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Laaboudi FZ, Rejdali M, Amhamdi H, Salhi A, Elyoussfi A, Ahari M. In the weeds: A comprehensive review of cannabis; its chemical complexity, biosynthesis, and healing abilities. Toxicol Rep 2024; 13:101685. [PMID: 39056093 PMCID: PMC11269304 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
For millennia, various cultures have utilized cannabis for food, textile fiber, ethno-medicines, and pharmacotherapy, owing to its medicinal potential and psychotropic effects. An in-depth exploration of its historical, chemical, and therapeutic dimensions provides context for its contemporary understanding. The criminalization of cannabis in many countries was influenced by the presence of psychoactive cannabinoids; however, scientific advances and growing public awareness have renewed interest in cannabis-related products, especially for medical use. Described as a 'treasure trove,' cannabis produces a diverse array of cannabinoids and non-cannabinoid compounds. Recent research focuses on cannabinoids for treating conditions such as anxiety, depression, chronic pain, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and epilepsy. Additionally, secondary metabolites like phenolic compounds, terpenes, and terpenoids are increasingly recognized for their therapeutic effects and their synergistic role with cannabinoids. These compounds show potential in treating neuro and non-neuro disorders, and studies suggest their promise as antitumoral agents. This comprehensive review integrates historical, chemical, and therapeutic perspectives on cannabis, highlighting contemporary research and its vast potential in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Zahrae Laaboudi
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Rejdali
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Hassan Amhamdi
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Amin Salhi
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - Abedellah Elyoussfi
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
| | - M.’hamed Ahari
- Applied Chemistry Team, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques of Al Hoceima, Abdelmalek Essaâdi University, Tetouan, Morocco
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de Aguiar AC, Vardanega R, Viganó J, Silva EK. Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Technology for Recovering Valuable Phytochemicals from Cannabis sativa L. and Valorization of Its Biomass for Food Applications. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093849. [PMID: 37175258 PMCID: PMC10180460 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Supercritical carbon dioxide (CO2) extraction techniques meet all-new consumer market demands for health-promoting phytochemical compound-rich extracts produced from green and sustainable technology. In this regard, this review is dedicated to discussing is the promise of integrating high-pressure CO2 technologies into the Cannabis sativa L. processing chain to valorize its valuable pharmaceutical properties and food biomass. To do this, the cannabis plant, cannabinoids, and endocannabinoid system were reviewed to understand their therapeutic and side effects. The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was presented as a smart alternative to producing cannabis bioproducts. The impact of SFE operating conditions on cannabis compound extraction was examined for aerial parts (inflorescences, stems, and leaves), seeds, and byproducts. Furthermore, the opportunities of using non-thermal supercritical CO2 processing on cannabis biomass were addressed for industrial hemp valorization, focusing on its biorefinery to simultaneously produce cannabidiol and new ingredients for food applications as plant-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina de Aguiar
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Renata Vardanega
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Juliane Viganó
- Centro de Ciências da Natureza, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rod. Lauri Simões de Barros, km 12-SP 189, Buri 18290-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Eric Keven Silva
- School of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
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Fernández S, Castro R, López-Radcenco A, Rodriguez P, Carrera I, García-Carnelli C, Moyna G. Beyond cannabinoids: Application of NMR-based metabolomics for the assessment of Cannabis sativa L. crop health. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1025932. [PMID: 37035042 PMCID: PMC10075229 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1025932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While Cannabis sativa L. varieties have been traditionally characterized by their major cannabinoid profile, it is now well established that other plant metabolites can also have physiological effects, including minor cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Given the multiple applications of cannabis in the medical field, it is therefore critical to characterize it according to its chemical composition (i.e., its metabolome) and not only its botanical traits. With this in mind, the cannabinoid and metabolomic profiles from inflorescences of two C. sativa varieties with either high Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) or high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) contents harvested at different times were studied. According to results from HPLC and NMR-based untargeted metabolomic analyses of organic and aqueous plant material extracts, we show that in addition to expected variations according to cannabinoid profiles, it is possible to distinguish between harvests of the same variety. In particular, it was possible to correlate variations in the metabolome with presence of powdery mildew, leading to the identification of molecular markers associated with this fungal infection in C. sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Fernández
- Laboratorio de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rossina Castro
- Laboratorio de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrés López-Radcenco
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica, Departamento de Química del Litoral, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
| | - Paula Rodriguez
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Química Orgánica and Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Inés Carrera
- Laboratorio de Experimentación Animal – Área Farmacología, Departamento de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos García-Carnelli
- Laboratorio de Farmacognosia y Productos Naturales, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Guillermo Moyna
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Orgánica, Departamento de Química del Litoral, Centro Universitario Regional Litoral Norte, Universidad de la República, Paysandú, Uruguay
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Thermodynamics and Transport Properties of CBD and Δ9-THC: A first attempt using Molecular Dynamics. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.121048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ahmad N, Qamar M, Yuan Y, Nazir Y, Wilairatana P, Mubarak MS. Dietary Polyphenols: Extraction, Identification, Bioavailability, and Role for Prevention and Treatment of Colorectal and Prostate Cancers. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092831. [PMID: 35566182 PMCID: PMC9104150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fruits, vegetables, and other edible plants in our diet have numerous health benefits, due to the bioactive compounds in these food items, including polyphenols. These plants are a rich and promising source of natural products and phytochemicals that can be used to treat and prevent numerous diseases and prevent the progression of cancer. Dietary polyphenols exhibit chemo-preventive and therapeutic effects against various ailments, including several types of cancer. The current study focuses on polyphenol’s traditional and advanced extraction methods, with supercritical extraction as a novel approach. It also deals with their identification, bioavailability, and role in preventing and treating colorectal and prostate cancers. Additionally, the article covers the literature that deals with the anticancer activities of polyphenols, as well as their potential use as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ahmad
- Multan College of Food & Nutrition Sciences, Multan Medical and Dental College, Multan 60000, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.); Tel.: +962-791016126 (M.S.M.)
| | - Muhammad Qamar
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan;
| | - Ye Yuan
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia;
| | - Yasir Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot 51300, Pakistan;
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.); Tel.: +962-791016126 (M.S.M.)
| | - Mohammad S. Mubarak
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
- Correspondence: (N.A.); (P.W.); (M.S.M.); Tel.: +962-791016126 (M.S.M.)
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Non-Psychotropic Cannabinoids as Inhibitors of TET1 Protein. Bioorg Chem 2022; 124:105793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Chel-Guerrero LD, Castañeda-Corral G, López-Castillo M, Scampicchio M, Morozova K, Oney-Montalvo JE, Ferrentino G, Acevedo-Fernández JJ, Rodríguez-Buenfil IM. In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Effect, Antioxidant Activity, and Polyphenolic Content of Extracts from Capsicum chinense By-Products. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27041323. [PMID: 35209112 PMCID: PMC8880488 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
By-products of Capsicum chinense Jacq., var Jaguar could be a source of bioactive compounds. Therefore, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory effect, antioxidant activity, and their relationship with the polyphenol content of extracts of habanero pepper by-products obtained from plants grown on black or red soils of Yucatán, Mexico. Moreover, the impact of the type of extraction on their activities was evaluated. The dry by-product extracts were obtained by maceration (ME), Soxhlet (SOX), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Afterward, the in vivo anti-inflammatory effect (TPA-induced ear inflammation) and the in vitro antioxidant activity (ABTS) were evaluated. Finally, the polyphenolic content was quantified by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC), and its correlation with both bioactivities was analyzed. The results showed that the SFE extract of stems of plants grown on red soil yielded the highest anti-inflammatory effect (66.1 ± 3.1%), while the extracts obtained by ME and SOX had the highest antioxidant activity (2.80 ± 0.0052 mM Trolox equivalent) and polyphenol content (3280 ± 15.59 mg·100 g−1 dry basis), respectively. A negative correlation between the anti-inflammatory effect, the antioxidant activity, and the polyphenolic content was found. Overall, the present study proposed C. chinense by-products as a valuable source of compounds with anti-inflammatory effect and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Dolores Chel-Guerrero
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C. Subsede Sureste, Tablaje 31264 km, 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburna Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97302, Mexico; (L.D.C.-G.); (J.E.O.-M.)
| | - Gabriela Castañeda-Corral
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (M.L.-C.)
| | - Misael López-Castillo
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (M.L.-C.)
| | - Matteo Scampicchio
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (M.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Ksenia Morozova
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (M.S.); (K.M.)
| | - Julio Enrique Oney-Montalvo
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C. Subsede Sureste, Tablaje 31264 km, 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburna Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97302, Mexico; (L.D.C.-G.); (J.E.O.-M.)
| | - Giovanna Ferrentino
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy; (M.S.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (J.J.A.-F.); (I.M.R.-B.)
| | - Juan José Acevedo-Fernández
- Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad No. 1001, Col Chamilpa, Cuernavaca C.P. 62209, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (M.L.-C.)
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (J.J.A.-F.); (I.M.R.-B.)
| | - Ingrid Mayanín Rodríguez-Buenfil
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A. C. Subsede Sureste, Tablaje 31264 km, 5.5 Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburna Puerto, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97302, Mexico; (L.D.C.-G.); (J.E.O.-M.)
- Correspondence: (G.F.); (J.J.A.-F.); (I.M.R.-B.)
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