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Roskam G, van de Velde B, Gargano A, Kohler I. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Chiral Analysis, Part 2: Applications. LCGC EUROPE 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.eu.fn8374q5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the second part of this review article, the recent progress in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) for enantiomeric separations is evaluated. With the substantial developments carried out over the past years in instrumentation, columns, and detector hyphenation, the interest in chiral SFC has been steadily growing in various fields. In combination with novel developments in chiral stationary phase chemistries, the enantioselective analysis range has been significantly extended. Several applications reported on the enantioselective separation of drugs and pharmaceutical compounds using chiral SFC are discussed, including pharmaceutical applications, clinical research, forensic toxicology, and environmental sciences.
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Langley GJ, Cancho-Gonzalez S, Herniman JM. Different detectors used with SFC. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-88487-7.00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Blasko A, Wang H, Lu T, Mangion I, Regalado EL. Charged aerosol detection in early and late-stage pharmaceutical development: selection of regressionmodels at optimum power function value. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1641:461997. [PMID: 33676111 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of quantitative liquid chromatography (LC) coupled charged aerosol detection (CAD) for poor UV absorbing analytes in multicomponent mixtures has grown exponentially across academic and industrial sectors. The ballpark of previous LC-CAD reports is focused on practical applications, as well as optimization of critical parameters such as: response dependencies on temperature, nebulization process, analyte volatility, and mobile-phase composition. However, straightforward approaches to deal with the characteristic nonlinear response of CAD still scarce. A highly overlooked parameter is the power function value (PFV), whose optimization enables a detection signal that is more linear with higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and lower relative standard deviation (RSD) of area counts. Herein, a systematic investigation of different regression models (log-log, first-and second-degree polynomial) by both interpolation and extrapolation process in conjunction with PFV optimization throughout the development of LC-CAD assays is reported. The accuracy of the results via interpolation is always good (< 5%) when operating in the vicinity of the optimum PFV regardless the regression model choice. On the contrary, extrapolation process only worked when applying log-log regression at the optimum PFV (accuracy <5%). This outcome indicates that a first-order regression via interpolation can be a safe and simple choice for quantitative LC-CAD in highly regulated laboratories (GLP, GMP, etc.). Whereas a straightforward extrapolation combined with log-log regression can enable the deployment of high-throughput LC-CAD assays, especially but not limited to laboratories where the synthetic process route is undergoing rapid change and optimization (medicinal chemistry, discovery, biocatalysis, process chemistry, etc.). This approach is crucial in developing quantitative LC-CAD assays for poor UV absorbing pharmaceuticals that are sensitive, precise, accurate and robust across early and late-stage pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
| | - Andrei Blasko
- California Life Sciences Institute, FAST Advisory Program, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Heather Wang
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Tian Lu
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co. Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Ian Mangion
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Liu G, Zhu B, Ren X, Wang J. Universal response method for the quantitative analysis of multi-components in josamycin and midecamycin using liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 192:113679. [PMID: 33120309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Josamycin and midecamycin are consisted of three groups of components with different ultraviolet maximum absorption wavelengths (λmax), which are 231 nm, 280 nm and 205 nm. The quantitative analysis of all these components is challengeable due to the absence of the respective reference substances. To address this problem, universal and reliable methods were developed using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD) for the quantitative analysis of components in josamycin and midecamycin. The chromatographic conditions and CAD parameters setting were optimized. Subsequently, the components were identified using HPLC coupled with ion trap/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (IT/TOF MS). The developed methods were validated by assessing linearity, limit of quantitation (LOQ), accuracy, precision and robustness. Good separations were achieved for all components and the adjustment of the filter valve and power function value efficiently improved sensitivity. The developed methods were more comprehensive than current HPLC-UV method. The experimental results demonstrated good linearity with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 0.999 in the range of 0.002-0.30 mg mL-1. The limits of detection (LOD) were ranging from 1.8 to 2.0 μg·mL-1. The intra-day and inter-day RSD values were less than 2.0 % (n = 6) and 5.6 % (n = 9) respectively. The recoveries were 95.0 %-124.0 % at the spiked concentration levels of 0.05 %, 0.50 %, 0.10 % and 2.5 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs, n = 3) lower than 2.0 %. Finally, the developed methods were successfully applied to the quantitative analysis of minor components and used main components (leucomycin A3 and midecamycin A1) as alternative reference substance of minor components. The overall results demonstrated that the HPLC-CAD was a good alternative for the quantitative analysis of multi-components in 16-membered macrolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guijun Liu
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Bingqi Zhu
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiaojuan Ren
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Key Laboratory for Core Technology of Generic Drug Evaluation National Medical Product Administration, Zhejiang Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hangzhou 310052, China.
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Recent applications of the Charged Aerosol Detector for liquid chromatography in drug quality control. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1619:460911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Haidar Ahmad IA, Blasko A, Tam J, Variankaval N, Halsey HM, Hartman R, Regalado EL. Revealing the inner workings of the power function algorithm in Charged Aerosol Detection: A simple and effective approach to optimizing power function value for quantitative analysis. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:1-7. [PMID: 31196588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, charged aerosol detection (CAD) has become a valuable tool for fast and efficient quantitative chromatographic analysis of drug substances with weak UV absorption. In analytical method development using CAD, the power function settings available in the instrument software are key for linearization of the signal response with respect to analyte concentration. However, the relatively poor understanding of the power function algorithm has limited a more widespread use of CAD for quantitative assays, especially in the late stage of method validation and GMP laboratories. Herein, we present an approach to understand the inner workings of the power function value (PFV), the PFV optimization algorithm, as well as a method to determine the optimum PFV based on the signals acquired at PFV = 1 (default CAD settings). The exponent and the constant in the PFV equation used for modeling follow a trend as a function of PFV. The CAD signal at any PFV was modeled based on the signal acquired at PFV = 1, the modelling was successful for two analytes at different concentration levels on two different CAD detectors of the same model. This method reveals the functionality of the PFV which substantially simplifies the workflow needed to optimize the detector signal. The accuracy between the experimental and theoretical results showed high correlation and always resulted in the same optimum PFV determined by both ways. The approach described in this investigation simplifies the selection of the optimum PFV at which the signal is more linear, the signal-to-noise is higher, and the area reproducibility is better. The power function algorithm elucidated herein enables determination of optimum PFV from minimal experimental output and excellent overall accuracy. This paper provides an approach that includes no data transformation outside the vendor software, a very important requirement to easily validate and report results in a GMP environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imad A Haidar Ahmad
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
| | - Andrei Blasko
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - James Tam
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, San Carlos, CA, United States
| | - Narayan Variankaval
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Holst M Halsey
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Robert Hartman
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Process Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, 07065, USA.
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Ultra-performance chromatographic methods for enantioseparation of liquid crystals based on lactic acid. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Doing more with less: Evaluation of the use of high linear velocities in preparative supercritical fluid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1595:199-206. [PMID: 30871755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation of higher than typical linear velocities is discussed for supercritical fluid chromatographic purifications on the preparative scale. SFC separation efficiency suffers far less at high linear velocities than HPLC by the rapid mass transfer of analytes carried by compressed CO2 through the stationary phase. The technique is discussed using chiral test compounds and columns. In many cases, running at high linear velocities can yield significant time savings and decreased consumption of mobile phase solvent, while also lowering energy consumption. Within the practical limitations of commercial instrumentation, using 20 μm particles can aid in achieving higher linear velocities not attainable with smaller 5 μm particles, particularly when running with high percentages of organic co-solvent. Use of larger particles for the stationary phase also lowers the associated column cost. These benefits can yield an overall purification process that is more productive and environmentally friendly.
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Harps LC, Joseph JF, Parr MK. SFC for chiral separations in bioanalysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 162:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Recent Achievements and Future Challenges in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for the Enantioselective Separation of Chiral Pharmaceuticals. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3606-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Pirrone GF, Mathew RM, Makarov AA, Bernardoni F, Klapars A, Hartman R, Limanto J, Regalado EL. Supercritical fluid chromatography-photodiode array detection-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry as a framework for impurity fate mapping in the development and manufacture of drug substances. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1080:42-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Barhate CL, Joyce LA, Makarov AA, Zawatzky K, Bernardoni F, Schafer WA, Armstrong DW, Welch CJ, Regalado EL. Ultrafast chiral separations for high throughput enantiopurity analysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:509-512. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc08512a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast chiral chromatography enables high throughput enantiopurity analysis (over one thousand samples in an 8 h workday) for enantioselective synthesis investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo A. Joyce
- Process Research & Development
- MRL
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
| | | | | | | | - Wes A. Schafer
- Process Research & Development
- MRL
- Merck & Co., Inc
- Rahway
- USA
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Joyce LA, Regalado EL, Welch CJ. Hydroxypyridyl Imines: Enhancing Chromatographic Separation and Stereochemical Analysis of Chiral Amines via Circular Dichroism. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8199-205. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leo A. Joyce
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Erik L. Regalado
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christopher J. Welch
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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