Atilgan
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zehra Sayers
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Orhanli, Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Türkiye
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6
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Gama Lima Costa R, Fushman D. Reweighting methods for elucidation of conformation ensembles of proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2022; 77:102470. [PMID: 36183447 PMCID: PMC9771963 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are inherently dynamic macromolecules that exist in equilibrium among multiple conformational states, and motions of protein backbone and side chains are fundamental to biological function. The ability to characterize the conformational landscape is particularly important for intrinsically disordered proteins, multidomain proteins, and weakly bound complexes, where single-structure representations are inadequate. As the focus of structural biology shifts from relatively rigid macromolecules toward larger and more complex systems and molecular assemblies, there is a need for structural approaches that can paint a more realistic picture of such conformationally heterogeneous systems. Here, we review reweighting methods for elucidation of structural ensembles based on experimental data, with the focus on applications to multidomain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Gama Lima Costa
- Chemical Physics Program, Institute for Physical Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA.
| | - David Fushman
- Chemical Physics Program, Institute for Physical Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Biomolecular Structure and Organization, University of Maryland, College Park, 20742, MD, USA.
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7
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Karamanos TK, Kalverda AP, Radford SE. Generating Ensembles of Dynamic Misfolding Proteins. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:881534. [PMID: 35431773 PMCID: PMC9008329 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.881534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The early stages of protein misfolding and aggregation involve disordered and partially folded protein conformers that contain a high degree of dynamic disorder. These dynamic species may undergo large-scale intra-molecular motions of intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) precursors, or flexible, low affinity inter-molecular binding in oligomeric assemblies. In both cases, generating atomic level visualization of the interconverting species that captures the conformations explored and their physico-chemical properties remains hugely challenging. How specific sub-ensembles of conformers that are on-pathway to aggregation into amyloid can be identified from their aggregation-resilient counterparts within these large heterogenous pools of rapidly moving molecules represents an additional level of complexity. Here, we describe current experimental and computational approaches designed to capture the dynamic nature of the early stages of protein misfolding and aggregation, and discuss potential challenges in describing these species because of the ensemble averaging of experimental restraints that arise from motions on the millisecond timescale. We give a perspective of how machine learning methods can be used to extract aggregation-relevant sub-ensembles and provide two examples of such an approach in which specific interactions of defined species within the dynamic ensembles of α-synuclein (αSyn) and β2-microgloblulin (β2m) can be captured and investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros K. Karamanos
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sheena E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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8
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Lambrughi M, Maiani E, Aykac Fas B, Shaw GS, Kragelund BB, Lindorff-Larsen K, Teilum K, Invernizzi G, Papaleo E. Ubiquitin Interacting Motifs: Duality Between Structured and Disordered Motifs. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:676235. [PMID: 34262938 PMCID: PMC8273247 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.676235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin is a small protein at the heart of many cellular processes, and several different protein domains are known to recognize and bind ubiquitin. A common motif for interaction with ubiquitin is the Ubiquitin Interacting Motif (UIM), characterized by a conserved sequence signature and often found in multi-domain proteins. Multi-domain proteins with intrinsically disordered regions mediate interactions with multiple partners, orchestrating diverse pathways. Short linear motifs for binding are often embedded in these disordered regions and play crucial roles in modulating protein function. In this work, we investigated the structural propensities of UIMs using molecular dynamics simulations and NMR chemical shifts. Despite the structural portrait depicted by X-crystallography of stable helical structures, we show that UIMs feature both helical and intrinsically disordered conformations. Our results shed light on a new class of disordered UIMs. This group is here exemplified by the C-terminal domain of one isoform of ataxin-3 and a group of ubiquitin-specific proteases. Intriguingly, UIMs not only bind ubiquitin. They can be a recruitment point for other interactors, such as parkin and the heat shock protein Hsc70-4. Disordered UIMs can provide versatility and new functions to the client proteins, opening new directions for research on their interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Lambrughi
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Emiliano Maiani
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Burcu Aykac Fas
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gary S Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Birthe B Kragelund
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory and The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kresten Lindorff-Larsen
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory and The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaare Teilum
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory and The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gaetano Invernizzi
- Structural Biology and NMR Laboratory and The Linderstrøm-Lang Centre for Protein Science, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Cancer Systems Biology, Section for Bioinformatics, Department of Health and Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Temussi PA, Tartaglia GG, Pastore A. The seesaw between normal function and protein aggregation: How functional interactions may increase protein solubility. Bioessays 2021; 43:e2100031. [PMID: 33783021 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation has been studied for at least 3 decades, and many of the principles that regulate this event are relatively well understood. Here, however, we present a different perspective to explain why proteins aggregate: we argue that aggregation may occur as a side-effect of the lack of one or more natural partners that, under physiologic conditions, would act as chaperones. This would explain why the same surfaces that have evolved for functional purposes are also those that favour aggregation. In the course of reviewing this field, we substantiate our hypothesis with three paradigmatic examples that argue for the generality of our proposal. An obvious corollary of this hypothesis is, of course, that targeting the physiological partners of a protein could be the most direct and specific approach to designing anti-aggregation molecules. Our analysis may thus inform a different strategy for combating diseases of protein aggregation and misfolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Andrea Temussi
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, The Maurice Wohl Institute, London, UK
| | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Center for Human Technologies, Central RNA laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Charles Darwin Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- UK Dementia Research Institute at King's College London, The Maurice Wohl Institute, London, UK
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