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Doyle L, Weidlich I, Di Maio E. Developing Insulating Polymeric Foams: Strategies and Research Needs from a Circular Economy Perspective. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6212. [PMID: 36143523 PMCID: PMC9502929 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insulating polymeric foams have an important role to play in increasing energy efficiency and therefore contributing to combating climate change. Their development in recent years has been driven towards the reduction of thermal conductivity and achievement of the required mechanical properties as main targets towards sustainability. This perception of sustainability has overseen the choice of raw materials, which are often toxic, or has placed research efforts on optimizing one constituent while the other necessary reactants remain hazardous. The transition to the circular economy requires a holistic understanding of sustainability and a shift in design methodology and the resulting research focus. This paper identifies research needs and possible strategies for polymeric foam development compatible with Circular Product Design and Green Engineering, based on an extensive literature review. Identified research needs include material characterization of a broader spectrum of polymer melt-gas solutions, ageing behavior, tailoring of the polymer chains, detailed understanding and modeling of the effects of shear on cell nucleation, and the upscaling of processing tools allowing for high and defined pressure drop rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Doyle
- Technical Infrastructure Management, HafenCity University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Weidlich
- Technical Infrastructure Management, HafenCity University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
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2
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Supercritical CO2 Foaming of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate). Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14102018. [PMID: 35631898 PMCID: PMC9144235 DOI: 10.3390/polym14102018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The supercritical carbon dioxide foaming characteristics of the biodegradable polymer poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB-co-4HB)) are studied for environmentally friendly packaging materials. The effect of the 4HB composition of the P(3HB-co-4HB) copolymers on the foaming conditions such as pressure and temperature is studied and the density and the expansion ratio of the resulting P(3HB-co-4HB) foam are together evaluated. The increase in the 4HB content reduces the crystallinity and tan δ value of P(3HB-co-4HB) required for the growth of the foam cells. Therefore, the foaming temperature needs to be lower to retain a suitable tan δ value of P(3HB-co-4HB) for foaming. It was found that P(3HB-co-4HB) with less crystallinity showed better formability and cell uniformity. However, foaming is not possible regardless of the foaming temperature when the 4HB content of P(3HB-co-4HB) is over 50%, due to the high tan δ value. A lower foam density and higher expansion ratio can be obtained with crystalline P(3HB-co-4HB) of low 4HB content, compared with non-crystalline P(3HB-co-4HB) of high 4HB content. The expansion ratio of P(3HB-co-4HB) foams can be increased slightly by using a chain extender, due to the lowing of crystallinity and tan δ. This is most effective in the case of P(3HB-co-4HB), whose 4HB content is 16%.
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Doyle L. Extrusion foaming behavior of polybutene‐1. Toward
single‐material
multifunctional sandwich structures. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Doyle
- Infrastructural Engineering HafenCity University Hamburg Germany
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Meneses L, Craveiro R, Jesus AR, Reis MAM, Freitas F, Paiva A. Supercritical CO 2 Assisted Impregnation of Ibuprofen on Medium-Chain-Length Polyhydroxyalkanoates (mcl-PHA). Molecules 2021; 26:4772. [PMID: 34443357 PMCID: PMC8400196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we propose the utilization of scCO2 to impregnate ibuprofen into the mcl-PHA matrix produced by Pseudomonas chlororaphis subs. aurantiaca (DSM 19603). The biopolymer has adhesive properties, is biocompatible and has a melting temperature of 45 °C. Several conditions, namely, pressure (15 and 20 MPa) and impregnation time (30 min, 1 h and 3 h) were tested. The highest ibuprofen content (90.8 ± 6.5 mg of ibuprofen/gPHA) was obtained at 20 MPa and 40 °C, for 1 h, with an impregnation rate of 89 mg/(g·h). The processed mcl-PHA samples suffered a plasticization, as shown by the decrease of 6.5 °C in the Tg, at 20 MPa. The polymer's crystallinity was also affected concomitantly with the matrices' ibuprofen content. For all the impregnation conditions tested the release of ibuprofen from the biopolymer followed a type II release profile. This study has demonstrated that the mcl-PHA produced by P. chlororaphis has a great potential for the development of novel topical drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Meneses
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.C.); (A.R.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Rita Craveiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.C.); (A.R.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Ana Rita Jesus
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.C.); (A.R.J.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria A. M. Reis
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2815-149 Caparica, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Filomena Freitas
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2815-149 Caparica, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Paiva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2825-149 Caparica, Portugal; (L.M.); (R.C.); (A.R.J.); (A.P.)
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Kiran E, Sarver JA, Hassler JC. Solubility and Diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in Polymers and Polymer Swelling, Glass Transition, Melting, and Crystallization at High Pressure. A Critical Review and Perspectives on Experimental Methods, Data, and Modeling. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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López S, Ramos M, García-Vargas J, García M, Rodríguez J, Gracia I. Carbon dioxide sorption and melting behaviour of mPEG-alkyne. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Breath figures makes porous the “so-called” skin layer obtained in polymer foams prepared by supercritical CO2 treatments. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tuning the three-dimensional architecture of supercritical CO2 foamed PCL scaffolds by a novel mould patterning approach. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 109:110518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Yang J, Ciftci ON. Effect of Chemical Structure of Solid Lipid Matrix on Its Melting Behavior and Volumetric Expansion in Pressurized Carbon Dioxide. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Junsi Yang
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588‐6205 USA
| | - Ozan N. Ciftci
- Department of Food Science and Technology University of Nebraska‐Lincoln Lincoln NE 68588‐6205 USA
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Kuska R, Milovanovic S, Frerich S, Ivanovic J. Thermal analysis of polylactic acid under high CO2 pressure applied in supercritical impregnation and foaming process design. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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11
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Salerno A, Domingo C. Polycaprolactone foams prepared by supercritical CO2 batch foaming of polymer/organic solvent solutions. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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12
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Kiran E, Hassler JC. High-Pressure Torsional Braid Analysis (HP-TBA): A new technique for assessment of thermal transitions and changes in moduli of polymers exposed to supercritical or compressed fluids. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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13
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Daly SR, Fathi A, Bahramian B, Manavitehrani I, McClure DD, Valtchev P, Schindeler A, Dehghani F, Kavanagh JM. A green process for the purification of biodegradable poly(β-hydroxybutyrate). J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Foaming of polymers with supercritical fluids and perspectives on the current knowledge gaps and challenges. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Gas Dissolution Foaming as a Novel Approach for the Production of Lightweight Biocomposites of PHB/Natural Fibre Fabrics. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10030249. [PMID: 30966284 PMCID: PMC6415188 DOI: 10.3390/polym10030249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to propose and explore a novel approach for the production of cellular lightweight natural fibre, nonwoven, fabric-reinforced biocomposites by means of gas dissolution foaming from composite precursors of polyhydroxybutyrate-based matrix and flax fabric reinforcement. The main challenge is the development of a regular cellular structure in the polymeric matrix to reach a weight reduction while keeping a good fibre-matrix stress transfer and adhesion. The viability of the process is evaluated through the analysis of the cellular structure and morphology of the composites. The effect of matrix modification, nonwoven treatment, expansion temperature, and expansion pressure on the density and cellular structure of the cellular composites is evaluated. It was found that the nonwoven fabric plays a key role in the formation of a uniform cellular morphology, although limiting the maximum expansion ratio of the composites. Cellular composites with a significant reduction of weight (relative densities in the range 0.4⁻0.5) were successfully obtained.
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Sarver JA, Sumey JL, Williams ML, Bishop JP, Dean DM, Kiran E. Foaming of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate-co-carbon monoxide) and their blends with carbon dioxide. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Sarver
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Jenna L. Sumey
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | - Michael L. Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061
| | | | - David M. Dean
- DuPont Performance Materials; Wilmington Delaware 19803
| | - Erdogan Kiran
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Virginia Tech; Blacksburg Virginia 24061
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18
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Ivanovic J, Knauer S, Fanovich A, Milovanovic S, Stamenic M, Jaeger P, Zizovic I, Eggers R. Supercritical CO 2 sorption kinetics and thymol impregnation of PCL and PCL-HA. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Fanovich M, Ivanovic J, Zizovic I, Misic D, Jaeger P. Functionalization of polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite scaffolds with Usnea lethariiformis extract by using supercritical CO 2. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2016; 58:204-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Frerich SC. Biopolymer foaming with supercritical CO2—Thermodynamics, foaming behaviour and mechanical characteristics. J Supercrit Fluids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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21
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Takahashi S, Kiran E. Development of ring-banded spherulitic morphologies and formation of radially oriented nano-pores in poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) during crystallization in CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Le Moigne N, Sauceau M, Benyakhlef M, Jemai R, Benezet JC, Rodier E, Lopez-Cuesta JM, Fages J. Foaming of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/organo-clays nano-biocomposites by a continuous supercritical CO2 assisted extrusion process. Eur Polym J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Ciftci ON, Temelli F. Melting point depression of solid lipids in pressurized carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Markočič E, Škerget M, Knez Ž. Effect of Temperature and Pressure on the Behavior of Poly(ε-caprolactone) in the Presence of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Markočič
- Laboratory for Separation
Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Škerget
- Laboratory for Separation
Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation
Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor 2000, Slovenia
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