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Vassiliadi E, Tsirigotis-Maniecka M, Symons HE, Gobbo P, Nallet F, Xenakis A, Zoumpanioti M. (Hydroxypropyl)methyl Cellulose-Chitosan Film as a Matrix for Lipase Immobilization-Part ΙΙ: Structural Studies. Gels 2022; 8:595. [PMID: 36135307 PMCID: PMC9498736 DOI: 10.3390/gels8090595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work reports on the structural study of a film made of a hybrid blend of biopolymers used as an enzyme carrier. A cellulose derivative (HPMC) and chitosan (CS) were combined in order to formulate a film on which Mucor miehei lipase was immobilized. The film was successfully used as a biocatalyst; however, little is known about the structure of the system. Therefore, small-angle X-ray scattering, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), as well as microindentation measurements, were used to shed light on the structure of the promising biocatalyst. Among the results, intermolecular hydrogen bonds were observed between the amide groups of the two polymers and the lipase. The presence of the enzyme does not seem to affect the mechanical properties of the matrix. The used film after 35 cycles of reaction seemed to be fatigued and had lost part of its humidity, explaining the reduction of the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Vassiliadi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Henry E. Symons
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Pierangelo Gobbo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Frédéric Nallet
- Centre de Recherche Paul-Pascal, University Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR 5031, 115 Avenue du Docteur-Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Zoumpanioti
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation (NHRF), 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece
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2
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Sharma A, Melo JS, Prakash R, Tejo Prakash N. Biomass suspension catalysed the generation of various alkyl esters from acid oil and virgin cottonseed oil. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2022.2107427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anirudh Sharma
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India
| | | | - Ranjana Prakash
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
| | - N. Tejo Prakash
- School of Energy & Environment, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala, India
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3
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Vassiliadi E, Aridas A, Schmitt V, Xenakis A, Zoumpanioti M. (Hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose-chitosan film as a matrix for lipase immobilization: Operational and morphological study. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Vassiliadi E, Mitsou E, Avramiotis S, Chochos CL, Pirolt F, Medebach M, Glatter O, Xenakis A, Zoumpanioti M. Structural Study of (Hydroxypropyl)Methyl Cellulose Microemulsion-Based Gels Used for Biocompatible Encapsulations. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10112204. [PMID: 33167302 PMCID: PMC7694351 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
(Hydroxypropyl)methyl cellulose (HPMC) can be used to form gels integrating a w/o microemulsion. The formulation in which a microemulsion is mixed with a hydrated HPMC matrix has been successfully used as a carrier of biocompatible ingredients. However, little is known about the structure of these systems. To elucidate this, scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the morphology and the bulk of the microemulsion-based gels (MBGs) and small-angle X-ray scattering to clarify the structure and detect any residual reverse micelles after microemulsion incorporation in the gel. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy was applied using spin probes to investigate the polar and non-polar areas of the gel. Furthermore, the enzyme-labelling technique was followed to investigate the location of an enzyme in the matrix. A structural model for HPMC matrix is proposed according to which, although a w/o microemulsion is essential to form the final gel, no microemulsion droplets can be detected after incorporation in the gel. Channels are formed by the organic solvent (oil), which are coated by surfactant molecules and a water layer in which the enzyme can be hosted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evdokia Vassiliadi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (E.M.); (S.A.); (C.L.C.); (A.X.)
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Department of Biological Applications and Technologies, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Evgenia Mitsou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (E.M.); (S.A.); (C.L.C.); (A.X.)
| | - Spyridon Avramiotis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (E.M.); (S.A.); (C.L.C.); (A.X.)
| | - Christos L. Chochos
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (E.M.); (S.A.); (C.L.C.); (A.X.)
| | - Franz Pirolt
- Anton Paar GmbH, Anton Paar Straße 20, 8054 Graz, Austria; (F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Martin Medebach
- Anton Paar GmbH, Anton Paar Straße 20, 8054 Graz, Austria; (F.P.); (M.M.)
| | - Otto Glatter
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria;
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (E.M.); (S.A.); (C.L.C.); (A.X.)
| | - Maria Zoumpanioti
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48, Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece; (E.V.); (E.M.); (S.A.); (C.L.C.); (A.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-727-3796
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Yanina IY, Svenskaya YI, Prikhozhdenko ES, Bratashov DN, Lomova MV, Gorin DA, Sukhorukov GB, Tuchin VV. Optical monitoring of adipose tissue destruction under encapsulated lipase action. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201800058. [PMID: 29900686 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201800058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic destruction of adipose tissue has been achieved by encapsulation of lipase into the polymeric microcapsules. Adipose tissue destruction was delayed while lipase is encapsulated comparing with the direct lipase action as demonstrated by optical microscopy and optical coherence tomography in in vitro studies. Raman spectroscopy confirms that triglycerides in fat tissue were cleaved into free fatty acids, glycerol, and possible di- and monoglyceride residues. The results underpin the concept of local and controlled treatment of tissues via encapsulation. Effect of lipase encapsulation into the polymeric microcapsules on adipose tissue destruction compared to free lipase application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Yu Yanina
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Education and Research Institution of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Yulia I Svenskaya
- Education and Research Institution of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Ekaterina S Prikhozhdenko
- Education and Research Institution of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Daniil N Bratashov
- Education and Research Institution of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Maria V Lomova
- Education and Research Institution of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Dmitry A Gorin
- Education and Research Institution of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Skoltech Center of Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo Innovation Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gleb B Sukhorukov
- Education and Research Institution of Nanostructures and Biosystems, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Valery V Tuchin
- Research-Educational Institute of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Biophotonics, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia
- Laboratory of Laser Diagnostics of Technical and Living Systems, Institute of Precision Mechanics and Control of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saratov, Russia
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Vassiliadi E, Xenakis A, Zoumpanioti M. Chitosan hydrogels: A new and simple matrix for lipase catalysed biosyntheses. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2017.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Supercritical CO2 technology applied to the production of flavor ester compounds through lipase-catalyzed reaction: A review. J CO2 UTIL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Itabaiana I, Gonçalves KM, Zoumpanioti M, Leal ICR, Miranda LSME, Xenakis A, de Souza ROMA. Microemulsion-Based Organogels as an Efficient Support for Lipase-Catalyzed Reactions under Continuous-Flow Conditions. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500136c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivaldo Itabaiana
- Biocatalysis
and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CEP22941909
- Pharmacy
School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CEP22941909
| | - Karen M. Gonçalves
- Biocatalysis
and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CEP22941909
- Pharmacy
School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CEP22941909
| | - Maria Zoumpanioti
- Institute
of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Ivana C. R. Leal
- Pharmacy
School, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CEP22941909
| | - Leandro S. M. e Miranda
- Biocatalysis
and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CEP22941909
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute
of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Rodrigo O. M. A. de Souza
- Biocatalysis
and Organic Synthesis Group, Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil CEP22941909
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9
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Biocatalytic synthesis of flavor ester "pentyl valerate" using Candida rugosa lipase immobilized in microemulsion based organogels: effect of parameters and reusability. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:353845. [PMID: 25093166 PMCID: PMC4100389 DOI: 10.1155/2014/353845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pentyl valerate was synthesized biocatalytically using Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) immobilized in microemulsion based organogels (MBGs). The optimum conditions were found to be pH 7.0, temperature of 37°C, ratio of concentration of water to surfactant (Wo) of 60, and the surfactant sodium bis-2-(ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) for MBG preparation. Although kinetic studies revealed that the enzyme in free form had high affinity towards substrates (Km = 23.2 mM for pentanol and 76.92 mM for valeric acid) whereas, after immobilization, the Km values increased considerably (74.07 mM for pentanol and 83.3 mM for valeric acid) resulting in a slower reaction rate, the maximum conversion was much higher in case of immobilized enzyme (~99%) as compared to free enzyme (~19%). Simultaneous effects of important parameters were studied using response surface methodology (RSM) conjugated with Box-Behnken design (BBD) with five variables (process parameters), namely, enzyme concentration, initial water content (Wo), solvent used for MBG preparation, substrate ratio and time, and response as the final product formation, that is, pentyl valerate (%). The MBGs were reused for 10 consecutive cycles for ester synthesis. Efficacy of AOT/isooctane as dehydrating agent for extracting excess water from MBGs was found to exert a positive effect on the esterification reaction.
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10
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Shang W, Zhang X, Yang X, Zhang S. High pressure CO2-controlled reactors: enzymatic chiral resolution in emulsions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02131b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chiral separation of ibuprofen catalyzed by enzyme conducted in CO2-based micelle makes the reaction more effective and greener.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Shang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shujuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Renmin University of China
- Beijing, P.R. China
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11
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Itabaiana I, Gonçalves K, Cordeiro Y, Zoumpanioti M, Leal I, Miranda L, de Souza R, Xenakis A. Kinetics and mechanism of lipase catalyzed monoacylglycerols synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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How enzymes can remain active and stable in a compressed gas? New insights into the conformational stability of Candida antarctica lipase B in near-critical propane. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Yara-Varón E, Eras Joli J, Torres M, Sala N, Villorbina G, Méndez JJ, Canela-Garayoa R. Solvent-free biocatalytic interesterification of acrylate derivatives. Catal Today 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2012.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Enzyme is stabilized by a protection layer of ionic liquids in supercritical CO2: Insights from molecular dynamic simulation. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Zhang WW, Wang N, Zhou YJ, He T, Yu XQ. Enhancement of activity and stability of lipase by microemulsion-based organogels (MBGs) immobilization and application for synthesis of arylethyl acetate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Structural behavior of Candida antarctica lipase B in water and supercritical carbon dioxide: A molecular dynamic simulation study. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Xuan XY, Cheng YL, Acosta E. Lecithin-linker microemulsion gelatin gels for extended drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 2012; 4:104-29. [PMID: 24300183 PMCID: PMC3834907 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics4010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This article introduces the formulation of alcohol-free, lecithin microemulsion-based gels (MBGs) prepared with gelatin as gelling agent. The influence of oil, water, lecithin and hydrophilic and lipophilic additives (linkers) on the rheological properties and appearance of these gels was systematically explored using ternary phase diagrams. Clear MBGs were obtained in regions of single phase microemulsions (μEs) at room temperature. Increasing the water content in the formulation increased the elastic modulus of the gels, while increasing the oil content had the opposite effect. The hydrophilic additive (PEG-6-caprylic/capric glycerides) was shown to reduce the elastic modulus of gelatin gels, particularly at high temperatures. In contrast to anionic (AOT) μEs, the results suggest that in lecithin (nonionic) μEs, the introduction of gelatin “dehydrates” the μE. Finally, when the transdermal transport of lidocaine formulated in the parent μE and the resulting MBG were compared, only a minor retardation in the loading and release of lidocaine was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yue Xuan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada.
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18
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Rodrigues RC, Fernandez-Lafuente R. Lipase from Rhizomucor miehei as an industrial biocatalyst in chemical process. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Zoumpanioti M, Stamatis H, Xenakis A. Microemulsion-based organogels as matrices for lipase immobilization. Biotechnol Adv 2010; 28:395-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Fernandes P, Cabral JMS. Applied Biocatalysis: An Overview. Ind Biotechnol (New Rochelle N Y) 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/9783527630233.ch6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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21
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Oliveira MV, Rebocho SF, Ribeiro AS, Macedo EA, Loureiro JM. Kinetic modelling of decyl acetate synthesis by immobilized lipase-catalysed transesterification of vinyl acetate with decanol in supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Woodcock LL, Wiles C, Greenway GM, Watts P, Wells A, Eyley S. Enzymatic synthesis of a series of alkyl esters using novozyme 435 in a packed-bed, miniaturized, continuous flow reactor. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/10242420802456571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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23
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Effect of chain length of alcohol on the lipase-catalyzed esterification of propionic acid in supercritical carbon dioxide. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2009; 160:2342-54. [PMID: 19575152 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-009-8696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The esterification of propionic acid was investigated using three different alcohols, namely, isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol. The variation of conversion with time for the synthesis of isoamyl propionate was investigated in the presence of five enzymes. Novozym 435 showed the highest activity, and this was used as the enzyme for investigating the various parameters that influence the esterification reaction. The Ping-Pong Bi-Bi model with inhibition by both acid and alcohol was used to model the experimental data and determine the kinetics of the esterification reaction.
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25
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Díaz D, Cid J, Vázquez P, Torres T. Strength Enhancement of Nanostructured Organogels through Inclusion of Phthalocyanine-Containing Complementary Organogelator Structures and In Situ Cross-Linking by Click Chemistry. Chemistry 2008; 14:9261-73. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200800714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Bruns N, Bannwarth W, Tiller JC. Amphiphilic conetworks as activating carriers for the enhancement of enzymatic activity in supercritical CO2. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 101:19-26. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.21868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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27
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Esterification reactions catalyzed by lipases immobilized in organogels: effect of temperature and substrate diffusion. Biotechnol Lett 2008; 30:1627-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-008-9734-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2008] [Revised: 03/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Hobbs HR, Thomas NR. Biocatalysis in Supercritical Fluids, in Fluorous Solvents, and under Solvent-Free Conditions. Chem Rev 2007; 107:2786-820. [PMID: 17564485 DOI: 10.1021/cr0683820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Helen R Hobbs
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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29
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Zhao G, Li M, Hu Z, Li H, Cao T. Electrocatalytic redox of hydroquinone by two forms of l-Proline. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2006.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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