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Li Y, Duan Y, Wang S, Zhang F, Li J, Dai Z, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y. Supercritical water oxidation for the treatment and utilization of organic wastes: Factor effects, reaction enhancement, and novel process. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 251:118571. [PMID: 38431066 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) has been regarded as a new and efficient technology for the harmless treatment and energy utilization of organic wastes, resulting in the quickly homogeneous oxidation between organics and oxidizers and the former being wholly degraded into small environment-friendly green molecules such as H2O and N2 and inorganic salts. This paper systematically analyzed the influencing behavior and mechanisms of the reaction factors, such as temperature, pressure, residence time, oxidant type, oxidation coefficient, and the concentration and pH values of the raw material, on the treatment effect of organic wastes. For most organic wastes, the SCWO conditions at 550 °C with a residence time of 1min and an oxidation coefficient of 100% can meet the removal rate of more than 99%. To further enhance the degradation rate of organics, the principles, implementation cases, and related equipment components of general enhancement technologies of supercritical water oxidation were discussed, such as fractional oxygen injection, auxiliary fuel co-oxidation, and hydrothermal flame-assisted degradation. This paper proposes a novel supercritical flame-assisted oxidation process in which the reactor performs preheating, corrosion protection, and desalination functions. The use of additive-enhanced oxidation, segmented oxidation, and supercritical hydrothermal flame-assisted oxidation has achieved good results in the complicated treatment process of brutal degradation of organic matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Yuanwang Duan
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Shuzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jianna Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zheng Dai
- Xi'AN University of Science and Technology, College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710054, China
| | - Zicheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yishu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yulong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No. 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
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Process Effluent Recycling in the Supercritical Water Gasification of Dry Biomass. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11030797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The influence of process water recycling during the Supercritical Water Gasification (SCWG) of dry biomasses was investigated. Dry biomass has to be diluted with water to a dry matter content of approximately 10 wt.% to gasify it in the process of supercritical water gasification. The treatment of wastewater in the SCWG process is cost intensive due to organic contaminants; therefore, the recycling of the process effluent is attractive. Salt separation is needed to avoid accumulation of salts in the effluents, since salts enhance corrosion rates and might cause blocking of the flow when the effluent is recycled. The grass Reed Canary Grass and grapevines were gasified. The recycling of the process effluent did not influence the composition of the product gas. In both cases the carbon efficiency decreased by 4% when wastewater was used to dilute the biomass. An increase in organic carbon and potassium in the reactor effluent was observed after gasification of the biomass with recycled process effluent. The addition of potassium hydroxide to the feed as a homogenous catalyst needs to be closely monitored and adjusted according to the potassium content of the reactor effluent. Insufficient salt separation proved to be an issue regarding formation of solid deposits in the reaction system.
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Feng P, Yang W, Xu D, Ma M, Guo Y, Jing Z. Characteristics, mechanisms and measurement methods of dissolution and deposition of inorganic salts in sub-/supercritical water. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 225:119167. [PMID: 36183545 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and harmless treatment of hypersaline organic wastes has become an urgent environmental problem. Compared to traditional thermochemical methods, supercritical water oxidation has been proven to be an efficient organic waste treatment technology due to the advantages of low cost, high degradation rate, no secondary pollutants, etc. However, the solubilities of inorganic salts drop rapidly near the critical point of water, and some sticky salts form easily agglomerates and then adhere to internal surfaces of reactor and pipeline, causing plugging and inhibition of heat transfer. Hence, the characteristics, mechanisms and measurement methods of the dissolution and deposition of inorganic salts in sub-/supercritical water are summarized and analyzed systematically and comprehensively in this work, intending to provide a valuable guide for salt deposition prevention and subsequent research directions. Firstly, a new classification form of inorganic salt is put forward based on melting point. The phase equilibriums of brine systems are then analyzed in detail. Six theories concerning dissolution mechanisms are discussed deeply and various measurement methods of salt solubility are also supplemented. Furthermore, salt deposition characteristics and related measurement technologies are summarized. Notably, a new idea "hydrothermal molten salt" system is reviewed which may provide a solution for salt deposition in sub/supercritical water. Finally, an outlook for the follow-up researches is prospected and some suggestions are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Wanpeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Donghai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China.
| | - Mingyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Zefeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science & Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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van Wyk S, van der Ham AG, Kersten SR. Supercritical water desalination (SCWD) of multi-component brines. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Membrane and Electrochemical Based Technologies for the Decontamination of Exploitable Streams Produced by Thermochemical Processing of Contaminated Biomass. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is an emerging concept for contaminated soil restoration via the use of resilient plants that can absorb soil contaminants. The harvested contaminated biomass can be thermochemically converted to energy carriers/chemicals, linking soil decontamination with biomass-to-energy and aligning with circular economy principles. Two thermochemical conversion steps of contaminated biomass, both used for contaminated biomass treatment/exploitation, are considered: Supercritical Water Gasification and Fast Pyrolysis. For the former, the vast majority of contaminants are transferred into liquid and gaseous effluents, and thus the application of purification steps is necessary prior to further processing. In Fast Pyrolysis, contaminants are mainly retained in the solid phase, but a part appears in the liquid phase due to fine solids entrainment. Contaminants include heavy metals, particulate matter, and hydrogen sulfide. The purified streams allow the in-process re-use of water for the Super Critical Water Gasification, the sulfur-free catalytic conversion of the fuel-rich gaseous stream of the same process into liquid fuels and recovery of an exploitable bio-oil rich stream from the Fast Pyrolysis. Considering the fundamental importance of purification/decontamination to exploit the aforementioned streams in an integrated context, a review of available such technologies is conducted, and options are shortlisted. Technologies of choice include polymeric-based membrane gas absorption for desulfurization, electrooxidation/electrocoagulation for the liquid product of Supercritical Water Gasification and microfiltration via ceramic membranes for fine solids removal from the Fast Pyrolysis bio-oil. Challenges, risks, and suitable strategies to implement these options in the context of biomass-to-energy conversion are discussed and recommendations are made.
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Chen J, Meng T, Leng E, E J. Review on metal dissolution characteristics and harmful metals recovery from electronic wastes by supercritical water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127693. [PMID: 34799178 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical water (SCW) technology can be applied as an efficient and environment-friendly method to recover toxic or complex chemical wastes. Separation and chemical reactions under supercritical conditions may be realized by changing the temperature, pressure, and other operating parameters to adjust the physical and chemical properties of water. However, salt deposition and corrosion are often encountered during the treatment of inorganic substances, which will hinder the commercial applications of SCW technology. The solubility of salt in high pressure/temperature water forms the theoretical basis for studying the recovery of metal salts in supercritical water and understanding salt deposition. Therefore, this work systematically and objectively reviews different research methods used to analyze salt solubility in high pressure/temperature water, including the experimental method, prediction theoretical modeling, and computer simulation method; the research status and existing data of this parameter are also analyzed. The purpose of this review is to provide ideas and references for follow-up research by providing a comprehensive overview of salt solubility research methods and the current situation. Suggestions for more efficient metal recovery through technology integration are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Chen
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Institute of New Energy and Energy-Saving & Emission-Reduction Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Tian Meng
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Erwei Leng
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiaqiang E
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Institute of New Energy and Energy-Saving & Emission-Reduction Technology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Chen Z, Zheng Z, He C, Chen H, Yang M, Xu Y. Precipitation of sodium sulfate and sodium carbonate during supercritical water oxidation/gasification of ethanol. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rodgers S, Conradie A, King R, Poulston S, Hayes M, Bommareddy RR, Meng F, McKechnie J. Reconciling the Sustainable Manufacturing of Commodity Chemicals with Feasible Technoeconomic Outcomes : Assessing the investment case for heat integrated aerobic gas fermentation. JOHNSON MATTHEY TECHNOLOGY REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1595/205651321x16137377305390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The manufacturing industry must diverge from a ‘take, make and waste’ linear production paradigm towards more circular economies. Truly sustainable, circular economies are intrinsically tied to renewable resource flows, where vast quantities need to be available at a central
point of consumption. Abundant, renewable carbon feedstocks are often structurally complex and recalcitrant, requiring costly pretreatment to harness their potential fully. As such, the heat integration of supercritical water gasification (SCWG) and aerobic gas fermentation unlocks the promise
of renewable feedstocks such as lignin. This study models the technoeconomics and life cycle assessment (LCA) for the sustainable production of the commodity chemicals, isopropanol and acetone, from gasified Kraft black liquor. The investment case is underpinned by rigorous process modelling
informed by published continuous gas fermentation experimental data. Time series analyses support the price forecasts for the solvent products. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo simulation frames an uncertain boundary for the technoeconomic model. The technoeconomic assessment (TEA) demonstrates
that production of commodity chemicals priced at ~US$1000 per tonne is within reach of aerobic gas fermentation. In addition, owing to the sequestration of biogenic carbon into the solvent products, negative greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are achieved within a cradle-to-gate LCA framework.
As such, the heat integrated aerobic gas fermentation platform has promise as a best-in-class technology for the production of a broad spectrum of renewable commodity chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rodgers
- Sustainable Process Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Alex Conradie
- Sustainable Process Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Rebekah King
- Sustainable Process Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Stephen Poulston
- Johnson Matthey, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common Reading, RG4 9NH UK
| | - Martin Hayes
- Johnson Matthey, 28 Cambridge Science Park Milton Road, Cambridge, CB4 0FP UK
| | - Rajesh Reddy Bommareddy
- Hub for Biotechnology in the Built Environment, Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST UK
| | - Fanran Meng
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge Trumpington Street, Cambridge, CB2 1PZ UK
| | - Jon McKechnie
- Sustainable Process Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
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Wang R, Deplazes R, Vogel F, Baudouin D. Continuous Extraction of Black Liquor Salts under Hydrothermal Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runyu Wang
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (SKLMF), Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Roger Deplazes
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute of Biomass and Resource Efficiency, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - David Baudouin
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Tang X, Zheng Y, Liao Z, Wang Y, Yang J, Cai J. A review of developments in process flow for supercritical water oxidation. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2020.1783537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- XingYing Tang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - YouChang Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - ZeQin Liao
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - YingHui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - JianQiao Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianjun Cai
- School of Architecture and Traffic, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, P.R. China
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12
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Sub- and Supercritical Water Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin and Black Liquor Derived Lignin. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13133309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate global warming, humankind has been forced to develop new efficient energy solutions based on renewable energy sources. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology that can efficiently produce bio-oil from several biomass sources. The HTL process uses sub- or supercritical water for producing bio-oil, water-soluble organics, gaseous products and char. Black liquor mainly contains cooking chemicals (mainly alkali salts) lignin and the hemicellulose parts of the wood chips used for cellulose digestion. This review explores the effects of different process parameters, solvents and catalysts for the HTL of black liquor or black liquor-derived lignin. Using short residence times under near- or supercritical water conditions may improve both the quality and the quantity of the bio-oil yield. The quality and yield of bio-oil can be further improved by using solvents (e.g., phenol) and catalysts (e.g., alkali salts, zirconia). However, the solubility of alkali salts present in black liquor can lead to clogging problem in the HTL reactor and process tubes when approaching supercritical water conditions.
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Fedyaeva ON, Vostrikov AA. Processing of Pulp and Paper Industry Wastes by Supercritical Water Gasification. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793119070042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Xu T, Wang S, Tang X, Li Y, Yang J, Li J, Zhang Y. Corrosion Mechanism of Inconel 600 in Oxidizing Supercritical Aqueous Systems Containing Multiple Salts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Shuzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Xingying Tang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Yanhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jianqiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Jianna Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Yishu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049, China
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Yang J, Wang S, Li Y, Tang X, Wang Y, Xu D, Guo Y. Effect of salt deposit on corrosion behavior of Ni-based alloys and stainless steels in supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Influence of multiphasic systems on salt(s) solubility in supercritical water: the case of NaCl and NaCl-Na2SO4. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Yang J, Wang S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Xu D. Novel design concept for a commercial-scale plant for supercritical water oxidation of industrial and sewage sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 233:131-140. [PMID: 30579001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) is a promising chemical technology for organic waste water and sludge treatment. Our team has successfully constructed the first pilot-scale SCWO plant in China, and the design concept for our first commercial-scale plant is reported in this paper. The challenges that hinder the commercial development of SCWO are introduced, including corrosion, plugging, high investment and operating costs. Some important lab-scale and pilot-scale experimental results are shown, and some key design parameters for the commercial plant are proposed. The technological process, specialized equipment design and new system flowsheet are described objectively. Moreover, an estimate of the equipment investment and operating costs of this commercial plant is carried out, and a comparison is made with other commercial sludge SCWO plants. This information is valuable for guiding how to best design commercial SCWO plants for the treatment of sludge and other feedstocks including solid particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Shuzhong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, PR China.
| | - Yanhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Land Consolidation, School of Earth Science and Resources, Chang'an University, Middle Section of Nan Erhuan Road, Xi'an, 710064, PR China
| | - Donghai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering of MOE, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, PR China
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18
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Yadav A, Gandhi N, Kumar R, Apegaonkar S, Bhujade R, Mishra V. Numerical modelling framework of continuous salt precipitation from super-critical water. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2017.1386682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Yadav
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd, Mumbai, India
| | - Nilesh Gandhi
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd, Mumbai, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Ramesh Bhujade
- Reliance Technology Group, Reliance Industries Ltd, Mumbai, India
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19
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Türk M. Design metalloxidischer Nanopartikel mittels kontinuierlicher hydrothermaler Synthese. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201700082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Türk
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Technische Thermodynamik und Kältetechnik, Campus Süd; Engler-Bunte-Ring 21 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
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20
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Viereck S, Jovanovic Z, Haselbacher A, Steinfeld A. Investigation of Na2SO4 removal from a supercritical aqueous solution in a dip-tube salt separator. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Liu Q, Ding X, Du B, Fang T. Multi-Phase Equilibrium and Solubilities of Aromatic Compounds and Inorganic Compounds in Sub- and Supercritical Water: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:513-523. [PMID: 28665683 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1342528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO), as a novel and efficient technology, has been applied to wastewater treatment processes. The use of phase equilibrium data to optimize process parameters can offer a theoretical guidance for designing SCWO processes and reducing the equipment and operating costs. In this work, high-pressure phase equilibrium data for aromatic compounds+water systems and inorganic compounds+water systems are given. Moreover, thermodynamic models, equations of state (EOS) and empirical and semi-empirical approaches are summarized and evaluated. This paper also lists the existing problems of multi-phase equilibria and solubility studies on aromatic compounds and inorganic compounds in sub- and supercritical water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinli Liu
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Xin Ding
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Bowen Du
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Tao Fang
- a School of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
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22
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Peng G, Vogel F, Refardt D, Ludwig C. Catalytic Supercritical Water Gasification: Continuous Methanization of Chlorella vulgaris. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Peng
- Energy
and Environment Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Energy
and Environment Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Refardt
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Energy
and Environment Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ENAC-IIE, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Voisin T, Erriguible A, Ballenghien D, Mateos D, Kunegel A, Cansell F, Aymonier C. Solubility of inorganic salts in sub- and supercritical hydrothermal environment: Application to SCWO processes. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Reimer J, Peng G, Viereck S, De Boni E, Breinl J, Vogel F. A novel salt separator for the supercritical water gasification of biomass. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Reimer J, Vogel F, Steele-MacInnis M. Speciation and Structural Properties of Hydrothermal Solutions of Sodium and Potassium Sulfate Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:1446-53. [PMID: 26888426 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of salts at elevated pressures and temperatures play a key role in geochemical processes and in applications of supercritical water in waste and biomass treatment, for which salt management is crucial for performance. A major question in predicting salt behavior in such processes is how different salts affect the phase equilibria. Herein, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are used to investigate molecular-scale structures of solutions of sodium and/or potassium sulfate, which show contrasting macroscopic behavior. Solutions of Na-SO4 exhibit a tendency towards forming large ionic clusters with increasing temperature, whereas solutions of K-SO4 show significantly less clustering under equivalent conditions. In mixed systems (Nax K2-x SO4 ), cluster formation is dramatically reduced with decreasing Na/(K+Na) ratio; this indicates a structure-breaking role of K. MD results allow these phenomena to be related to the characteristics of electrostatic interactions between K(+) and SO4 (2-) , compared with the analogous Na(+) -SO4 (2-) interactions. The results suggest a mechanism underlying the experimentally observed increasing solubility in ternary mixtures of solutions of Na-K-SO4 . Specifically, the propensity of sodium to associate with sulfate, versus that of potassium to break up the sodium-sulfate clusters, may affect the contrasting behavior of these salts. Thus, mutual salting-in in ternary hydrothermal solutions of Na-K-SO4 reflects the opposing, but complementary, natures of Na-SO4 versus K-SO4 interactions. The results also provide clues towards the reported liquid immiscibility in this ternary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Reimer
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Institut für Biomasse und Ressourceneffizienz, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz, 5210, Windisch, Switzerland.,Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Steele-MacInnis
- Department of Geosciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA. .,Institut für Geochemie und Petrologie, ETH Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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26
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Reimer J, Vogel F. Influence of anions and cations on the phase behavior of ternary salt solutions studied by high pressure differential scanning calorimetry. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Reimer J, Steele-MacInnis M, Wambach JM, Vogel F. Ion Association in Hydrothermal Sodium Sulfate Solutions Studied by Modulated FT-IR-Raman Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:9847-57. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Reimer
- Laboratory
for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Steele-MacInnis
- Institut
für Geochemie und Petrologie, ETH Zürich NW F 82.4, Clausiusstrasse 25, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg M. Wambach
- Laboratory
for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Laboratory
for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institut für Biomasse und Ressourceneffizienz Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
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28
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Zhang J, Wang S, Xu D, Guo Y, Ren M, Lu J. Kinetics study on hydrothermal combustion of methanol in supercritical water. Chem Eng Res Des 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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29
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Odu SO, van der Ham AGJ, Metz S, Kersten SRA. Design of a Process for Supercritical Water Desalination with Zero Liquid Discharge. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel O. Odu
- Sustainable
Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Aloijsius G. J. van der Ham
- Sustainable
Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sybrand Metz
- Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg, 98911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha R. A. Kersten
- Sustainable
Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
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Mian A, Ensinas AV, Marechal F. Multi-objective optimization of SNG production from microalgae through hydrothermal gasification. Comput Chem Eng 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2015.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Accelerated degradation of Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) composite materials for recycling applications. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Supercritical Water Gasification of Biomass: A Literature and Technology Overview. ENERGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/en8020859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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33
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Visual and Raman spectroscopic observations of hot compressed water oxidation of guaiacol in fused silica capillary reactors. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Schubert M, Müller JB, Vogel F. Continuous hydrothermal gasification of glycerol mixtures: Effect of glycerol and its degradation products on the continuous salt separation and the enhancing effect of K3PO4 on the glycerol degradation. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Schubert M, Müller JB, Vogel F. Continuous Hydrothermal Gasification of Glycerol Mixtures: Autothermal Operation, Simultaneous Salt Recovery, and the Effect of K3PO4 on the Catalytic Gasification. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie5005459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frédéric Vogel
- Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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36
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Trukhan SN, Yudanov VF, Mart’yanov ON. The effect of clustering of VO2+ ions in sub- and supercritical water. An in situ EPR study. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY B 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990793113080113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Reimer J, Vogel F. High pressure differential scanning calorimetry of the hydrothermal salt solutions K2SO4–Na2SO4–H2O and K2HPO4–H2O. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra43725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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38
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Rösch C, Skarka J, Wegerer N. Materials flow modeling of nutrient recycling in biodiesel production from microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 107:191-199. [PMID: 22212693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Biodiesel production based on microalgae as feedstock is associated with a high demand of nutrients, respectively nitrogen and phosphorus. The production of 1l biodiesel requires between 0.23 and 1.55 kg nitrogen and 29-145 g of phosphorus depending of the cultivation conditions for microalgae. The supply of nutrients can be expected to severely limit the extent to which the production of biofuels from microalgae can be sustainably expanded. The nutrient demand can be reduced if the nutrients in the residual algae biomass after oil extraction are reused for algae cultivation. This modeling work illustrates that for the investigated process chains and scenarios the nutrient recycling rates are in the range from 30% to 90% for nitrogen and from 48% to 93% for phosphorus. The highest recycling values can be achieved by hydrothermal gasification of the oil-free residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rösch
- Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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39
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Design of the first pilot scale plant of China for supercritical water oxidation of sewage sludge. Chem Eng Res Des 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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40
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Schubert M, Aubert J, Müller JB, Vogel F. Continuous salt precipitation and separation from supercritical water. Part 3: Interesting effects in processing type 2 salt mixtures. J Supercrit Fluids 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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41
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Pan Z, Dong Z. Determination of Chlorobenzene Solubilities in Subcritical Water in a Fused Silica Capillary Reactor from 173 to 267 °C. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ie200754g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyan Pan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Dong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, P.R. China
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42
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van Bennekom J, Venderbosch R, Assink D, Heeres H. Reforming of methanol and glycerol in supercritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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44
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Water-in-water tracer studies of supercritical-water reversing jets using neutron radiography. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2010.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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46
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Schubert M, Regler JW, Vogel F. Continuous salt precipitation and separation from supercritical water. Part 2. Type 2 salts and mixtures of two salts. J Supercrit Fluids 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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