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Salionov D, Ludwig C, Bjelić S. Standard-Free Quantification of Dicarboxylic Acids: Case Studies with Salt-Rich Effluents and Serum. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:932-943. [PMID: 35511053 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.1c00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the ionization efficiency (IE) of linear and branched C2-C14 dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) by electrospray ionization (ESI) under different conditions. The influence of the concentration of organic modifier (MeOH); mobile phase additive; and its concentration, pH, and DCA structure on IE values is studied using flow injection analysis. The IE values of DCAs increase with the increase of MeOH concentration but also decrease with an increase of pH. The former is due to the increase in solvent evaporation rates; the latter is caused by an ion-pairing between the diacid and the cation (ammonium), which is confirmed by the study with different amines. The investigation of DCA ionization in the presence of different acidic mobile phase additives showed that a significant improvement in the (-)ESI responses of analytes was achieved in the presence of weak hydrophobic carboxylic acids, such as butyric or propanoic acid. Conversely, the use of strong carboxylic acids, such as trichloroacetic acid, was found to cause signal suppression. The results of the IE studies were used to develop the liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method that provided instrumental limits of detection in the range from 6 to 180 pg. Furthermore, upon applying the nonparametric Gaussian process, a model for the prediction of IE values was developed, which contains the number of carbons in the molecule and MeOH concentration as model parameters. As a case study, dicarboxylic acids are quantified in salt-rich effluent and blood serum samples using the developed LC-HRMS method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil Salionov
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Environmental Engineering Institute (IIE, GR-LUD), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- Environmental Engineering Institute (IIE, GR-LUD), School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institut PSI, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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Membrane and Electrochemical Based Technologies for the Decontamination of Exploitable Streams Produced by Thermochemical Processing of Contaminated Biomass. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phytoremediation is an emerging concept for contaminated soil restoration via the use of resilient plants that can absorb soil contaminants. The harvested contaminated biomass can be thermochemically converted to energy carriers/chemicals, linking soil decontamination with biomass-to-energy and aligning with circular economy principles. Two thermochemical conversion steps of contaminated biomass, both used for contaminated biomass treatment/exploitation, are considered: Supercritical Water Gasification and Fast Pyrolysis. For the former, the vast majority of contaminants are transferred into liquid and gaseous effluents, and thus the application of purification steps is necessary prior to further processing. In Fast Pyrolysis, contaminants are mainly retained in the solid phase, but a part appears in the liquid phase due to fine solids entrainment. Contaminants include heavy metals, particulate matter, and hydrogen sulfide. The purified streams allow the in-process re-use of water for the Super Critical Water Gasification, the sulfur-free catalytic conversion of the fuel-rich gaseous stream of the same process into liquid fuels and recovery of an exploitable bio-oil rich stream from the Fast Pyrolysis. Considering the fundamental importance of purification/decontamination to exploit the aforementioned streams in an integrated context, a review of available such technologies is conducted, and options are shortlisted. Technologies of choice include polymeric-based membrane gas absorption for desulfurization, electrooxidation/electrocoagulation for the liquid product of Supercritical Water Gasification and microfiltration via ceramic membranes for fine solids removal from the Fast Pyrolysis bio-oil. Challenges, risks, and suitable strategies to implement these options in the context of biomass-to-energy conversion are discussed and recommendations are made.
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Hunston C, Baudouin D, Tarik M, Kröcher O, Vogel F. Investigating active phase loss from supported ruthenium catalysts during supercritical water gasification. Catal Sci Technol 2021; 11:7431-7444. [PMID: 34912538 PMCID: PMC8591986 DOI: 10.1039/d1cy00379h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Active phase loss mechanisms from Ru/AC catalysts were studied in continuous supercritical water gasification (SCWG) for the first time by analysing the Ru content in process water with low limit-of-detection time-resolved ICP-MS. Ru loss was investigated alongside the activity of commercial and in-house Ru-based catalysts, showing very low Ru loss rates compared to Ru/metal-oxides (0.2–1.2 vs. 10–24 μg gRu−1 h−1, respectively). Furthermore, AC-supported Ru catalysts showed superior long-term SCWG activity to their oxide-based analogues. The impact on Ru loss of several parameters relevant for catalytic SCWG (temperature, feed concentration or feed rate) was also studied and was shown to have no effect on the Ru concentration in the process water, as it systematically stabilised to 0.01–0.2 μgRu L−1 for Ru/AC. Looking into the type of Ru loss in steady-state operation, time-resolved ICP-MS confirmed a high probability of finding Ru in the ionic form, suggesting that leaching is the main steady-state Ru loss mechanism. In non-steady-state operation, abrupt changes in the pressure and flow rate induced important Ru losses, which were assigned to catalyst fragments. This is directly linked to irreversible mechanical damage to the catalyst. Taking the different observations into consideration, the following Ru loss mechanisms are suggested: 1) constant Ru dissolution (leaching) until solubility equilibrium is reached; 2) minor nanoparticle uncoupling from the support (both at steady state); 3) support disintegration leading to the loss of larger amounts of Ru in the form of catalyst fragments (abrupt feed rate or pressure variations). The very low Ru concentrations detected in process water at steady state (0.01–0.2 μgRu L−1) are close to the thermodynamic equilibrium and indicated that leaching did not contribute to Ru/AC deactivation in SCWG. Ru loss mechanisms were investigated for the first time in SCWG by ICP-MS. Ru leaching at steady state was very low, close to thermodynamic models. Abrupt changes in process conditions must be avoided to prevent catalyst damage and higher Ru loss.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hunston
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland +41 563105694.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - David Baudouin
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland +41 563105694
| | - Mohamed Tarik
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland +41 563105694
| | - Oliver Kröcher
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland +41 563105694.,Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI) 5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland +41 563105694.,Institute for Biomass and Resource Efficiency, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz (FHNW) 5210 Windisch Switzerland
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Modeling and process optimization of hydrothermal gasification for hydrogen production: A comprehensive review. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Wang R, Deplazes R, Vogel F, Baudouin D. Continuous Extraction of Black Liquor Salts under Hydrothermal Conditions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runyu Wang
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering (SKLMF), Xi’an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Roger Deplazes
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Institute of Biomass and Resource Efficiency, University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - David Baudouin
- Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Tang X, Zheng Y, Liao Z, Wang Y, Yang J, Cai J. A review of developments in process flow for supercritical water oxidation. CHEM ENG COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00986445.2020.1783537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- XingYing Tang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - YouChang Zheng
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - ZeQin Liao
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - YingHui Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - JianQiao Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Jianjun Cai
- School of Architecture and Traffic, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, P.R. China
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Sub- and Supercritical Water Liquefaction of Kraft Lignin and Black Liquor Derived Lignin. ENERGIES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/en13133309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To mitigate global warming, humankind has been forced to develop new efficient energy solutions based on renewable energy sources. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising technology that can efficiently produce bio-oil from several biomass sources. The HTL process uses sub- or supercritical water for producing bio-oil, water-soluble organics, gaseous products and char. Black liquor mainly contains cooking chemicals (mainly alkali salts) lignin and the hemicellulose parts of the wood chips used for cellulose digestion. This review explores the effects of different process parameters, solvents and catalysts for the HTL of black liquor or black liquor-derived lignin. Using short residence times under near- or supercritical water conditions may improve both the quality and the quantity of the bio-oil yield. The quality and yield of bio-oil can be further improved by using solvents (e.g., phenol) and catalysts (e.g., alkali salts, zirconia). However, the solubility of alkali salts present in black liquor can lead to clogging problem in the HTL reactor and process tubes when approaching supercritical water conditions.
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Rodriguez Correa C, Kruse A. Supercritical water gasification of biomass for hydrogen production – Review. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Peng G, Vogel F, Refardt D, Ludwig C. Catalytic Supercritical Water Gasification: Continuous Methanization of Chlorella vulgaris. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Peng
- Energy
and Environment Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Vogel
- Energy
and Environment Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), 5210 Windisch, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Refardt
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Christian Ludwig
- Energy
and Environment Research Department, Paul Scherrer Institut (PSI), 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- ENAC-IIE, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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