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Koopmann AK, Ehgartner CR, Euchler D, Claros M, Huesing N. Sustainable Tannin Gels for the Efficient Removal of Metal Ions and Organic Dyes. Gels 2023; 9:822. [PMID: 37888395 PMCID: PMC10606356 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The usage of a highly efficient, low-cost, and sustainable adsorbent material as an industrial wastewater treatment technique is required. Herein, the usage of the novel, fully sustainable tannin-5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (TH) aerogels, generated via a water-based sol-gel process, as compatible biosorbent materials is presented. In particular, this study focusses on the surface modification of the tannin biosorbent with carboxyl or amino functional groups, which, hence, alters the accessible adsorption sites, resulting in increased adsorption capacity, as well as investigating the optimal pH conditions for the adsorption process. Precisely, highest adsorption capacities are acquired for the metal cations and cationic dye in an alkaline aqueous environment using a carboxyl-functionalized tannin biosorbent, whereas the anionic dye requires an acidic environment using an amino-functionalized tannin biosorbent. Under these determined optimal conditions, the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of the tannin biosorbent ensues in the following order: Cu2+ > RB > Zn2+ > MO, with 500, 244, 192, 131 mg g-1, respectively, indicating comparable or even superior adsorption capacities compared to conventional activated carbons or silica adsorbents. Thus, these functionalized, fully sustainable, inexpensive tannin biosorbent materials, that feature high porosity and high specific surface areas, are ideal industrial candidates for the versatile adsorption process from contaminated (heavy) metal or dye solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Koopmann
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-K.K.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Caroline Ramona Ehgartner
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-K.K.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Euchler
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-K.K.)
| | - Martha Claros
- Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362854, Chile
| | - Nicola Huesing
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; (A.-K.K.)
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Basak S, Singhal RS. The potential of supercritical drying as a “green” method for the production of food-grade bioaerogels: A comprehensive critical review. Food Hydrocoll 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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3
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Drying of Hierarchically Organized Porous Silica Monoliths-Comparison of Evaporative and Supercritical Drying. Gels 2023; 9:gels9010071. [PMID: 36661837 PMCID: PMC9858606 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a detailed comparison between a conventional supercritical drying process and an evaporative drying technique for hierarchically organized porous silica gel monoliths. These gels are based on a model system synthesized by the aqueous sol-gel processing of an ethylene-glycol-modified silane, resulting in a cellular, macroporous, strut-based network comprising anisotropic, periodically arranged mesopores formed by microporous amorphous silica. The effect of the two drying procedures on the pore properties (specific surface area, pore volume, and pore widths) and on the shrinkage of the monolith is evaluated through a comprehensive characterization by using nitrogen physisorption, electron microscopy, and small-angle X-ray scattering. It can clearly be demonstrated that for the hierarchically organized porous solids, the evaporative drying procedure can compete without the need for surface modification with the commonly applied supercritical drying in terms of the material and textural properties, such as specific surface area and pore volume. The thus obtained materials deliver a high specific surface area and exhibit overall comparable or even improved pore characteristics to monoliths prepared by supercritical drying. Additionally, the pore properties can be tailored to some extent by adjusting the drying conditions, such as temperature.
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4
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Influence of supercritical fluid parameters on the polyimide aerogels in a high-efficiency supercritical drying process. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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5
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Dirauf M, Wagner P, Braeuer A. Mass transfer kinetics inside bio-(aero)gels during solvent exchange and supercritical drying: On the relevance of advection, gel-porosity and a peculiarity regarding the tortuosity. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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6
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Depta PN, Gurikov P, Schroeter B, Forgács A, Kalmár J, Paul G, Marchese L, Heinrich S, Dosta M. DEM-Based Approach for the Modeling of Gelation and Its Application to Alginate. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 62:49-70. [PMID: 34936761 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gelation of biopolymers is of great interest in the material science community and has gained increasing relevance in the past few decades, especially in the context of aerogels─lightweight open nanoporous materials. Understanding the underlying gel structure and influence of process parameters is of great importance to predict material properties such as mechanical strength. In order to improve understanding of the gelation mechanism in aqueous solution, this work presents a novel approach based on the discrete element method for the mesoscale for modeling gelation of hydrogels, similarly to an extremely coarse-grained molecular dynamics (MD) approach. For this, polymer chains are abstracted as dimer units connected by flexible bonds and interactions between units and with the environment, that is, diffusion in implicit water, are described. The model is based on Langevin dynamics and includes an implicit probabilistic ion model to capture the effects of ion availability during ion-mediated gelation. The model components are fully derived and parameterized using literature data and theoretical considerations based on a simplified representation of atomistic processes. The presented model enables investigations of the higher-scale network formation during gelation on the micrometer and millisecond scale, which are beyond classical modeling approaches such as MD. As a model system, calcium-mediated alginate gelation is investigated including the influence of ion concentration, polymer composition, polymer concentration, and molecular weight. The model is verified against numerous literature data as well as own experimental results for the corresponding Ca-alginate hydrogels using nitrogen porosimetry, NMR cryoporometry, and small-angle neutron scattering. The model reproduces both bundle size and pore size distribution in a reasonable agreement with the experiments. Overall, the modeling approach paves the way to physically motivated design of alginate gels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Nicolas Depta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Laboratory for Development and Modeling of Novel Nanoporous Materials, Hamburg University of Technology, 21 073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Baldur Schroeter
- Institute for Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, 21 073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Attila Forgács
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - József Kalmár
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, MTA-DE Redox and Homogeneous Catalytic Reaction Mechanisms Research Group, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Geo Paul
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Universitá del Piemonte Orientale, 15 121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Leonardo Marchese
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Universitá del Piemonte Orientale, 15 121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Stefan Heinrich
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maksym Dosta
- Institute of Solids Process Engineering and Particle Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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7
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Koopmann AK, Malfait WJ, Sepperer T, Huesing N. A Systematic Study on Bio-Based Hybrid Aerogels Made of Tannin and Silica. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14185231. [PMID: 34576455 PMCID: PMC8468457 DOI: 10.3390/ma14185231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tannin-silica hybrid materials are expected to feature excellent mechanic-chemical stability, large surface areas, high porosity and possess, after carbothermal reduction, high thermal stability as well as high thermal conductivity. Typically, a commercially available tetraethoxysilane is used, but in this study, a more sustainable route was developed by using a glycol-based silica precursor, tetrakis(2-hydroxyethyl)orthosilicate (EGMS), which is highly water-soluble. In order to produce highly porous, homogeneous hybrid tannin-silica aerogels in a one-pot approach, a suitable crosslinker has to be used. It was found that an aldehyde-functionalized silane (triethoxysilylbutyraldehyde) enables the covalent bonding of tannin and silica. Solely by altering the processing parameters, distinctly different tannin-silica hybrid material properties could be achieved. In particular, the amount of crosslinker is a significant factor with respect to altering the materials’ properties, e.g., the specific surface area. Notably, 5 wt% of crosslinker presents an optimal percentage to obtain a sustainable tannin-silica hybrid system with high specific surface areas of roughly 800–900 m2 g−1 as well as a high mesopore volume. The synthesized tannin-silica hybrid aerogels permit the usage as green precursor for silicon carbide materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Kathrin Koopmann
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Wim J. Malfait
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Empa, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland;
| | - Thomas Sepperer
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Forest Products Technology and Timber Constructions, Salzburg University of Applied Sciences, 5431 Kuchl, Austria
| | - Nicola Huesing
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Paris-Lodron University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Salzburg Center for Smart Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-662-8044-6265
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Lebedev A, Lovskaya D, Menshutina N. Modeling and scale-up of supercritical fluid processes. Part II: Supercritical drying of gel particles. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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9
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Comparison of Finite Difference and Finite Volume Simulations for a Sc-Drying Mass Transport Model. Gels 2020; 6:gels6040045. [PMID: 33255687 PMCID: PMC7768395 DOI: 10.3390/gels6040045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Different numerical solutions of a previously developed mass transport model for supercritical drying of aerogel particles in a packed bed [Part 1: Selmer et al. 2018, Part 2: Selmer et al. 2019] are compared. Two finite difference discretizations and a finite volume method were used. The finite volume method showed a higher overall accuracy, in the form of lower overall Euclidean norm (l2) and maximum norm (l∞) errors, as well as lower mole balance errors compared to the finite difference methods. Additionally, the finite volume method was more efficient when the condition numbers of the linear systems to be solved were considered. In case of fine grids, the computation time of the finite difference methods was slightly faster but for 16 or fewer nodes the finite volume method was superior. Overall, the finite volume method is preferable for the numerical solution of the described drying model for aerogel particles in a packed bed.
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Santos PD, Viganó J, Furtado GDF, Cunha RL, Hubinger MD, Rezende CA, Martínez J. Production of resveratrol loaded alginate aerogel: Characterization, mathematical modeling, and study of impregnation. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Mißfeldt F, Gurikov P, Lölsberg W, Weinrich D, Lied F, Fricke M, Smirnova I. Continuous Supercritical Drying of Aerogel Particles: Proof of Concept. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fynn Mißfeldt
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wibke Lölsberg
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Dirk Weinrich
- BASF Polyurethanes GmbH, Elastogranstraße 60, 49448 Lemfoerde, Germany
| | - Fabian Lied
- BASF Polyurethanes GmbH, Elastogranstraße 60, 49448 Lemfoerde, Germany
| | - Marc Fricke
- BASF Polyurethanes GmbH, Elastogranstraße 60, 49448 Lemfoerde, Germany
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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12
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Hatami T, Viganó J, Innocentini Mei LH, Martínez J. Production of alginate-based aerogel particles using supercritical drying: Experiment, comprehensive mathematical model, and optimization. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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13
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Role of rheological properties on physical chitosan aerogels obtained by supercritical drying. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 233:115850. [PMID: 32059901 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan aerogels were obtained after using supercritical carbon dioxide to dry physical hydrogels, studying the effect of the rheological behavior of hydrogels and solutions on the final aerogels properties. An increase on the solutions pseudoplasticity increased the subsequent hydrogels physical entanglement, without showing a significant effect on aerogels morphology (nanoporous) and textural properties (pores of about 10 nm). However, an increase of hydrogel physical entanglement promoted the formation of aerogels with a higher compressive strength (from 0.2 to 0.80 MPa) and higher thermal decomposition range, while decreasing the porosity (from 90 % to 94 %). Aerogels stress-strain responses were also successfully fitted using a hyperelastic equation with three adjustable parameters (Yeoh), showing that this type of models must be taken into account when large stresses are studied.
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14
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Investigation of the effect of gel properties on supercritical drying kinetics of ionotropic alginate gel particles. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Gurikov P, S. P. R, Griffin JS, Steiner SA, Smirnova I. 110th Anniversary: Solvent Exchange in the Processing of Biopolymer Aerogels: Current Status and Open Questions. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b02967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Gurikov
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Eißendorfer Str. 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raman S. P.
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Eißendorfer Str. 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Justin S. Griffin
- Aerogel Technologies, LLC 1 Westinghouse Plaza, D157, Boston, Massachusetts 02136, United States of America
| | - Stephen A. Steiner
- Aerogel Technologies, LLC 1 Westinghouse Plaza, D157, Boston, Massachusetts 02136, United States of America
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Hamburg University of Technology, Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Eißendorfer Str. 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany
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17
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Ganesan K, Budtova T, Ratke L, Gurikov P, Baudron V, Preibisch I, Niemeyer P, Smirnova I, Milow B. Review on the Production of Polysaccharide Aerogel Particles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E2144. [PMID: 30384442 PMCID: PMC6265924 DOI: 10.3390/ma11112144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A detailed study of the production of polysaccharide aerogel (bio-aerogel) particles from lab to pilot scale is surveyed in this article. An introduction to various droplets techniques available in the market is given and compared with the lab scale production of droplets using pipettes and syringes. An overview of the mechanisms of gelation of polysaccharide solutions together with non-solvent induced phase separation option is then discussed in the view of making wet particles. The main steps of particle recovery and solvent exchange are briefly described in order to pass through the final drying process. Various drying processes are overviewed and the importance of supercritical drying is highlighted. In addition, we present the characterization techniques to analyse the morphology and properties of the aerogels. The case studies of bio-aerogel (agar, alginate, cellulose, chitin, κ-carrageenan, pectin and starch) particles are reviewed. Potential applications of polysaccharide aerogel particles are briefly given. Finally, the conclusions summarize the prospects of the potential scale-up methods for producing bio-aerogel particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathirvel Ganesan
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Materials Research, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Tatiana Budtova
- MINES Paris Tech, PSL Research University, Center for Materials Forming (CEMEF), UMR CNRS 7635, CS 10207, 06904 Sophia Antipolis, France.
| | - Lorenz Ratke
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Materials Research, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Pavel Gurikov
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Victor Baudron
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Imke Preibisch
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Philipp Niemeyer
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Materials Research, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
| | - Irina Smirnova
- Institute of Thermal Separation Processes, Hamburg University of Technology, Eißendorfer Straße 38, 21073 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Barbara Milow
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Materials Research, Linder Hoehe, 51147 Cologne, Germany.
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