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Santos-Rosales V, López-Iglesias C, Sampedro-Viana A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Ghazanfari S, Magariños B, García-González CA. Supercritical CO 2 sterilization: An effective treatment to reprocess FFP3 face masks and to reduce waste during COVID-19 pandemic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 826:154089. [PMID: 35218842 PMCID: PMC8864888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic unveiled an unprecedented scarcity of personal protective equipment (PPE) available in sanitary premises and for the population worldwide. This situation fostered the development of new strategies to reuse PPE that would ensure sterility and, simultaneously, preserve the filtering properties of the materials. In addition, the reuse of PPEs by reprocessing could reduce the environmental impact of the massive single-use and disposal of these materials. Conventional sterilization techniques such as steam or dry heat, ethylene oxide, and gamma irradiation may alter the functional properties of the PPEs and/or leave toxic residues. Supercritical CO2 (scCO2)-based sterilization is herein proposed as a safe, sustainable, and rapid sterilization method for contaminated face masks while preserving their performance. The functional (bacterial filtration efficiency, breathability, splash resistance, straps elasticity) properties of the processed FFP3 face masks were evaluated after 1 and 10 cycles of sterilization. Log-6 sterilization reduction levels were obtained for face masks contaminated with Bacillus pumilus endospores at mild operating conditions (CO2 at 39 °C and 100 bar for 30 min) and with low contents of H2O2 (150 ppm). Physicochemical properties of the FFP3 face masks remained unchanged after reprocessing and differences in efficacy were not observed neither in the filtration tests, following UNE-EN 14683, nor in the integrity of FFP3 filtration after the sterilization process. The herein presented method based on scCO2 technology is the first reported protocol achieving the reprocessing of FFP3 masks up to 10 cycles while preserving their functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Santos-Rosales
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Clara López-Iglesias
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Institute of Pharmacy (Pharmaceutical Chemistry), Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Sampedro-Viana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Samaneh Ghazanfari
- Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Faculty of Science and Engineering, Maastricht University, 6167 RD Geleen, the Netherlands; Department of Biohybrid and Medical Textiles (BioTex), AME-Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Beatriz Magariños
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Biología, CIBUS, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos A García-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma (GI-1645), Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Dry Heat as a Potential Decontamination Method on the Filtration Efficiency of Filtering Facepiece Respirators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127167. [PMID: 35742417 PMCID: PMC9223160 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Filtering facepiece respirators have been widely used in the fields of occupational health and public hygiene, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, disposable respirators have been in high demand, and the waste generated from these disposable products poses a problem for the environment. Here, we aimed to test a practical decontamination method to allow for the reuse of KN95 respirators. In this study, three types of KN95 respirators were heated at 80 °C and 90 °C for different durations (15 min, 30 min, 45 min, 1 h, 2 h, 3 h, 4 h, 6 h, 8 h, 10 h, and 24 h). The filtration efficiencies of the tested KN95 respirators before and after heating were measured, and the changes in microstructure were imaged with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). In addition, a neural network model based on the nonlinear autoregressive with external input (NARX) to predict the filtration efficiency of the KN95 respirator was established. The results show that the temperature and time of dry heating affected particle prevention. The higher the temperature and the longer the heating time, the more obvious the decline in the filtration efficiency of the respirators. When the heating temperature reached 100 °C, the respirator may be no longer suitable for reuse. These results show that a dry heat temperature between 70 °C and 90 °C, and a heating time between 30 min and 2 h is assumed to be a suitable and effective decontamination method for respirators.
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Sun Y, Lovric V, Wang T, Oliver RA, Walsh WR. Effects of SCCO 2, Gamma Irradiation, and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Treatments on the Initial Properties of Tendon Allografts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051565. [PMID: 32106592 PMCID: PMC7084268 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sterile and decellularized allograft tendons are viable biomaterials used in reconstructive surgeries for dense connective tissue injuries. Established allograft processing techniques including gamma irradiation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can affect tissue integrity. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) represents a novel alternative that has the potential to decellularize and sterilize tendons with minimized exposure to denaturants, shortened treatment time, lack of toxic residues, and superior tissue penetration, and thus efficacy. This study attempted to develop a single-step hybrid decellularization and sterilization protocol for tendons that involved SCCO2 treatment with various chemical additives. The processed tendons were evaluated with mechanical testing, histology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Uniaxial mechanical testing showed that tendons treated with SCCO2 and additive NovaKillTM Gen2 and 0.1% SDS had significantly higher (p < 0.05) ultimate tensile stress (UTS) and Young's modulus compared to gamma-irradiated and standard-SDS-treated tendons. This was corroborated by the ultrastructural intactness of SCCO2-treated tendons as examined by SEM and FTIR spectroscopy, which was not preserved in gamma-irradiated and standard SDS-treated tendons. However, complete decellularization was not achieved by the experimented SCCO2-SDS protocols used in this study. The present study therefore serves as a concrete starting point for development of an SCCO2-based combined sterilization and decellularization protocol for allograft tendons, where additive choice is to be optimized.
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Ribeiro N, Soares GC, Santos-Rosales V, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, García-González CA, Oliveira AL. A new era for sterilization based on supercritical CO 2 technology. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2019; 108:399-428. [PMID: 31132221 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The increasing complexity in morphology and composition of modern biomedical materials (e.g., soft and hard biological tissues, synthetic and natural-based scaffolds, technical textiles) and the high sensitivity to the processing environment requires the development of innovative but benign technologies for processing and treatment. This scenario is particularly applicable where current conventional techniques (steam/dry heat, ethylene oxide, and gamma irradiation) may not be able to preserve the functionality and integrity of the treated material. Sterilization using supercritical carbon dioxide emerges as a green and sustainable technology able to reach the sterility levels required by regulation without altering the original properties of even highly sensitive materials. In this review article, an updated survey of experimental protocols based on supercritical sterilization and of the efficacy results sorted by microbial strains and treated materials was carried out. The application of the supercritical sterilization process in materials used for biomedical, pharmaceutical, and food applications is assessed. The opportunity of supercritical sterilization of not only replace the above mentioned conventional techniques, but also of reach unmet needs for sterilization in highly sensitive materials (e.g., single-use medical devices, the next-generation biomaterials, and medical devices and graft tissues) is herein unveiled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilza Ribeiro
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo C Soares
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
| | - Víctor Santos-Rosales
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carlos A García-González
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, R+D Pharma group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana L Oliveira
- CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto, Portugal
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Aslanidou D, Karapanagiotis I, Panayiotou C. Tuneable textile cleaning and disinfection process based on supercritical CO 2 and Pickering emulsions. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lanzalaco S, Campora S, Brucato V, Carfì Pavia F, Di Leonardo ER, Ghersi G, Scialdone O, Galia A. Sterilization of macroscopic poly(l-lactic acid) porous scaffolds with dense carbon dioxide: Investigation of the spatial penetration of the treatment and of its effect on the properties of the matrix. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Vo HT, Imai T, Ho TT, Dang TLT, Hoang SA. Potential application of high pressure carbon dioxide in treated wastewater and water disinfection: Recent overview and further trends. J Environ Sci (China) 2015; 36:38-47. [PMID: 26456604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Recently emerging disadvantages in conventional disinfection have heightened the need for finding a new solution. Developments in the use of high pressure carbon dioxide for food preservation and sterilization have led to a renewed interest in its applicability in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. Pressurized CO2 is one of the most investigated methods of antibacterial treatment and has been used extensively for decades to inhibit pathogens in dried food and liquid products. This study reviews the literature concerning the utility of CO2 as a disinfecting agent, and the pathogen inactivation mechanism of CO2 treatment is evaluated based on all available research. In this paper, it will be argued that the successful application and high effectiveness of CO2 treatment in liquid foods open a potential opportunity for its use in wastewater treatment and water disinfection. The findings from models with different operating conditions (pressure, temperature, microorganism, water content, media …) suggest that most microorganisms are successfully inhibited under CO2 treatment. It will also be shown that the bacterial deaths under CO2 treatment can be explained by many different mechanisms. Moreover, the findings in this study can help to address the recently emerging problems in water disinfection, such as disinfection by-products (resulting from chlorination or ozone treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huy Thanh Vo
- Division of Urban Infrastructural Engineering, Mien trung University of Civil Engineering, Phu Yen 56000, Viet Nam.
| | - Tsuyoshi Imai
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Truc Thanh Ho
- Division of Urban Infrastructural Engineering, Mien trung University of Civil Engineering, Phu Yen 56000, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh-Loc Thi Dang
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8611, Japan
| | - Son Anh Hoang
- Division of Urban Infrastructural Engineering, Mien trung University of Civil Engineering, Phu Yen 56000, Viet Nam
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Bui D, Lovric V, Oliver R, Bertollo N, Broe D, Walsh WR. Meniscal allograft sterilisation: effect on biomechanical and histological properties. Cell Tissue Bank 2015; 16:467-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-014-9492-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chitosan nanostructures deposited from solutions in carbonic acid on a model substrate as resolved by AFM. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fijan S, Škerget M, Knez Ž, Šostar-Turk S, Neral B. Determining the disinfection of textiles in compressed carbon dioxide using various indicator microbes. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 112:475-84. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.05216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Giulitti S, Cinquemani C, Quaranta A, Spilimbergo S. Real time intracellular pH dynamics in Listeria innocua under CO2 and N2O pressure. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Bortoluzzi D, Cinquemani C, Torresani E, Spilimbergo S. Pressure-induced pH changes in aqueous solutions – On-line measurement and semi-empirical modelling approach. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Spilimbergo S, Matthews MA, Cinquemani C. Supercritical Fluid Pasteurization and Food Safety. ALTERNATIVES TO CONVENTIONAL FOOD PROCESSING 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849730976-00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical fluid pasteurization has been studied for over 20 years and the state of science and technology is such that it is now a viable and economical alternative to thermal pasteurization for a number of food products. The manufacture and distribution of food faces increasingly strict demands in terms of both safety and quality. Traditional thermal pasteurization is both effective and well-accepted by the public for milk and other products. However, thermal treatment is less effective and sometimes infeasible for certain products, such as fruit juices, seafoods and fresh vegetables. This is particularly true when the food products are packaged and shipped long distances. Supercritical fluid technology, a non-thermal, low temperature process, has been shown to reduce the viability of a number of pathogenic organisms important to the food industry. In addition, supercritical fluids, particularly CO2, have promise in deactivating subcellular pathogens such as prions and viruses. Numerous basic science investigations reveal the mechanism of supercritical fluid pasteurization and how it differs from thermal methods. Several commercial companies have issued patents and built demonstration plants based on the technology. In addition, certain supercritical fluids may provide additional benefits for food processors. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of both science and technology of supercritical fluid technology as applied to foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Spilimbergo
- Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies, University of Trento Via Mesiano 77 38050 Trento Italy
| | - Michael A. Matthews
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina Columbia SC 29208 USA
| | - Claudio Cinquemani
- Department of Materials Engineering and Industrial Technologies, University of Trento Via Mesiano 77 38050 Trento Italy
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Cinquemani C. Human pathogens, nosocomial infections, heat-sensitive textile implants, and an innovative approach to deal with them. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 38:29-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-010-0824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ahonsi MO, Banko TJ, Doane SR, Demuren AO, Copes WE, Hong C. Effects of hydrostatic pressure, agitation and CO2 stress on Phytophthora nicotianae zoospore survival. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2010; 66:696-704. [PMID: 20201053 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan is a common pathogen of ornamental plants in recycled irrigation systems. In a previous study, annual vinca (Catharanthus roseus Don) inoculated with zoospore suspensions using a CO(2)-pressurized sprayer had less foliage blight than plants inoculated using a hand sprayer. Here, the impact of hydrostatic pressure, agitation and aeration with CO(2) on the survival of P. nicotianae zoospores was examined. RESULTS Exposure of zoospores to 840 kPa hydrostatic pressure for 8 min or agitation at a mixing intensity (G) of 6483 s(-1) for 4 min at 22-23 degrees C did not kill zoospores, but resulted in viable cysts. Motile and forcefully encysted zoospores of P. nicotianae were equally infectious on vinca or lupine (Lupinus polyphylus Lindl.). Bubbling CO(2) into zoospore-infested water at 110.4 mL (0.2 g) min(-1) for 5 min caused 81% reduction in the number of germinated zoospores. Pressure at 630 kPa (16.3 g CO(2)) or 70 kPa (3.85 g CO(2)) facilitated CO(2) injection and shortened the zoospore inactivation time to 30 s. When air was bubbled through the suspension, germination was similar to the control. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to CO(2) killed P. nicotianae zoospores in water. Neither pressure nor agitation had an effect on zoospore viability or infectivity. Based on results of this study, the authors designed a recycling CO(2) water treatment system that is currently under evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monday O Ahonsi
- Hampton Roads Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Beach, VA 23455, USA.
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Influence of type of microorganism, food ingredients and food properties on high-pressure carbon dioxide inactivation of microorganisms. Int J Food Microbiol 2009; 129:253-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2008] [Revised: 11/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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