1
|
Li X, Peng C, Ao Y, Hao M, Zhong Y, Zhang B. Impact of Composition Ratio on the Expansion Behavior of Polyurethane Grout. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1835. [PMID: 38673191 PMCID: PMC11051291 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Different formulations of foaming polyurethane grout offer controlled expansion rates. This is crucial for precision in filling voids without exerting excessive pressure on surrounding structures, which could potentially cause damage. This study focuses on the impact of composition on the expansion performance of tailor-made polyurethane grouting materials. Initially, multiple unknown chemical reaction kinetic parameters were identified by combining free expansion tests, which involved measuring density and temperature changes, with the particle swarm optimization algorithm. A numerical simulation, integrating chemical kinetic models and fluid flow equations, was established to replicate the free expansion process of polyurethane grout in a cup, aligning with our experimental results. Subsequently, we analyzed the polymerization process of polyurethane grout with varying compositions to determine the effect of composition ratios on grout expansion. Our findings reveal that the expansion ratio of foaming polyurethane is predominantly influenced by the concentrations of physical and chemical foaming agents, followed by isocyanate concentration. Polyol, in contrast, exerts a relatively minor influence. Furthermore, the solubility of the physical foaming agent in the grout determines both its maximum allowable concentration and its maximum contribution to volume increase. This study provides valuable insights for the design and selection of polyurethane grout components tailored to diverse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Cen Peng
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanna Ao
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Meimei Hao
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanhui Zhong
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bei Zhang
- School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- National Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Major Infrastructure Testing and Rehabilitation Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Khudaida SH, Yen SK, Su CS. The Application of Box-Behnken Design for Investigating the Supercritical CO 2 Foaming Process: A Case Study of Thermoplastic Polyurethane 85A. Molecules 2024; 29:363. [PMID: 38257276 PMCID: PMC10820427 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a versatile polymer with unique characteristics such as flexibility, rigidity, elasticity, and adjustable properties by controlling its soft and hard segments. To properly design and understand the TPU foaming process through supercritical CO2, a design of experiments approach, the Box-Behnken design (BBD) was adopted using commercial TPU 85A as the model compound. The effect of saturation pressure, saturation temperature, and immersion time on the mean pore size and expansion ratio were investigated. The design space for the production of TPU foam was shown, and the significance of process parameters was confirmed using the analysis of variance (ANOVA). In addition, extrapolation foaming experiments were designed and validated the feasibility of the response surface model developed via BBD. It was found that the pore size of TPU 85A foam could be controlled within 13 to 60 μm, and a stable expansion ratio could be designed up to six.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chie-Shaan Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan; (S.H.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang X, Sun Y, Hu J, Wu L, Geng T, Guo Y, Zhao C, Dong B, Liu C. The Study of Crystallization Behavior, Microcellular Structure and Thermal Properties of Glass-Fiber/Polycarbonate Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15061546. [PMID: 36987326 PMCID: PMC10057943 DOI: 10.3390/polym15061546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polycarbonate (PC) foam is a versatile material with excellent properties, but its low thermal stability limits its application in high-temperature environments. The aim of this study was to improve the thermal stability of PC foam by adding glass fibers (GF) and to investigate the effect of GF on PC crystallization behavior and PC foam cell morphology. This study was motivated by the need to improve the performance of PC foams in various industries, such as construction, automotive, and medical. To achieve this goal, PC/GF composites were prepared by extrusion, and PC/GF composite foams were produced using a batch foaming process with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) as the blowing agent. The results showed that the addition of GF accelerated the SC-CO2-induced crystallization stability of PC and significantly increased the cell density to 4.6 cells/cm3. In addition, the thermal stability of PC/GF foam was improved, with a significant increase in the residual carbon rate at 700 °C and a lower weight loss rate than PC matrix. Overall, this study highlights the potential of GF as a PC foam reinforcement and its effect on thermal and structural properties, providing guidance for industrial production and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Wang
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yapeng Sun
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jiale Hu
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lan Wu
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Tie Geng
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yonggang Guo
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Chenhao Zhao
- School of Mechanical & Electrical Engineering, Henan Provincial Engineering Research Centre of Automotive Composite Materials, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Binbin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technologies, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen B, Jiang J, Li Y, Zhou M, Wang Z, Wang L, Zhai W. Supercritical Fluid Microcellular Foaming of High-Hardness TPU via a Pressure-Quenching Process: Restricted Foam Expansion Controlled by Matrix Modulus and Thermal Degradation. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248911. [PMID: 36558060 PMCID: PMC9783504 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
High-hardness thermoplastic polyurethane (HD-TPU) presents a high matrix modulus, low-temperature durability, and remarkable abrasion resistance, and has been used in many advanced applications. However, the fabrication of microcellular HD-TPU foam is rarely reported in the literature. In this study, the foaming behavior of HD-TPU with a hardness of 75D was investigated via a pressure-quenching foaming process using CO2 as a blowing agent. Microcellular HD-TPU foam with a maximum expansion ratio of 3.9-fold, a cell size of 25.9 μm, and cell density of 7.8 × 108 cells/cm3 was prepared, where a high optimum foaming temperature of about 170 °C had to be applied with the aim of softening the polymer's matrix modulus. However, the foaming behavior of HD-TPU deteriorated when the foaming temperature further increased to 180 °C, characterized by the presence of coalesced cells, microcracks, and a high foam density of 1.0 g/cm3 even though the crystal domains still existed within the matrix. The cell morphology evolution of HD-TPU foam was investigated by adjusting the saturation time, and an obvious degradation occurred during the high-temperature saturation process. A cell growth mechanism of HD-TPU foams in degradation environments was proposed to explain this phenomenon based on the gas escape through the defective matrix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bichi Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaozong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mengnan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zelin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Liang Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-020-8411-3428
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
TRANSFORMATION OF TPU ELASTOMERS INTO TPU FOAMS USING SUPERCRITICAL CO2. A NEW REPROCESSING APPROACH. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
6
|
Rangappa R, Yeh SK. Effect of N2 plasticization on the crystallization of different hardnesses of thermoplastic polyurethanes. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Jiang J, Zhou M, Li Y, Chen B, Tian F, Zhai W. Cell structure and hardness evolutions of TPU foamed sheets with high hardness via a temperature rising foaming process. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
8
|
Jiang J, Liu F, Chen B, Li Y, Yang X, Tian F, Xu D, Zhai W. Microstructure development of PEBA and its impact on autoclave foaming behavior and inter-bead bonding of EPEBA beads. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Lin W, Hikima Y, Ohshima M. Microcellular foam of styrene–isobutylene–styrene copolymer with
N
2
using polypropylene as a crystallization nucleating and shrinkage reducing agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiyuan Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Katsura Japan
| | - Yuta Hikima
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Katsura Japan
| | - Masahiro Ohshima
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kyoto University Kyoto Katsura Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xu Z, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang A, Dong G, Zhao G. Anti-shrinkage, high-elastic, and strong thermoplastic polyester elastomer foams fabricated by microcellular foaming with CO2 & N2 as blowing agents. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
11
|
Longo A, Giannetti D, Tammaro D, Costanzo S, Di Maio E. TPU-based porous heterostructures by combined techniques. INT POLYM PROC 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/ipp-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The production of thermoplastic polyurethane-based porous heterostructures combining physical foaming with fused deposition modeling is detailed in this contribution. The choice of combining these two techniques lies in the possibility of creating objects endowed with a dual-scale structure at millimeter scale by fused deposition modeling and at microscopic scale by gas foaming. Thermal stability and rheological properties of the neat polymer were studied prior to foaming to design a suitable processing protocol and three different combined techniques are proposed: pressure quench, temperature rise and direct 3D foam printing. Foam morphologies were evaluated by SEM and foamed samples were characterized by thermal and mechanical analyses to highlight the differences among the combined processing techniques. Samples foamed via pressure quench exhibit the highest degree of crystallinity and a uniform cell morphology, also resulting in the largest stiffness. The results presented in this contribution open up the possibility of producing objects with complex geometry and porosity architecture at the dual scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Longo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80126 , Naples (NA) , Italy
- foamlab, University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80126 , Naples (NA) , Italy
- National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB) , C/o Comprensorio Olivetti, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 , Pozzuoli , Italy
| | - Deborah Giannetti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80126 , Naples (NA) , Italy
- foamlab, University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80126 , Naples (NA) , Italy
| | - Daniele Tammaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80126 , Naples (NA) , Italy
| | - Salvatore Costanzo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80126 , Naples (NA) , Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80126 , Naples (NA) , Italy
- foamlab, University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80126 , Naples (NA) , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhuang HT, Zhang L, Bao JB. Enhanced foaming behaviors and compression properties of thermoplastic polyurethane via constructing micro-crosslinking structure assisted by chain extender. Colloid Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-022-04960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
13
|
Nofar M, Utz J, Geis N, Altstädt V, Ruckdäschel H. Foam 3D Printing of Thermoplastics: A Symbiosis of Additive Manufacturing and Foaming Technology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105701. [PMID: 35187843 PMCID: PMC9008799 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their light-weight and cost-effectiveness, cellular thermoplastic foams are considered as important engineering materials. On the other hand, additive manufacturing or 3D printing is one of the emerging and fastest growing manufacturing technologies due to its advantages such as design freedom and tool-less production. Nowadays, 3D printing of polymer compounds is mostly limited to manufacturing of solid parts. In this context, a merged foaming and printing technology can introduce a great alternative for the currently used foam manufacturing technologies such as foam injection molding. This perspective review article tackles the attempts taken toward initiating this novel technology to simultaneously foam and print thermoplastics. After explaining the basics of polymer foaming and additive manufacturing, this article classifies different attempts that have been made toward generating foamed printed structures while highlighting their challenges. These attempts are clustered into 1) architected porous structures, 2) syntactic foaming, 3) post-foaming of printed parts, and eventually 4) printing of blowing agents saturated filaments. Among these, the latest approach is the most practical route although it has not been thoroughly studied yet. A filament free approach that can be introduced as a potential strategy to unlock the difficulties to produce printed foam structures is also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Sustainable and Green Plastics LaboratoryMetallurgical and Materials Engineering DepartmentFaculty of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringIstanbul Technical UniversityIstanbul34469Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology ProgramIstanbul Technical UniversityMaslakIstanbul34469Turkey
| | - Julia Utz
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Nico Geis
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular ResearchUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer EngineeringUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular ResearchUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth95447Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kahraman Y, Alkan Goksu Y, Özdemir B, Eker Gümüş B, Nofar M. Composition design of
PLA
/
TPU
emulsion blends compatibilized with multifunctional epoxy‐based chain extender to tackle high impact resistant ductile structures. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Kahraman
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yonca Alkan Goksu
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Burcu Özdemir
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Beril Eker Gümüş
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center Yıldız Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical & Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Azimi H, Jahani D, Aghamohammadi S, Nofar M. Experimental and numerical investigation of bubble nucleation and growth in supercritical CO2-blown poly(vinyl alcohol). KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Wang H, Peng X, Liu F, Song X, Wang H, Geng L, Huang A. Facile preparation of super lightweight and highly elastic thermoplastic polyurethane bead blend foam with microporous segregated network structure for good interfacial adhesion. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
17
|
Supercritical CO2 foaming and shrinkage resistance of thermoplastic polyurethane/modified magnesium borate whisker composite. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
18
|
Shahbazi M, Aghvami‐Panah M, Panahi‐Sarmad M, Seraji AA, Zeraatkar A, Ghaffarian Anbaran R, Xiao X. Fabricating bimodal microcellular structure in polystyrene/carbon nanotube/glass‐fiber hybrid nanocomposite foam by microwave‐assisted heating: A proof‐of‐concept study. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Shahbazi
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghvami‐Panah
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mahyar Panahi‐Sarmad
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
| | - Amir Abbas Seraji
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Zeraatkar
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Ghaffarian Anbaran
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Xueliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Xu Z, Wang G, Zhao J, Zhang A, Zhao G. Super-elastic and structure-tunable poly(ether-block-amide) foams achieved by microcellular foaming. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
20
|
Li X, Lai J, Wei J, Peng X, Wu J, Geng L. Structure and morphology of thermoplastic polyamide 6 elastomers with different soft segment content and their foaming behavior using supercritical
CO
2
. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Jun Lai
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Jiedong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Xiangfang Peng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Jianming Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou Fujian China
| | - Lihong Geng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Products of Universities in Fujian, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Fujian University of Technology Fuzhou Fujian China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zhao J, Wang G, Zhang A, Zhao G, Park CB. Nanocellular TPU composite foams achieved by stretch-assisted microcellular foaming with low-pressure gaseous CO2 as blowing agent. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
22
|
Analysis of the Foaming Window for Thermoplastic Polyurethane with Different Hard Segment Contents. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183143. [PMID: 34578043 PMCID: PMC8472128 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with different amounts of hard segments (HS) (40, 50 and 60 wt.%) are synthesized by a pre-polymer method. These synthesized TPUs are characterized by Shore hardness, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), and rheology. Then, these materials are foamed by a one-step gas dissolution foaming process and the processing window that allows producing homogeneous foams is analyzed. The effect of foaming temperature from 140 to 180 °C on the cellular structure and on density is evaluated, fixing a saturation pressure of 20 MPa and a saturation time of 1 h. Among the TPUs studied, only that with 50 wt.% HS allows obtaining a stable foam, whose better features are reached after foaming at 170 °C. Finally, the foaming of TPU with 50 wt.% HS is optimized by varying the saturation pressure from 10 to 25 MPa at 170 °C. The optimum saturation and foaming conditions are 25 MPa and 170 °C for 1 h, which gives foams with the lowest relative density of 0.74, the smallest average cell size of 4 μm, and the higher cell nucleation density of 8.0 × 109 nuclei/cm3. As a final conclusion of this investigation, the TPU with 50 wt.% HS is the only one that can be foamed under the saturation and foaming conditions used in this study. TPU foams containing 50 wt.% HS with a cell size below 15 microns and porosity of 1.4–18.6% can be obtained using foaming temperatures from 140 to 180 °C, saturation pressure of 20 MPa, and saturation time of 1 h. Varying the saturation pressure from 10 to 25 MPa and fixing the foaming temperature of 170 °C and saturation pressure of 1 h results in TPU foams with a cell size of below 37 microns and porosity of 1.7–21.2%.
Collapse
|
23
|
Preparation of Microcellular Foams by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide: A Case Study of Thermoplastic Polyurethane 70A. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a case study to produce microcellular foam of a commercial thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) through the supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) foaming process is presented. To explore the feasibility of TPU in medical device and biomedical application, a soft TPU with Shore hardness value of 70A was selected as the model compound. The effects of saturation temperature and saturation pressure ranging from 90 to 140 °C and 90 to 110 bar on the expansion ratio, cell size and cell density of the TPU foam were compared and discussed. Regarding the expansion ratio, the effect of saturation temperature was considerable and an intermediate saturation temperature of 100 °C was favorable to produce TPU microcellular foam with a high expansion ratio. On the other hand, the mean pore size and cell density of TPU foam can be efficiently manipulated by adjusting the saturation pressure. A high saturation pressure was beneficial to obtain TPU foam with small mean pore size and high cell density. This case study shows that the expansion ratio of TPU microcellular foam could be designed as high as 4.4. The cell size and cell density could be controlled within 12–40 μm and 5.0 × 107–1.3 × 109 cells/cm3, respectively.
Collapse
|
24
|
Effect of the Molecular Structure of TPU on the Cellular Structure of Nanocellular Polymers Based on PMMA/TPU Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183055. [PMID: 34577960 PMCID: PMC8473334 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the effects of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) chemistry and concentration on the cellular structure of nanocellular polymers based on poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA) are presented. Three grades of TPU with different fractions of hard segments (HS) (60%, 70%, and 80%) have been synthesized by the prepolymer method. Nanocellular polymers based on PMMA have been produced by gas dissolution foaming using TPU as a nucleating agent in different contents (0.5 wt%, 2 wt%, and 5 wt%). TPU characterization shows that as the content of HS increases, the density, hardness, and molecular weight of the TPU are higher. PMMA/TPU cellular materials show a gradient cell size distribution from the edge of the sample towards the nanocellular core. In the core region, the addition of TPU has a strong nucleating effect in PMMA. Core structure depends on the HS content and the TPU content. As the HS or TPU content increases, the cell nucleation density increases, and the cell size is reduced. Then, the use of TPUs with different characteristics allows controlling the cellular structure. Nanocellular polymers have been obtained with a core relative density between 0.15 and 0.20 and cell sizes between 220 and 640 nm.
Collapse
|
25
|
Preparation of polyethylene terephthalate foams at different saturation temperatures using dual methods of supercritical batch foaming. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
26
|
|
27
|
Jiang J, Liu F, Yang X, Xiong Z, Liu H, Xu D, Zhai W. Evolution of ordered structure of TPU in high-elastic state and their influences on the autoclave foaming of TPU and inter-bead bonding of expanded TPU beads. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
28
|
Effect of extrusion on the foaming behavior of thermoplastic polyurethane with different hard segments. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
29
|
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kahraman Y, Özdemir B, Kılıç V, Goksu YA, Nofar M. Super toughened and highly ductile
PLA
/
TPU
blend systems by in situ reactive interfacial compatibilization using multifunctional epoxy‐based chain extender. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Kahraman
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Burcu Özdemir
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Volkan Kılıç
- Polymer Science and Technology Program Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Yonca Alkan Goksu
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hydrogen bonding and topological network effects on optimizing thermoplastic polyurethane/organic montmorillonite nanocomposite foam. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.123159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
32
|
Li DL, Zhang L, Xu JK, Chen LN, Bao JB, Wang ZB. Eco-Friendly Strategy to Improve the Processiblity and Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol) Foams Based on a 3D Hydrogen-Bond Network. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c02910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- De-Long Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jin-Ke Xu
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Li-Na Chen
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jin-Biao Bao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Zong-Bao Wang
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Specialty Polymers, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Batı B, Küçük EB, Durmuş A, Nofar M. Microcellular foaming behavior of ether- and ester-based TPUs blown with supercritical CO2. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The bead foaming behavior of ether- and an ester-based Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) resins were investigated in a lab-scale reactor using supercritical CO2 as the blowing agent. The samples were saturated at various saturation temperatures and the effects of hard segment crystallization during the saturation on the foaming behavior of the TPU samples were explored. The results revealed that the different HS crystallization tendencies and possible CO2 solubility differences in two TPU grades led to their different foaming behaviors. The ester-based TPU could be foamed within a wider saturation temperature range and revealed an easier cell growth and foam expansion while the ether-based TPU showed a more limited cell growth behavior and hence processing window. The effect of pre-annealing and hence the isothermally induced HS crystallization on the foaming behavior of the ether-based TPU and the influence of depressurization rate on the foaming behavior of ester-based TPU was also explored.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bige Batı
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
| | - Emine Büşra Küçük
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
| | - Ali Durmuş
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering , Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Avcılar , Istanbul , 34320 , Turkey
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering , Istanbul Technical University , Maslak , Istanbul , 34469 , Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Nofar M, Batı B, Küçük EB, Jalali A. Effect of soft segment molecular weight on the microcellular foaming behavior of TPU using supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
35
|
Nofar M, Mohammadi M, Carreau PJ. Effect of TPU hard segment content on the rheological and mechanical properties of PLA/TPU blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical EngineeringIstanbul Technical University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Mojtaba Mohammadi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC)Polytechnique Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Pierre J. Carreau
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems (CREPEC)Polytechnique Montreal Montreal Quebec Canada
| |
Collapse
|