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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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2
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Rivera P, Torres A, Romero J, Alarcón Á, Martínez S, Arrieta MP, Rodríguez-Mercado F, Galotto MJ. Effect of Operational Variables on Supercritical Foaming of Caffeic Acid-Loaded Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends for the Development of Sustainable Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:948. [PMID: 38611209 PMCID: PMC11013249 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Expanded polystyrene will account for 5.3% of total global plastic production in 2021 and is widely used for food packaging due to its excellent moisture resistance and thermal insulation. However, some of these packages are often used only once before being discarded, generating large amounts of environmentally harmful plastic waste. A very attractive alternative to the conventional methods used for polymer processing is the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) since it has mass-transfer properties adapted to the foam morphology, generating different path lengths for the diffusion of active compounds within its structure and can dissolve a wide range of organic molecules under supercritical conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of operational variables on the process of caffeic acid (CA) impregnation and subsequent foaming of polylactic acid (PLA) as well as two PLA/poly(butylene-co-terephthalate-adipate) (PBAT) blends using scCO2. The results showed an increase in the degree of crystallinity of the CA-impregnated samples due to the nucleation effect of the active compound. On the other hand, SEM micrographs of both films and foams showed significant differences due to the presence of PBAT and its low miscibility with PLA. Finally, the results obtained in this work contribute to the knowledge of the important parameters to consider for the implementation of the impregnation and foaming process of PLA and PLA/PBAT blends with potential use in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Alejandra Torres
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Julio Romero
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Álvaro Alarcón
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Sara Martínez
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Marina P. Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación, Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Mercado
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - María José Galotto
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
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3
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González-Benito J, Zuñiga-Prado S, Najera J, Olmos D. Non-Woven Fibrous Polylactic Acid/Hydroxyapatite Nanocomposites Obtained via Solution Blow Spinning: Morphology, Thermal and Mechanical Behavior. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:196. [PMID: 38251160 PMCID: PMC10818388 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is widely used in tissue engineering and other biomedical applications. PLA can be modified with appropriate biocompatible ceramic materials since this would allow tailoring the mechanical properties of the tissues to be engineered. In this study, PLA-based non-woven fibrillar nanocomposites containing nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite (HA), a bioceramic commonly used in bone tissue engineering, were prepared via solution blow spinning (SBS). The compositions of the final materials were selected to study the influence of HA concentration on the structure, morphology, and thermal and mechanical properties. The resulting materials were highly porous and mainly constituted fibers. FTIR analysis did not reveal any specific interactions. The diameters of the fibers varied very little with the composition. For example, slightly thinner fibers were obtained for pure PLA and PLA + 10% HA, with fiber diameters of less than 400 nm, while the thicker fibers were found for PLA + 1% HA, with average diameters of 427 ± 170 nm. The crystallinity and stiffness of the PLA/HA composite increased with the HA content. Further, composites containing PLA fibers with slightly larger diameters were more ductile. Thus, with an appropriate balance between factors, such as the diameter of the solution-blow-spun PLA fibers, HA particle content, and degree of crystallinity, PLA/HA composites may be effectively used in tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier González-Benito
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (S.Z.-P.)
- Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephania Zuñiga-Prado
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (S.Z.-P.)
| | - Julian Najera
- Department of Aerospace & Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA;
| | - Dania Olmos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain; (J.G.-B.); (S.Z.-P.)
- Instituto de Química y Materiales Álvaro Alonso Barba (IQMAA), Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
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Fanovich MA, Di Maio E, Salerno A. Current Trend and New Opportunities for Multifunctional Bio-Scaffold Fabrication via High-Pressure Foaming. J Funct Biomater 2023; 14:480. [PMID: 37754894 PMCID: PMC10531842 DOI: 10.3390/jfb14090480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible and biodegradable foams prepared using the high-pressure foaming technique have been widely investigated in recent decades as porous scaffolds for in vitro and in vivo tissue growth. In fact, the foaming process can operate at low temperatures to load bioactive molecules and cells within the pores of the scaffold, while the density and pore architecture, and, hence, properties of the scaffold, can be finely modulated by the proper selection of materials and processing conditions. Most importantly, the high-pressure foaming of polymers is an ideal choice to limit and/or avoid the use of cytotoxic and tissue-toxic compounds during scaffold preparation. The aim of this review is to provide the reader with the state of the art and current trend in the high-pressure foaming of biomedical polymers and composites towards the design and fabrication of multifunctional scaffolds for tissue engineering. This manuscript describes the application of the gas foaming process for bio-scaffold design and fabrication and highlights some of the most interesting results on: (1) the engineering of porous scaffolds featuring biomimetic porosity to guide cell behavior and to mimic the hierarchical architecture of complex tissues, such as bone; (2) the bioactivation of the scaffolds through the incorporation of inorganic fillers and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Alejandra Fanovich
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology (INTEMA), National University of Mar del Plata, National Research Council (CONICET), Mar del Plata 7600, Argentina;
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Aurelio Salerno
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
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Milovanovic S, Lukic I, Horvat G, Novak Z, Frerich S, Petermann M, García-González CA. Green Processing of Neat Poly(lactic acid) Using Carbon Dioxide under Elevated Pressure for Preparation of Advanced Materials: A Review (2012-2022). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040860. [PMID: 36850144 PMCID: PMC9960451 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a concise overview of up-to-date developments in the processing of neat poly(lactic acid) (PLA), improvement in its properties, and preparation of advanced materials using a green medium (CO2 under elevated pressure). Pressurized CO2 in the dense and supercritical state is a superior alternative medium to organic solvents, as it is easily available, fully recyclable, has easily tunable properties, and can be completely removed from the final material without post-processing steps. This review summarizes the state of the art on PLA drying, impregnation, foaming, and particle generation by the employment of dense and supercritical CO2 for the development of new materials. An analysis of the effect of processing methods on the final material properties was focused on neat PLA and PLA with an addition of natural bioactive components. It was demonstrated that CO2-assisted processes enable the control of PLA properties, reduce operating times, and require less energy compared to conventional ones. The described environmentally friendly processing techniques and the versatility of PLA were employed for the preparation of foams, aerogels, scaffolds, microparticles, and nanoparticles, as well as bioactive materials. These PLA-based materials can find application in tissue engineering, drug delivery, active food packaging, compostable packaging, wastewater treatment, or thermal insulation, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoja Milovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—New Chemical Syntheses Institute, Al. Tysiąclecia Państwa Polskiego 13a, 24-110 Puławy, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Ivana Lukic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (S.M.); (I.L.)
| | - Gabrijela Horvat
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Zoran Novak
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sulamith Frerich
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marcus Petermann
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Thermo and Fluid Dynamics, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Carlos A. García-González
- I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, iMATUS and Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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6
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Lucic Skoric M, Milovanovic S, Zizovic I, Ortega-Toro R, Santagata G, Malinconico M, Kalagasidis Krusic M. Supercritical CO 2 Impregnation of Thymol in Thermoplastic Starch-Based Blends: Chemico-Physical Properties and Release Kinetics. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14204360. [PMID: 36297937 PMCID: PMC9606892 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate starch-based materials, prepared in an environmentally friendly way and from renewable resources, suitable for the development of biodegradable active food packaging. For this purpose, a bioactive compound (thymol) was incorporated into thermoplastic starch (TPS) and a TPS blend with poly (ε-caprolactone) (TPS-PCL) by the supercritical CO2 (scCO2) impregnation process. Impregnation experiments with scCO2 were carried out at a pressure of 30 MPa and temperatures in the range of 40-100 °C during 1 to 20 h. The structural, morphological, and thermal properties of the obtained materials were comprehensively evaluated. Bioactive component release kinetic studies were performed in water at 6 °C and 25 °C. It was shown that the scCO2 impregnation process could be successfully employed for thymol loading into TPS and TPS-PCL. The process was significantly influenced by the operating temperature and time as well as content of PCL. The samples showed a controlled release of thymol within seven days with a higher amount of released thymol from the TPS-PCL blend. The obtained materials are solvent-free and release the bioactive component in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Lucic Skoric
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stoja Milovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Zizovic
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rodrigo Ortega-Toro
- Food Packaging and Shelf Life Research Group (FP&SL), Food Engineering Program, Universidad de Cartagena, Avenida del Consulado Calle 30 No. 48-152, Cartagena de Indias 130015, Colombia
| | - Gabriella Santagata
- CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (M.K.K.)
| | - Mario Malinconico
- CNR, Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, Via Campi Flegrei, 34, Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy
| | - Melina Kalagasidis Krusic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, 11120 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (G.S.); (M.K.K.)
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7
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Supercritical CO2-assisted Impregnation/Deposition of Polymeric Materials With Pharmaceutical, Nutraceutical, and Biomedical Applications: A Review (2015-2021). J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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The synergistic effect of polytetrafluoroethylene in-situ fibrillation and dibenzoyl sebacate hydrazide on the crystallization and foaming behavior of poly (lactic acid). Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 221:523-535. [PMID: 36089093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fully degradable poly (lactic acid) foam with green environmental protection characteristics can alleviate the shortage of petroleum resources caused by the application of plastics. However, due to the inherent low melt strength and slow crystallization rate of linear PLA. It is difficult to obtain PLA microcellular foam with good morphology. In order to obtain PLA microcellular foam with ultra-high expansion ratio and small cell size, PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene) nanofibers with excellent CO2 adsorption rate were introduced. Self-assembled nucleator TMC-300(dibenzoyl sebacate hydrazide) was also introduced to blend with PLA to obtain small-sized cells. The results show that the PTFE entanglement network as a self-assembled template can effectively improve the early crystallization nucleation efficiency and increase the crystallinity of branched PLA (CBPLA)/TMC by 7 %. The microcellular foam with PTFE content of 0.5 wt% (CBPLA/TMC/PTFE 0.5) was successfully prepared by physical foaming agent, which had the lowest cell size (8.7 μm) And high expansion ratio (1200 %).
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9
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Fathi M, Sodeifian G, Sajadian SA. Experimental study of ketoconazole impregnation into polyvinyl pyrrolidone and hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose using supercritical carbon dioxide: Process optimization. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Athanasoulia I, Louli V, Schinas P, Rinotas V, Douni E, Tarantili P, Magoulas K. The effect of foaming process with supercritical
CO
2
on the morphology and properties of
3D
porous polylactic acid scaffolds. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasiliki Louli
- Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena Lab., School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Greece
| | - Petros Schinas
- Environment and Quality of Life Lab., School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Greece
| | - Vagelis Rinotas
- Institute for Bioinnovation Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming” Vari Greece
| | - Eleni Douni
- Institute for Bioinnovation Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming” Vari Greece
- Laboratory of Genetics, Department of Biotechnology Agricultural University of Athens Athens Greece
| | - Petroula Tarantili
- Polymer Technology Lab., School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Greece
| | - Konstantinos Magoulas
- Thermodynamics and Transport Phenomena Lab., School of Chemical Engineering National Technical University of Athens Greece
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Screening of the Supercritical Impregnation of Olea europaea Leaves Extract into Filaments of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) and Polylactic Acid (PLA) Intended for Biomedical Applications. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061170. [PMID: 35740066 PMCID: PMC9219857 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The leaves of Olea europaea as agricultural waste represent a convenient source of antioxidants. In combination with supercritical CO2 (scCO2), assisted impregnation is an interesting strategy for the preparation of biomedical devices with specific bioactivity. For this purpose, 3D-printable filaments of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and polylactic acid (PLA) were employed for the supercritical impregnation of ethanolic olive leaves extract (OLE) for biomedical application. The extraction of OLE was performed using pressurized liquids. The effect of pressure (100-400 bar), temperature (35-55 °C), and the polymer type on the OLE impregnation and the swelling degree were studied including a morphological analysis and the measurement of the final antioxidant activity. All the studied variables as well as their interactions showed significant effects on the OLE loading. Higher temperatures favored the OLE loading while the pressure presented opposite effects at values higher than 250 bar. Thus, the highest OLE loadings were achieved at 250 bar and 55 °C for both polymers. However, TPU showed c.a. 4 times higher OLE loading and antioxidant activity in comparison with PLA at the optimal conditions. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using TPU for the supercritical impregnation of a natural extract with bioactivity.
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12
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Milovanovic S, Pajnik J, Lukic I. Tailoring of advanced poly(lactic acid)‐based materials: A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stoja Milovanovic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy Belgrade Serbia
- New Chemical Syntheses Institute Łukasiewicz Research Network Puławy Poland
| | - Jelena Pajnik
- University of Belgrade Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy Belgrade Serbia
| | - Ivana Lukic
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy Belgrade Serbia
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13
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Utilization of supercritical carbon dioxide for development of antibacterial surgical sutures. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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14
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Liparoti S, Franco P, Pantani R, De Marco I. Supercritical CO2 impregnation of caffeine in biopolymer films to produce anti-cellulite devices. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Wang S, Yang W, Li X, Hu Z, Wang B, Li M, Dong W. Preparation of high-expansion open-cell polylactic acid foam with superior oil-water separation performance. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 193:1059-1067. [PMID: 34798185 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly and non-toxic polylactic acid (PLA) foam has shown great application prospects in heat preservation, adsorption and other fields. However, it is still challenging to prepare high-expansion PLA foam. Herein, a cooling batch foaming process under supercritical CO2 (sc-CO2), based on pre-melted non-crystalline state, was proposed to prepare PLA foams with high expansion ratio. The CO2 dissolved in the polymer melt will lower the crystallization temperature of PLA. Due to the lack of crystallization, the foaming temperature of PLA can be reduced, which increases the CO2 saturation and helps foam. When foaming is triggered before crystallization, ultrahigh expansion foam can be produced. Based on pre-melting treatment, the maximum expansion ratio of PLA has reached 59.7-fold. At the same time, an open-pore structure is produced by this method, which can selectively absorb oil from water. In addition, the adsorption capacity of CCl4 reaches 15 g/g, and there is no significant attenuation in 20 adsorption-desorption cycles. This work provides a green, solvent-free method to prepare biodegradable oil-adsorbing foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Wenjie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Xiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China.
| | - Zhonglue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Mengjia Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
| | - Weiping Dong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology & Equipment of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China; College of Engineering, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, PR China
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16
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Li S, Jiang S, Gong S, Ma S, Yang H, Pan K, Deng J. Preparation Methods, Performance Improvement Strategies, and Typical Applications of Polyamide Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Frerich SC. Virtualisierung verfahrenstechnischer Prozesse – Experimentiertechnik in der Lehre. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulamith C. Frerich
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum Fakultät für Maschinenbau IC 3/179 Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Umwelt-, Sicherheits- und Energietechnik UMSICHT Osterfelder Straße 3 46047 Oberhausen Deutschland
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18
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Development of advanced floating poly(lactic acid)-based materials for colored wastewater treatment. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Kiran E, Sarver JA, Hassler JC. Solubility and Diffusivity of CO2 and N2 in Polymers and Polymer Swelling, Glass Transition, Melting, and Crystallization at High Pressure. A Critical Review and Perspectives on Experimental Methods, Data, and Modeling. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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21
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Verano Naranjo L, Cejudo Bastante C, Casas Cardoso L, Mantell Serrano C, Martínez de la Ossa Fernández EJ. Supercritical Impregnation of Ketoprofen into Polylactic Acid for Biomedical Application: Analysis and Modeling of the Release Kinetic. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13121982. [PMID: 34204192 PMCID: PMC8235655 DOI: 10.3390/polym13121982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketoprofen (KET) is an anti-inflammatory drug often used in medicine due to its analgesic and antipyretic effects. If it is administered in a controlled form by means of different dosing devices, it acts throughout the patient’s recovery period improving its efficacy. This study intends to support the use of supercritical solvent impregnation (SSI) as an efficient technique to develop polylactic acid (PLA) functionalized with ketoprofen, for use as controlled drug release devices. For this purpose, firstly, the influence of different SSI variables on the desirable swelling of the polymer structure, while avoiding their foaming, were evaluated. Then, the resulting ketoprofen loading was evaluated under different pressure/temperature conditions. It was generally found that as pressure and temperature are higher, the drug impregnation loads also increase. The maximum impregnation loads (at about 9% KET/PLA) were obtained at 200 bar and 75 °C. In vitro drug release tests of the impregnated compound were also carried out, and it was found that drug release profiles were also dependent on the specific pressure and temperature conditions used for the impregnation of each polymer filament.
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22
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Preparation of floating polymer-valsartan delivery systems using supercritical CO2. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02440-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Tutek K, Masek A, Kosmalska A, Cichosz S. Application of Fluids in Supercritical Conditions in the Polymer Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:729. [PMID: 33673482 PMCID: PMC7956827 DOI: 10.3390/polym13050729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the use of fluids under supercritical conditions in processes related to the modern and innovative polymer industry. The most important processes using supercritical fluids are: extraction, particle formation, micronization, encapsulation, impregnation, polymerization and foaming. This review article briefly describes and characterizes the individual processes, with a focus on extraction, micronization, particle formation and encapsulation. The methods mentioned focus on modifications in the scope of conducting processes in a more ecological manner and showing higher quality efficiency. Nowadays, due to the growing trend of ecological solutions in the chemical industry, we see more and more advanced technological solutions. Less toxic fluids under supercritical conditions can be used as an ecological alternative to organic solvents widely used in the polymer industry. The use of supercritical conditions to conduct these processes creates new opportunities for obtaining materials and products with specialized applications, in particular in the medical, pharmacological, cosmetic and food industries, based on substances of natural sources. The considerations contained in this article are intended to increase the awareness of the need to change the existing techniques. In particular, the importance of using supercritical fluids in more industrial methods and for the development of already known processes, as well as creating new solutions with their use, should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Tutek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Masek
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Kosmalska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Stefan Cichosz
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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24
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Trindade Coutinho I, Champeau M. Synergistic effects in the simultaneous supercritical CO2 impregnation of two compounds into poly(L- lactic acid) and polyethylene. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Lansoprazole loading of polymers by supercritical carbon dioxide impregnation: Impacts of process parameters. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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26
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Moraczewski K, Malinowski R, Sikorska W, Karasiewicz T, Stepczyńska M, Jagodziński B, Rytlewski P. Composting of Polylactide Containing Natural Anti-Aging Compounds of Plant Origin. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11101582. [PMID: 31569774 PMCID: PMC6835566 DOI: 10.3390/polym11101582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the effects of biodegradation of polylactide containing natural anti-aging compounds. Polymer containing 0.5; 5 and 10 wt % of coffee, cocoa or cinnamon extracts were subjected to industrial composting for 7, 14, 21 or 28 days. The effect of the composting process on polylactide properties was examined based on visual assessment, scanning electron microscopy, average molecular weight, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and tensile strength. The impact of the tested extracts on the effects of the composting process was compared with the impact of a commercially available anti-aging compound. It was found that the tested extracts in most cases did not adversely affect the effects of the composting process compared to pure polylactide, often resulting in intensification of biodegradation processes. As a result of the composting process, changes in the macro- and microscopic appearance of the samples and a decrease in molecular weight, phase transition temperatures, thermal resistance, and thermal strength were observed on a scale close to or greater than the reference anti-aging compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Moraczewski
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Rafał Malinowski
- The Łukasiewicz Research Network-Institute for Engineering of Polymer Materials and Dyes, Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie 55, 87-100 Toruń, Poland.
| | - Wanda Sikorska
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 34, 41-819 Zabrze, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Karasiewicz
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Stepczyńska
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Bartłomiej Jagodziński
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Rytlewski
- Institute of Materials Engineering, Kazimierz Wielki University, Chodkiewicza 30, 85-064 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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27
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Milovanovic S, Markovic D, Ivanovic J. Added-value porous materials for controlled thymol release obtained by supercritical CO2 impregnation process. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489319872329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This study explores utilization of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for controlled release of natural bioactive substance. For that purpose, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) beads, cellulose acetate (CA) film, and poly lactic- co-glycolic acid (PLGA) flakes were impregnated with thymol by employing environmentally friendly process of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) impregnation. At selected pressure and temperature, prolongation of operating time increased thymol loading. Pure scCO2 did not affect CA film with average pore diameter of approximately 3 µm, while it enabled change of PCL beads and PLGA flakes into foams with average pore diameter approximately 175 µm and 87 µm, respectively. Additionally to scCO2, thymol acted as a plasticizer increasing pore size of polymers up to three times. Kinetic of thymol release from selected samples was tested using phosphate buffer saline at 37°C and successfully described with Korsmeyer–Peppas, zero-order, first-order, and Higuchi models. The suggested method of PCL, CA, and PLGA supercritical impregnation led to development of porous, solvent free, added-value materials that release thymol in a controlled manner from 5 h to several days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stoja Milovanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Department of Organic Chemical Technology, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Darka Markovic
- Innovation Center of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasna Ivanovic
- Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Department of Organic Chemical Technology, Karnegijeva 4, Belgrade, Serbia
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28
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Recent Trends of Foaming in Polymer Processing: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11060953. [PMID: 31159423 PMCID: PMC6631771 DOI: 10.3390/polym11060953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer foams have low density, good heat insulation, good sound insulation effects, high specific strength, and high corrosion resistance, and are widely used in civil and industrial applications. In this paper, the classification of polymer foams, principles of the foaming process, types of blowing agents, and raw materials of polymer foams are reviewed. The research progress of various foaming methods and the current problems and possible solutions are discussed in detail.
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