Sharp liver transection versus clamp crushing technique in liver resections: A prospective study

Risk factors associated with postoperative complications after liver cancer resection surgery in western China

OBJECTIVES

Postoperative complications increase the workload of nursing staff as well as the financial and mental distress suffered by patients. The objective of this study is to identify clinical factors associated with postoperative complications after liver cancer resection surgery.

METHODS

Data from liver cancer resections occurring between January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2019 was collected from the Department of Liver Surgery in West China Hospital of Sichuan University. The Kruskal-Wallis test and logistic regression were used to perform single-factor analysis. Stepwise logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. Models were established using R 4.0.2 software.

RESULTS

Based on data collected from 593 cases, the single-factor analysis determined that there were statistically significant differences in BMI, incision type, incision length, duration, incision range, and bleeding between cases that experienced complications within 30 days after surgery and those did not. Stepwise logistic regression models based on Kruskal-Wallis test and single-factor logistic regression determined that BMI, incision length, and duration were the primary factors causing complications after liver resection. The adjust OR of overweight patients and patients with obesity (stage 1) compared to low weight patients were 0.12 (95% CI:0.02-0.72) with p = 0.043 and 0.18 (95% CI:0.03-1.00) with p = 0.04, respectively. An increase of 1 cm in incision length increased the relative risk by 13%, while an increase of 10 min in surgical duration increased the relative risk by 15%.

CONCLUSIONS

The risk of postoperative complications after liver resection can be significantly reduced by controlling factors such as bleeding, incision length, and duration of the surgery.

Snip-electrocoagulation technique versus clamp-crashing technique for parenchyma transection in liver resection: a pilot study

Background

Nowadays, much effort has been made to optimize the technique for liver parenchyma transection to reduce intrasurgical hemorrhage and complications. Here we intent to introduce a novel method for sharp liver parenchyma transection using scissors and bipolar electrocoagulator (named the snip-electrocoagulation technique, SET) and compare it with the classical clamp-crushing technique (CCT).

Methods

In this retrospective study, 98 patients were divided into either the SET group or the CCT group. The total inflow occlusion time, total surgery time, intrasurgical blood loss and transfusion, morbidity, mortality, hospital stay, and the narrowest tumor-free margins were compared.

Results

Background characteristics in the two groups were comparable, and the differences of total inflow occlusion time (median 25 vs. 27 minutes), total surgery time (median 182.5 vs. 190 minutes), blood transfusion amount (median value 0 in both groups), postoperative hospital stay (median 7 vs. 8 days), and overall complication rate (16% vs. 31.2%, P>0.05) were not statistically significant. However, the SET group yielded less intrasurgical blood loss (median 200 vs. 300 mL), and better tumor-free margins (13.69±2.99 vs. 10.76±3.31 mm; mean ± SD; P<0.05).

Conclusions

SET is a safe method for sharp parenchyma transection in liver resection when compared with the classical CCT, considering the similar morbidity and mortality, along with the decreased intrasurgical blood loss. More importantly, SET can be adopted when the tumors are located close to the intrahepatic vessels and the tumor-free margins are expected to be limited.

A systematic review and network meta-analysis of parenchymal transection techniques during hepatectomy: an appraisal of current randomised controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Major liver resection can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Blood loss is one of the most important factors predicting a good outcome. Although various transection methods have been reported, there is no consensus on the best technique. This systematic review and network meta-analysis aims to characterise and identify the best reported technique for elective parenchymal liver transection based on published randomised controlled trials (RCT's).

METHODS

A systematic review was conducted using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central to identify RCT's up to 5th June 2019 that examined parenchymal transection for liver resection. Data including study characteristics and outcomes including intraoperative (blood loss, operating time) and postoperative measures (overall and major complications, bile leaks) were extracted. Indirect comparisons of all regimens were simultaneously compared using random-effects network meta-analyses (NMA) which maintains randomisation within trials.

RESULTS

This study identified 22 RCT's involving 2360 patients reporting ten parenchymal transection techniques. Bipolar cautery has lower blood loss and shorter operating time than stapler (mean difference: 85 mL; 22min) and Tissue Link (mean difference: 66 mL; 29min). Bipolar cautery was ranked first for blood loss and operating time followed by stapler and TissueLink. Harmonic scalpel is associated with lower overall complications than Hydrojet (Odds ratio (OR): 0.48), BiClamp forceps (OR: 0.46) and clamp crushing (OR: 0.41).

CONCLUSION

Bipolar cautery techniques appear to best at reducing blood loss and associated with shortest operating time. In contrast, Harmonic scalpel appears best for overall and major complications. Given the paucity of data and selective outcome reporting, it is still hard to identify what is the best technique for liver resection. Therefore, further high-quality large-scale RCT's are still needed.

Clamp-Crush Technique Versus Harmonic Scalpel for Hepatic Parenchymal Transection in Living Donor Hepatectomy: a Randomized Controlled Trial

BACKGROUND

Hepatic parenchymal transection is the most invasive step in donor operation. During this step, blood loss and unintended injuries to the intrahepatic structures and hepatic remnant may occur. There is no evidence to prove the ideal techniques for hepatic parenchymal transection. The aim of this study is to compare the safety, efficacy, and outcome of clamp-crush technique versus harmonic scalpel as a method of parenchymal transection in living-donor hepatectomy.

METHODS

Consecutive living liver donors, undergoing right hemi-hepatectomy, during the period between May 2015 and April 2016, were included in this prospective randomized study. Cases were randomized into two groups; group (A) harmonic scalpel group and group (B) Clamp-crush group.

RESULTS

During the study period, 72 cases underwent right hemi-hepatectomy for adult living donor liver transplantation and were randomized into two groups. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding preoperative demographic and radiological data. Longer operation time and hepatectomy duration were found in group B. There were no significant differences between the two groups regarding blood loss, blood loss during hepatectomy, and blood transfusion. More unexpected bleeding events occurred in group A. Higher necrosis at the cut margin of the liver parenchyma was noted in group A. There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding postoperative ICU stay, hospital stay, postoperative morbidities, and readmission rates.

CONCLUSION

Clamp-crush technique is advocated as a simple, easy, safe, and cheaper method for hepatic parenchymal transection in living donors.

Red blood cell transfusion in liver resection

BACKGROUND

Several modalities exist for the management of hepatic neoplasms. Resection, the most effective approach, carries significant risk of hemorrhage. Blood loss may be corrected with red blood cell transfusion (RBCT) in the short term, but may ultimately contribute to negative outcomes.

PURPOSE

Using available literature, we seek to define the frequency and risk factors of blood loss and transfusion following hepatectomy. The impact of blood loss and RBCT on short- and long-term outcomes is explored with an emphasis on peri-operative methods to reduce hemorrhage and transfusion.

RESULTS

Following hepatic surgery, 25.2-56.8% of patients receive RBCT. Patients who receive RBCT are at increased risk of surgical morbidity in a dose-dependent manner. The relationship between blood transfusion and surgical mortality is less apparent. RBCT might also impact long-term oncologic outcomes including disease recurrence and overall survival. Risk factors for bleeding and blood transfusion include hemoglobin concentration < 12.5 g/dL, thrombocytopenia, pre-operative biliary drainage, presence of background liver disease (such as cirrhosis), coronary artery disease, male gender, tumor characteristics (type, size, location, presence of vascular involvement), extent of hepatectomy, concomitant extrahepatic organ resection, and operative time. Strategies to mitigate blood loss or transfusion include pre-operative (iron, erythropoietin), intra-operative (vascular occlusion, parenchymal transection techniques, hemostatic agents, antifibrinolytics, low central pressure, hemodilution, autologous blood recycling), and post-operative (normothermia, correction of coagulopathy, optimization of nutrition, restrictive transfusion strategy) methods.

CONCLUSION

Blood loss during hepatectomy is common and several risk factors can be identified pre-operatively. Blood loss and RBCT during hepatectomy is associated with post-operative morbidity and mortality. Disease-free recurrence, disease-specific survival, and overall survival may be associated with blood loss and RBCT during hepatectomy. Attention to pre-operative, intra-operative, and post-operative strategies to reduce blood loss and RBCT is necessary.

Cost-Effective Surgical Management of Liver Disease Amidst a Financial Crisis

BACKGROUND

Intraoperative use of specialized equipment and disposables contributes to the increasing cost of modern liver surgery. As a response to the recent severe financial crisis in our country we have employed a highly standardized protocol of liver resection that minimizes intraoperative and postoperative costs. Our goal is to evaluate cost-effectiveness of this protocol.

STUDY DESIGN

We evaluated retrospectively all patients who underwent open hepatic resections for 4 years. All resections were performed by the same surgical team under selective hepatic vascular exclusion, i.e., occlusion of the hepatoduodenal ligament and the major hepatic veins, occasionally combined with extrahepatic ligation of the ipsilateral portal vein. Sharp parenchymal transection was performed with a scalpel and hemostasis was achieved with sutures without the use of energy devices. In each case we performed a detailed analysis of costs and surgical outcomes.

RESULTS

Our cohort included 146 patients (median age 63 years). 113 patients were operated for primary or metastatic malignancies and 33 for benign lesions. Operating time was 121 ± 21 min (mean ± SD), estimated blood loss was 310 ± 159 ml (mean ± SD), and hospital stay was 7 ± 5 days (mean ± SD). Six patients required admission in the ICU postoperatively. 90-day mortality was 2.74 %, and 8.9 % of patients developed grade III/IV postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo classification). Total in-hospital cost excluding physician fees was 6987.63 ± 3838.51 USD (mean ± SD).

CONCLUSIONS

Our analysis suggests that, under pressing economic conditions, the proposed surgical protocol can significantly lessen the financial burden of liver surgery without compromising patient outcomes.

Methods to decrease blood loss during liver resection: a network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Liver resection is a major surgery with significant mortality and morbidity. Specialists have tested various methods in attempts to limit blood loss, transfusion requirements, and morbidity during elective liver resection. These methods include different approaches (anterior versus conventional approach), use of autologous blood donation, cardiopulmonary interventions such as hypoventilation, low central venous pressure, different methods of parenchymal transection, different methods of management of the raw surface of the liver, different methods of vascular occlusion, and different pharmacological interventions. A surgeon typically uses only one of the methods from each of these seven categories. The optimal method to decrease blood loss and transfusion requirements in people undergoing liver resection is unknown.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effects of different interventions for decreasing blood loss and blood transfusion requirements during elective liver resection.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, Embase, and Science Citation Index Expanded to September 2015 to identify randomised clinical trials. We also searched trial registers and handsearched the references lists of identified trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included only randomised clinical trials (irrespective of language, blinding, or publication status) comparing different methods of decreasing blood loss and blood transfusion requirements in people undergoing liver resection.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors independently identified trials and collected data. We assessed the risk of bias using Cochrane domains. We conducted a Bayesian network meta-analysis using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method in WinBUGS 1.4, following the guidelines of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Decision Support Unit guidance documents. We calculated the odds ratios (OR) with 95% credible intervals (CrI) for the binary outcomes, mean differences (MD) with 95% CrI for continuous outcomes, and rate ratios with 95% CrI for count outcomes, using a fixed-effect model or random-effects model according to model-fit. We assessed the evidence with GRADE.

MAIN RESULTS

We identified 67 randomised clinical trials involving a total of 6197 participants. All the trials were at high risk of bias. A total of 5771 participants from 64 trials provided data for one or more outcomes included in this review. There was no evidence of differences in most of the comparisons, and where there was, these differences were in single trials, mostly of small sample size. We summarise only the evidence that was available in more than one trial below. Of the primary outcomes, the only one with evidence of a difference from more than one trial under the pair-wise comparison was in the number of adverse events (complications), which was higher with radiofrequency dissecting sealer than with the clamp-crush method (rate ratio 1.85, 95% CrI 1.07 to 3.26; 250 participants; 3 studies; very low-quality evidence). Among the secondary outcomes, the only differences we found from more than one trial under the pair-wise comparison were the following: blood transfusion (proportion) was higher in the low central venous pressure group than in the acute normovolemic haemodilution plus low central venous pressure group (OR 3.19, 95% CrI 1.56 to 6.95; 208 participants; 2 studies; low-quality evidence); blood transfusion quantity (red blood cells) was lower in the fibrin sealant group than in the control (MD -0.53 units, 95% CrI -1.00 to -0.07; 122 participants; 2; very low-quality evidence); blood transfusion quantity (fresh frozen plasma) was higher in the oxidised cellulose group than in the fibrin sealant group (MD 0.53 units, 95% CrI 0.36 to 0.71; 80 participants; 2 studies; very low-quality evidence); blood loss (MD -0.34 L, 95% CrI -0.46 to -0.22; 237 participants; 4 studies; very low-quality evidence), total hospital stay (MD -2.42 days, 95% CrI -3.91 to -0.94; 197 participants; 3 studies; very low-quality evidence), and operating time (MD -15.32 minutes, 95% CrI -29.03 to -1.69; 192 participants; 4 studies; very low-quality evidence) were lower with low central venous pressure than with control. For the other comparisons, the evidence for difference was either based on single small trials or there was no evidence of differences. None of the trials reported health-related quality of life or time needed to return to work.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Paucity of data meant that we could not assess transitivity assumptions and inconsistency for most analyses. When direct and indirect comparisons were available, network meta-analysis provided additional effect estimates for comparisons where there were no direct comparisons. However, the paucity of data decreases the confidence in the results of the network meta-analysis. Low-quality evidence suggests that liver resection using a radiofrequency dissecting sealer may be associated with more adverse events than with the clamp-crush method. Low-quality evidence also suggests that the proportion of people requiring a blood transfusion is higher with low central venous pressure than with acute normovolemic haemodilution plus low central venous pressure; very low-quality evidence suggests that blood transfusion quantity (red blood cells) was lower with fibrin sealant than control; blood transfusion quantity (fresh frozen plasma) was higher with oxidised cellulose than with fibrin sealant; and blood loss, total hospital stay, and operating time were lower with low central venous pressure than with control. There is no evidence to suggest that using special equipment for liver resection is of any benefit in decreasing the mortality, morbidity, or blood transfusion requirements (very low-quality evidence). Radiofrequency dissecting sealer should not be used outside the clinical trial setting since there is low-quality evidence for increased harm without any evidence of benefits. In addition, it should be noted that the sample size was small and the credible intervals were wide, and we cannot rule out considerable benefit or harm with a specific method of liver resection.

A Cochrane systematic review and network meta-analysis comparing treatment strategies aiming to decrease blood loss during liver resection

INTRODUCTION

Intraoperative haemorrhage remains one of the major risks during liver resection, and perioperative blood loss and blood transfusion are important factors affecting perioperative morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to compare treatment strategies aiming to decrease blood loss during hepatectomy.

METHODS

A systematic review of the literature was performed to identify randomised controlled trials reporting on the method of vascular occlusion, parenchymal transection, and management of the cut surface during liver resection. A Bayesian network meta-analysis was performed using WinBUGS.

RESULTS

Seven trials reporting on 496 participants randomised to seven treatment strategies were analysed. Continuous vascular occlusion resulted in lower blood loss compared to no vascular occlusion when parenchymal transection was performed with clamp-crush and no fibrin sealant was used for the cut surface. People undergoing liver resection by continuous vascular occlusion had decreased amounts of blood transfused than people with intermittent vascular occlusion when parenchymal transection was performed with clamp-crush and no fibrin sealant. There was no significant difference in proportion of people transfused, mortality, or hospital stay between the different strategies. There were significantly more serious adverse events when surgery was performed using radiofrequency dissecting sealer compared with standard clamp-crush method in the absence of vascular occlusion and fibrin sealant.

CONCLUSIONS

Continuous vascular occlusion during hepatectomy results in decreased blood loss and decreased blood transfusion requirements. Further studies are needed to compare treatment strategies aiming to decrease blood loss, defined by their method of vascular occlusion, parenchymal transection, and management of the cut surface.

Methods to decrease blood loss during liver resection: a network meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Liver resection is a major surgery with significant mortality and morbidity. Various methods have been attempted to decrease blood loss and morbidity during elective liver resection. These methods include different methods of vascular occlusion, parenchymal transection, and management of the cut surface of the liver. A surgeon typically uses only one of the methods from each of these three categories. Together, one can consider this combination as a treatment strategy. The optimal treatment strategy for liver resection is unknown.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the comparative benefits and harms of different treatment strategies that aim to decrease blood loss during elective liver resection.

SEARCH METHODS

We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded to July 2012 to identify randomised clinical trials. We also handsearched the references lists of identified trials.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included only randomised clinical trials (irrespective of language, blinding, or publication status) where the method of vascular occlusion, parenchymal transection, and management of the cut surface were clearly reported, and where people were randomly assigned to different treatment strategies based on different combinations of the three categories (vascular occlusion, parenchymal transection, cut surface).

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two review authors identified trials and collected data independently. We assessed the risk of bias using The Cochrane Collaboration's methodology. We conducted a Bayesian network meta-analysis using the Markov chain Monte Carlo method in WinBUGS 1.4 following the guidelines of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Decision Support Unit guidance documents. We calculated the odds ratios (OR) with 95% credible intervals (CrI) (which are similar to confidence intervals in the frequentist approach for meta-analysis) for the binary outcomes and mean differences (MD) with 95% CrI for continuous outcomes using a fixed-effect model or random-effects model according to model-fit.

MAIN RESULTS

We identified nine trials with 617 participants that met our inclusion criteria. Interventions in the trials included three different options for vascular occlusion, four for parenchymal transection, and two for management of the cut liver surface. These interventions were combined in different ways in the trials giving 11 different treatment strategies. However, we were only able to include 496 participants randomised to seven different treatment strategies from seven trials in our network meta-analysis, because the treatment strategies from the trials that used fibrin sealant for management of the raw liver surface could not be connected to the network for any outcomes. Thus, the trials included in the network meta-analysis varied only in their approaches to vascular exclusion and parenchymal transection and none used fibrin sealant. All the trials were of high risk of bias and the quality of evidence was very low for all the outcomes. The differences in mortality between the different strategies was imprecise (seven trials; seven treatment strategies; 496 participants). Five trials (six strategies; 406 participants) reported serious adverse events. There was an increase in the proportion of people with serious adverse events when surgery was performed using radiofrequency dissecting sealer compared with the standard clamp-crush method in the absence of vascular occlusion and fibrin sealant. The OR for the difference in proportion was 7.13 (95% CrI 1.77 to 28.65; 15/49 (adjusted proportion 24.9%) in radiofrequency dissecting sealer group compared with 6/89 (6.7%) in the clamp-crush method). The differences in serious adverse events between the other groups were imprecise. There was a high probability that 'no vascular occlusion with clamp-crush method and no fibrin' and 'intermittent vascular occlusion with Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator and no fibrin' are better than other treatments with regards to serious adverse events. Quality of life was not reported in any of the trials.The differences in the proportion of people requiring blood transfusion was imprecise (six trials; seven treatments; 446 participants). Two trials (three treatments; 155 participants) provided data for quantity of blood transfused. People undergoing liver resection by intermittent vascular occlusion had higher amounts of blood transfused than people with continuous vascular occlusion when the parenchymal transection was carried out with the clamp-crush method and no fibrin sealant was used for the cut surface (MD 1.2 units; 95% CrI 0.08 to 2.32). The differences in the other comparisons were imprecise (very low quality evidence). Three trials (four treatments; 281 participants) provided data for operative blood loss. People undergoing liver resection using continuous vascular occlusion had lower blood loss than people with no vascular occlusion when the parenchymal transection was carried out with clamp-crush method and no fibrin sealant was used for the cut surface (MD -130.9 mL; 95% CrI -255.9 to -5.9). None of the trials reported the proportion of people with major blood loss.The differences in the length of hospital stay (six trials; seven treatments; 446 participants) and intensive therapy unit stay (four trials; six treatments; 261 participants) were imprecise. Four trials (four treatments; 245 participants) provided data for operating time. Liver resection by intermittent vascular occlusion took longer than liver resection performed with no vascular occlusion when the parenchymal transection was carried out with Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator and no fibrin sealant was used for the cut surface (MD 49.6 minutes; 95% CrI 29.8 to 69.4). The differences in the operating time between the other comparisons were imprecise. None of the trials reported the time needed to return to work.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Very low quality evidence suggested that liver resection using a radiofrequency dissecting sealer without vascular occlusion or fibrin sealant may increase serious adverse events and this should be evaluated in further randomised clinical trials. The risk of serious adverse events with liver resection using no special equipment compared with more complex methods requiring special equipment was uncertain due to the very low quality of the evidence. The credible intervals were wide and considerable benefit or harm with a specific method of liver resection cannot be ruled out.

Minimizing blood loss during hepatectomy: a literature review

There are numerous techniques surgeons employ to reduce blood loss during partial hepatectomy. In this literature review, prospective studies from the last 20 years are examined to determine the techniques that are best supported by the literature. Some of the techniques include vascular control, multiple parenchymal transection techniques, various hemostatic agents, low central venous pressure, and hemodilution. The strategies supported most convincingly by the literature include low CVP and total hepatic inflow occlusion.

Inferior vena cava obstruction and collateral circulation as unusual manifestations of hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma represents a rare epithelial malignant tumor derived from the intrahepatic bile duct.

METHODS

A 71-year-old woman, who had undergone laparoscopic drainage of a cystic lesion of the right hepatic lobe, was misdiagnosed as having hepatic echinococcal disease, and received intracystic infusion of 95% ethanol four years ago. She was admitted to our hospital for further treatment.

RESULTS

Physical examination revealed dilated superficial veins across the right abdominal wall. After mapping the direction of blood flow in these vessels, we assumed that this was a sign of inferior vena cava obstruction. Abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging combined with magnetic resonance angiography showed a large cystic mass in the right upper quadrant and epigastrium, displacing the adjacent structures, adherent to the inferior vena cava, which was not patent, resulting in dilation of superficial epigastric veins. The patient underwent an exploratory laparotomy. Total excision of the huge mass measuring 16X15 cm was possible under selective vascular exclusion of the liver. Removal of the tumor resulted in immediate restoration of flow in the inferior vena cava. On the basis of the pathology and findings of immunohistochemical analysis, a hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma was diagnosed.

CONCLUSIONS

In the present case, hepatobiliary cystadenocarcinoma was accompanied by dilated superficial venous collaterals due to inferior vena cava obstruction. Selective vascular exclusion of the liver allowed a safe oncological resection of the tumor.

Modified conventional clamp-crushing technique in liver parenchymal transection

Significant intraoperative bleeding and injuries to vital structures in the liver remnant can occur during liver parenchymal transection using the conventional clamp-crushing technique. We performed liver resection on 242 patients using a mosquito clamp-crushing technique combined with a self-assembled saline-linked diathermy for liver parenchymal transection. The mean blood loss was 215 mL (range 20-1100). There was no damage to the vital structures in the liver remnant. The mean liver transection time was 53 minutes (range 15-125). Our technique has the advantages of reducing blood loss, exposing vessles clearly and being simple, cheap and efficacious.

Central hepatectomy under sequential hemihepatic control

PURPOSE

Central hepatectomy is a complex, parenchymal-sparing procedure which has been associated with increased blood loss, prolonged operating time, and increased duration of remnant hypoxia. In this report, we compare two different techniques of vascular control, namely sequential hemihepatic vascular control (SHHVC) and selective hepatic vascular exclusion (SHVE) in central hepatectomies.

METHODS

From January 2000 to September 2011, 36 consecutive patients underwent a central hepatectomy. SVHE was applied in 16 consecutive patients, and SHHVC was applied in 20 patients. Both groups were comparable regarding their demographics.

RESULTS

Total operative time and morbidity rates were similar in both groups. Warm ischemia time was significantly longer in SVHE patients (46 min vs 28 min, p = 0.03). Total blood loss and number of transfusions per patient were also higher in the SVHE group (650 vs. 400 mL, p = 0.04 and 2.2 vs. 1.2 units, p = 0.04, respectively). AST values were significantly higher in SVHE on days 1 and 3 compared to SHHVC patients (650 vs. 400, p = 0.04 and 550 vs. 250, p = 0.001, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Sequential hemihepatic vascular control is a safe technique for central hepatectomies. Decreased intraoperative blood loss and transfusions and attenuated liver injury are the main advantages of this approach.

Extrahepatic Portal Vein Ligation in Major Hepatectomies Performed under Selective Vascular Exclusion: A Case–Control Study

The aim of our study is to assess the effect of extrahepatic ipsilateral portal vein branch ligation in hepatectomies conducted under selective hepatic vascular exclusion with sharp transection of the liver parenchyma. Twenty-six patients (Group A) underwent major hepatectomy from January 2007 to December 2009, and hemostasis was achieved by ligation of the ipsilateral portal vein branch in addition to suture ligation of the cut surface vessels. A control group (Group B) was composed of 26 matched patients picked from our hospital's database, in which hemostasis was achieved by suture ligation of the cut surface vessels only. Warm ischemia time, intraoperative blood loss, blood transfusions, and liver function were compared. Reduced blood loss (450 vs 680 mL, P = 0.03), less transfusions (8 vs 20% of the patients, P = 0.04), and decreased warm ischemia time (34 vs 42 minutes, P = 0.04) were observed in Group A. Extrahepatic ligation of the ipsilateral portal vein branch is simple, safe, and effective in reducing blood loss and warm ischemia time in major hepatectomies performed under selective vascular exclusion.

Radiofrequency-assisted liver resection with a comb-shaped bipolar device versus clamp crushing: a clinical study

BACKGROUND

In liver surgery, clamp-crushing (CC) procedure has been shown to be the most efficient system for liver transection. Recently, it has been suggested that radiofrequency-assisted liver resection (RFALR) may be more advantageous, but sufficient evidence has yet to be accumulated.

METHOD

The control group was constituted by 32 patients undergoing CC liver transection. The study group included 13 patients undergoing RFALR with a new fully automated radiofrequency generator supplying a comb-shaped bipolar multielectrode device.

RESULTS

RFALR allowed a faster hepatic transection and reduced both surgical time and intraoperative blood loss. RFALR was the only independent prognostic indicator of bleeding during liver transection. No significant liver damage and postoperative complications, particularly biliary leakage and stenosis, were experienced in the RFALR group.

CONCLUSION

Compared with the CC procedure, this bipolar device was shown to be safe and effective in liver resections, allowing a very clean surgical field without increase of postoperative complications.

Recurrent pulmonary embolism due to giant hepatic hamangioma treated with hepatectomy under vascular exclusion

Giant hepatic hemangiomas are benign tumors that measure more than 4 cm and are usually asymptomatic. Pulmonary embolism (PE) is an extremely rare manifestation of giant hepatic hemangiomas. We report a case of a 44-year-old woman who suffered of recurrent pulmonary emboli that, after thorough work up, were attributed to thrombi formation inside a giant hepatic hemangioma. A right hepatectomy under vascular exclusion was performed and the hemangioma, measuring 17 cm, was resected. Two years later the patient remains asymptomatic. The report highlights the value of investigating giant liver hemangiomas in case of PE. In such cases, the hemangioma should be resected preferably under occlusion of the venous outflow of the liver to avoid PE intraoperatively.

[Solid organ transection. Open and laparoscopic surgery]

Recent advances in liver surgery have reduced post-hepatectomy mortality to less than 5% in most units specialized in hepato-pancreatic-biliary surgery. Possibly, the single most important factor contributing to these improved results has been the reduction in intraoperative bleeding during liver parenchymal transection. Liver transection is the most risky part of the intervention due to the risk of massive hemorrhage. Some technological advances and refinements to the surgical technique have contributed to making this critical phase of liver surgery safer. Among these advances, the most notable are detailed knowledge of the surgical anatomy of the liver, vascular control techniques and methods of liver parenchymal transection. The present review describes current transection techniques, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Until there is solid evidence on the best method, the choice of technique and instrument for liver transection depends mainly on the surgeon's personal preference. Nevertheless, some factors can influence the choice of method, such as the surgeon's experience, anesthetic management, type of hepatectomy (central, peripheral), type of approach (open, laparoscopic), quality of the liver (normal, cirrhotic, steatotic) and the availability of the instruments in the center.

Bloodless hepatic resection with automatic bipolar radiofrequency generator and multielectrode device

Liver resection is a standard treatment for liver tumours. Intra-operative blood loss remains a major concern during liver resection due to its association with higher postoperative complications and shorter long-term survival. To perform bloodless hepatic resection we realized an apparatus consisting of an incremental, bipolar radiofrequency generator and a probe with six in-line needles (SURTRON SB). Several ex-vivo and in-vivo pig liver experiments and a first-phase clinical study allowed the realization of a prototype radiofrequency (RF) generator that works at 470 kHz, 150 watts maximum power delivered. The probe consists of six needle electrodes of 1.5 mm diameter, with 4.5 mm free space, 6.0 mm centre to centre, between each. We obtained a coagulation of 35 mm length and 12 mm width. The transection was performed with a common scalpel after coagulation of liver parenchyma. We observed good healing of the liver edge both in animal model and in ongoing pilot clinical study. Coagulation with SURTRON SB allows a feasible, easy and safe bloodless liver resection. This method is tolerated with no systemic complication or adverse reaction. This technique offers a method for a bloodless hepatic transection without the need for sutures, ties, staples or tissue glue.

Techniques for liver parenchymal transection: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BACKGROUND

Different techniques of liver parenchymal transection have been described, including the finger fracture, sharp dissection, clamp-crush methods and, more recently, the Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA), the hydrojet and the radiofrequency dissection sealer (RFDS). This review assesses the benefits and risks associated with the various techniques.

METHODS

Randomized clinical trials were identified from the Cochrane Library Trials Register, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index Expanded and reference lists. Odds ratio (ORs), mean difference (MDs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals based on intention-to-treat analysis or available-case analysis.

RESULTS

We identified seven trials including a total of 556 patients. Blood transfusion requirements were lower with the clamp-crush technique than with the CUSA or hydrojet. The clamp-crush technique was quicker than the CUSA, hydrojet or RFDS. Infective complications and transection blood loss were greater with the RFDS than with the clamp-crush method. There was no significant difference between techniques in mortality, morbidity, liver dysfunction or intensive therapy unit and hospital stay.

CONCLUSIONS

The clamp-crush technique is more rapid and is associated with lower rates of blood loss and otherwise similar outcomes when compared with other methods of parenchymal transection. It represents the reference standard against which new methods may be compared.

The introduction of a simple maneuver to reduce the risk of postoperative bleeding after major hepatectomies

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

In major hepatectomies, postoperative increases in central venous pressure (CVP) may cause suture failure and massive bleeding. The aim of our study is to test the application of an intraoperative maneuver to reduce the risk of postoperative bleeding.

METHODS

Our study included 172 consecutive patients who had major liver resection with selective hepatic vascular exclusion and sharp transection of the liver parenchyma. An intraoperative maneuver (5 s occlusion of the hepatic vein) was applied in an alternating way, and the patients were assigned to two groups: Cohort A (n = 86), that was granted the maneuver, and Cohort B (n = 86), that was used as a control group.

RESULTS

In Cohort A, application of the maneuver was successful in demonstrating bleeders under low CVP levels. Cohort A had lower rate of massive bleeding requiring emergency reoperation (2.3 vs 5.8%, P = 0.049), less postoperative blood transfusions (13 vs 24%, P = 0.042), lower morbidity (20 vs 35%, P < 0.045) and shorter hospital stay compared to Cohort B.

CONCLUSIONS

Hepatectomies conducted under low CVP are prone to postoperative hemorrhage which can be prevented if the final bleeding control is performed under high pressure in the hepatic veins. Application of our testing maneuver effectively unmasked previously undetectable bleeding veins.

Techniques for liver parenchymal transection in liver resection

BACKGROUND

Blood loss during elective liver resection is one of the main factors affecting the surgical outcome. Different parenchymal transection techniques have been suggested to decrease blood loss.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the benefits and risks of the different techniques of parenchymal transection during liver resections.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group Controlled Trials Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) in The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Science Citation Index Expanded (March 2008).

SELECTION CRITERIA

We considered for inclusion all randomised clinical trials comparing different methods of parenchymal dissection irrespective of the method of vascular occlusion or any other measures used for lowering blood loss.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors identified the trials and extracted the data on the population characteristics, bias risk, mortality, morbidity, blood loss, transection speed, and hospital stay independently of each other. We calculated the odds ratio (OR), mean difference (MD), or standardised mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals based on 'interntion-to-treat analysis' or 'available case analysis' using RevMan 5.

MAIN RESULTS

We included seven trials randomising 556 patients. The comparisons include CUSA (cavitron ultrasound surgical aspirator) versus clamp-crush (two trials); radiofrequency dissecting sealer (RFDS) versus clamp-crush (two trials); sharp dissection versus clamp-crush technique (one trial); and hydrojet versus CUSA (one trial). One trial compared CUSA, RFDS, hydrojet, and clamp-crush technique. The infective complications and transection blood loss were greater in the RFDS than clamp-crush. There was no difference in the blood transfusion requirements, intensive therapy unit (ITU) stay, or hospital stay in this comparison. There was no significant differences in the mortality, morbidity, markers of liver parenchymal injury or liver dysfunction, ITU, or hospital stay in the other comparisons. The blood transfusion requirements were lower in the clamp-crush technique than CUSA and hydrojet. There was no difference in the transfusion requirements of clamp-crush technique and sharp dissection. Clamp-crush technique is quicker than CUSA, hydrojet, and RFDS. The transection speed of sharp dissection and clamp-crush technique was not compared. There was no clinically or statistically significant difference in the operating time between sharp dissection and clamp-crush techniques. Clamp-crush technique is two to six times cheaper than the other methods depending upon the number of surgeries performed each year.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Clamp-crush technique is advocated as the method of choice in liver parenchymal transection because it avoids special equipment, whereas the newer methods do not seem to offer any benefit in decreasing the morbidity or transfusion requirement.

Staged or simultaneous resection of synchronous liver metastases from colorectal cancer--a systematic review

OBJECTIVE

A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to estimate the differences in length of hospital stay, morbidity, mortality and long-term survival between staged and simultaneous resection of synchronous liver metastases from colorectal cancer to determine the level of evidence for recommendations of a treatment strategy.

METHOD

A Pub-med search was undertaken for studies comparing patients with synchronous liver metastases, who either had a combined or staged resection of metastases. Twenty-six were considered and 16 were included based on Newcastle Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. All studies were retrospective and had a general bias, because the staged procedure was significantly more often undertaken in patients with left-sided primary tumours and larger, more numerous and bi-lobar metastases. Analyses of primary outcomes were performed using the random effects model.

RESULTS

For the reason of the heterogeneity of the observational studies, no odds ratios were calculated. In 11 studies, there was a tendency towards a shorter hospital stay in the synchronous resection group. Fourteen studies compared total perioperative morbidity and lower morbidity was observed in favour of a combined resection. Fifteen studies compared perioperative mortality, which seemed to be lower with the staged approach. Eleven studies compared 5-year survival, which seemed to be similar in the two groups.

CONCLUSION

No randomized controlled trials were identified, and hence a meta-analysis was not performed. The evidence level is II to III with grade C recommendations. Synchronous resections can be undertaken in selected patients, provided that surgeons specialized in colorectal and hepatobiliary surgery are available.

[Early results of liver resection due to metastases of colorectal carcinoma]

BACKGROUND/AIM

Liver metastases are most frequently the result of colorectal carcinoma. The aim of this study was to analyse early results of operative treatment of the patients with the liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma.

METHODS

This retrospective, prospective study included 387 patients with colorectal carcinoma operated during the period from 2005-2007. All the patients were submitted to oncologic surgery protocol. The functional state of the liver was assessed, especially in the patients with hemotherapy. Diagnostic protocol further included color Doppler ultrasonography of the liver and port system, as well as spiral computed tomography includy angiography. Nine (5.7%) of the patients were submitted to explorative laparotomy.

RESULTS

Of all the patients 157 (40.6%) had metastases in the liver, synhronous 78 (20.15%) and metachronous 79 (20.45%), Forty two (26.7%) patients were indicated for the liver resection. In 33 (21%) of them it was performed successfully. There were 18 females and 15 males of the average age 60.09 (42-81) years. Up to 4 metastases had 90.9% of the patients and in 9.09% had up to 5 and more metastases. On average, metastases occupied 2.6 of the liver segments. There were 21.2% of solitary lesions (7 patients), 63.6% of multilple unilobular (21 patients) and 15.15% of multiple bilobular metastases (5 patients). Liver resection was done using ultraharmonic scalpel. At spacious liver resections we used a device for intraoperative saving of blood (cell saver) and applied a technique of selective hepatic vascular exclusion. An average disease-free interval was 16.7 months. There were 60.6% of anatomical liver resections and 39.4% of atypical resections. In 31.1% of the operated patients we made resection on up to two segments of the liver and in 30.3% we made resection of four segments. An average number of segments where resection had been performed was 2.65 and the duration of operation was 143 minutes. In 39.4% of the cases we used a technique of liver vascular isolation, an average duration was 38 minutes. In 30.3% of resections we used cell saver and 70% of operated patients were transfused. On average, 493 ml of blood was transfused. Of the total number of resections, 90.9% was of the type R0, 9.09% of the type R1. An average duration of postoperative hospitalization was 10.6 days. Operative morbidity rate was 15.15% and operative mortality 3.03%. During a six-month observing there were not any mortality or repeated metastases in liver.

CONCLUSION

Anatomic liver resection including selective vascular hepatic excision by the use of an ultraharmonic scalpel and cell saver is considered to be efficient and secure method for the reduction of intraoperative and postoperative complications rendering good surgical results.

Managing injuries of hepatic duct confluence variants after major hepatobiliary surgery: An algorithmic approach

AIM: To investigate injuries of anatomy variants of hepatic duct confluence during hepatobiliary surgery and their impact on morbidity and mortality of these procedures. An algorithmic approach for the management of these injuries is proposed.

METHODS: During a 6-year period 234 patients who had undergone major hepatobiliary surgery were retrospectively reviewed in order to study postoperative bile leakage. Diagnostic workup included endoscopic and magnetic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (E/MRCP), scintigraphy and fistulography.

RESULTS: Thirty (12.8%) patients who developed postoperative bile leaks were identified. Endoscopic stenting and percutaneous drainage were successful in 23 patients with bile leaks from the liver cut surface. In the rest seven patients with injuries of hepatic duct confluence, biliary variations were recognized and a stepwise therapeutic approach was considered. Conservative management was successful only in 2 patients. Volume of the liver remnant and functional liver reserve as well as local sepsis were used as criteria for either resection of the corresponding liver segment or construction of a biliary-enteric anastomosis. Two deaths occurred in this group of patients with hepatic duct confluence variants (mortality rate 28.5%).

CONCLUSION: Management of major biliary fistulae that are disconnected from the mainstream of the biliary tree and related to injury of variants of the hepatic duct confluence is extremely challenging. These patients have a grave prognosis and an early surgical procedure has to be considered.

Half clamping of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava reduces bleeding during a hepatectomy by decreasing the central venous pressure

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Bleeding from the hepatic vein is closely related to central venous pressure (CVP). To evaluate the effect of low central venous pressure during a hepatectomy, the infrahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) was half clamped.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 2006 and 2007, 20 patients undergoing major hepatectomy with the IVC half clamping (half-clamping group) were compared with 58 patients undergoing hepatectomy without IVC half clamping between 2003 and 2005 (control group). The types of liver resection, amount of blood loss during the hepatectomy, volume of blood transfusion, length of hospital stay, and complications were compared between the two groups.

RESULTS

In the half-clamping group, blood loss was decreased in comparison to the control group (p = 0.041) and the suprahepatic CVP was low (2.4 +/- 1.8 mmHg; p = 0.0002). The diameter at the root of the right hepatic vein was reduced in comparison to before clamping (5.8 +/- 1.6 mm; p < 0.001). There were no complications of half clamping on any hemodynamic and blood electrolytic parameters.

CONCLUSION

Using the half clamping technique of the IVC, intra-operative CVP was maintained below 3 mmHg without any side effects, and the low CVP significantly reduced the bleeding from hepatic veins during a major hepatectomy.

Heat-zone effect after surface application of dissecting sealer on the "in situ margin" after tumorectomy for liver tumors

BACKGROUND

Resection remains the gold standard in the treatment of liver tumors. But radiofrequency ablation allows destruction of small liver tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of surface application of a saline-linked dissecting sealer (TL) on the tumor bed that might contain residual microscopic tumor cells after resection (in situ margin).

STUDY DESIGN

Five hepatitis-infected woodchucks bearing primary liver tumors were used. Tumors > 1 cm in diameter were removed by tumorectomy. Alternately, the in situ margins were treated or not by TL. All samples were frozen and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and nicotine adenine dinucleotide (cell viability test). The median tumor diameter was 22 mm (range 10 to 53 mm). Among 84 in situ retrieved samples, 50 were from TL-treated tumors and 34 were from untreated controls.

RESULTS

The mean (+/-SD) heat-zone area was 12.6+/-2.8 mm in TL-treated tumors and 0.6+/-0.7 mm in controls (p < 0.001). Hematoxylin and eosin and nicotine adenine dinucleotide analyses showed 70% to 98% of cell destruction inside the heat-zone area in the TL-treated samples. There were macroscopic residual tumor cells (R2 resection) in 53 samples, with a median length of tumoral tissue inside the in situ margin of 3.5 mm. Among them, the heat-zone area was considerably longer in TL-treated versus untreated controls (13.3+/-2.6 mm versus 0.7+/-0.9 mm, p < 0.001). In samples with no residual tumor cells or microscopic residual tumor cells (R0/R1; n=31), the length of the tumoral margin was similar between TL-treated and untreated controls (0.7+/-0.2 mm and 0.9+/-0.2 mm, respectively, p=NS). Compared with controls, no viable cell was visible (up to 5 mm of depth) in the in situ margins in the TL-treated samples (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These results support the hypothesis that surface application of the TL device on the in situ margins after tumorectomy could induce a substantial heat-zone area ranging from 10 to 13 mm, inside which, on a regressive heat gradient, up to 98% of cells could be destroyed. These observations could help to reduce marginal recurrence, especially in patients requiring multiple tumorectomies or complex liver resections for malignancy.

Liver resection for colorectal liver metastasis

At some point in the natural course of colorectal cancer up to 50% of patients will develop metastasis to the liver. Historically only 20% of these patients would have to be deemed resectable, with an intent to cure, at the time of presentation. But with recent improvements in cross-sectional imaging, chemotherapeutic agents and advances in the techniques of surgical resection the emphasis of resection has now changed to 'who is not resectable' as opposed to 'who is resectable'. There are few contraindications to liver resection on the proviso that the patient is fit enough. As a result of this paradigm shift, 5 year survival rates are approaching 60%. Historically liver resection was perceived as a formidable operation but now liver resection for CRLM is safe and specialist centres are reporting mortality rates of less than 1%. This review briefly covers the standard techniques currently employed and some of the recent innovations being developed to improve resectability.

Randomized clinical trial of radiofrequency-assisted versus clamp-crushing liver resection

BACKGROUND

Surgical resection remains the treatment of choice for primary and secondary liver cancer. Complications are mainly related to blood loss. Radiofrequency-assisted liver resection (RF-R) has been proposed for parenchymal division as an alternative to clamp crushing in order to reduce blood loss.

METHODS

Fifty patients (median age 62 (range 30-82) years) undergoing hepatectomy were randomized to RF-R (24 patients) or the clamp-crushing method (26). In the RF-R group the resection plane was precoagulated by multiple insertion of a planar triple-cooled radiofrequency ablation needle, and then the parenchyma was sectioned using a scalpel.

RESULTS

The two groups were well matched in terms of age, sex, liver disease and type of resection. There were no deaths. Eight in the RF-R group developed complications (abscess in six, biliary fistula in three and biliary stenosis in one) compared with none of those who had resection by the crush method (P < 0.001). Two patients with cirrhosis in each group developed decompensation. Blood transfusion was required in eight of 24 patients in the RF-R group and 13 of 26 in the clamp-crushing group (P = 0.079).

CONCLUSION

RF-R allows parenchymal resection in a clean surgical field but is associated with a higher rate of postoperative complications than the clamp-crushing technique.

Silkclasy: a simple way for liver transection during anatomic hepatectomies

BACKGROUND

Parenchymal transection is the most important step of liver resection, and during this phase, blood loss may lead to morbidity and mortality. Liver parenchyma can be transected by different ways such as finger fracture, clamp crushing, or instrument-based techniques.

METHODS

A simple and cost-efficient method has been developed for liver transection using a technique based on silk crushing of the liver substance.

RESULTS

We have successfully employed this technique in 278 consecutive liver resections from July 2001 to March 2006. The average duration of hepatic transection varied according to the type of liver resection: 22 min (range 15-42), 19 min (range 11-37), and 12 min (range 7-21) for right hepatectomy, left hepatectomy, and bisegmentectomy 2-3, respectively. The mean transection speed was 6.9 +/- 2.3 cm(2)/min. Blood transfusions were necessary in 42 patients (15.1%), and there were three operative deaths (1.1%). Morbidity rate was 20.9% (58 patients).

CONCLUSIONS

This technique allows a safe and quick liver transection without the use of expensive hemostatic devices, and also precludes the use of inflow occlusion maneuvers. We recommend the use of this technique in centers with low economic resources.

Transhepatic lactate gradient in relation to liver ischemia/reperfusion injury during major hepatectomies

Hepatectomies performed under selective hepatic vascular exclusion are associated with a series of events culminating in ischemia/reperfusion injury, a state that shares common characteristics with situations known to result in global or regional hyperlactatemia. Accordingly, we sought to determine whether lactate is released by the liver during hepatic resections performed under blood flow deprivation and what relation this has to a possible systemic hyperlactatemic state. After ethical approval, 14 consecutive patients with resectable liver tumors subjected to hepatectomy under inflow and outflow occlusion of the liver were studied. Lactate concentrations were assessed in simultaneously drawn arterial, portal venous, and hepatic venous blood before liver dissection and 50 minutes postreperfusion. Moreover, the transhepatic lactate gradient (hepatic vein - portal vein) was calculated to see if there was net production or consumption of lactate. Before hepatic dissection, the transhepatic lactate gradient was negative, suggesting consumption by the liver. Fifty minutes after reperfusion, this gradient became significantly positive, demonstrating release of lactate by the liver (0.12 +/- 0.31 vs. -0.38 +/- 0.30 mmol/L, P < 0.05). The magnitude of lactate release correlated with systemic arterial lactate levels at the same time point (r(2) = 0.63, P < 0.001). A weaker but significant correlation was demonstrated between the transhepatic lactate gradient postreperfusion and systemic arterial lactate levels 24 hours postoperatively (r(2) = 0.41, P = 0.013). A strong correlation between the transhepatic lactate gradient postreperfusion and peak postoperative aspartate aminotransferase values was also demonstrated (r(2) = 0.73, P < 0.001). The liver becomes a net producer of lactate in hepatectomies performed under blood flow deprivation. This lactate release can explain some of the systemic hyperlactatemia seen in this context and relates to the extent of ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Liver resective surgery: a multivariate analysis of postoperative outcome and complication

INTRODUCTION

Notwithstanding technical advances and high experience of liver resection of specialized centers, the rate of complications after surgical resection could be high. In this study, we analyzed causes and foreseeable risk factors linked to postoperative morbidity on the ground of data derived from a single center surgical population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From September 1989 to March 2005, 134 consecutive patients had liver resection for Hcc and 153 consecutive patients with liver metastasis (derived from either colorectal cancer or noncolorectal cancer) at our department. We performed 22 major hepatectomy, 20 left hepatectomy, 14 trisegmentectomy, 77 bisegmentectomy and/or left lobectomy, 74 segmentectomy, and 80 wedge resection.

RESULTS

In-hospital mortality rate was 4.5%, about 7% in Hcc cases and 2.6% in liver metastasis. Morbidity rate was 47.7%, caused by the rising of ascites (10%), temporary impairment liver function (19%), biliary fistula (6%), hepatic abscess (25%), hemoperitoneum (10%), and pleural effusion (30%) sometimes combined each other. Some variables, associated with the technical aspects of surgical procedure, are responsible of the rising of complication as: Pringle maneuver length of more than 20 minutes (p=0.001); the type of liver resection procedure [major hepatectomy (p=0.02), left hepatectomy (p=0.04), trisegmentectomy (p=0.04), bisegmentectomy and/or left lobectomy (p=0.04)]; and the request of an amount of blood transfusion of more than 600 cc (p=0.04). Also, both liver dysfunction, in particular Child A vs B and C (p=0.01), and histopathological grading (p=0.01) are associated with a high rate of postsurgical complication in Hcc cases.

CONCLUSION

We make the following recommendations: every liver resection should be planned after intraoperative ultrasonography, anatomical surgical procedure should be preferred instead of wedge resection, and modern devices should be used, like Argon Beam and Ligasure dissector, to reduce the incidence of both intraoperative and postoperative bleeding and biliary leakage.

Association between biliary complications and technique of hilar division (extrahepatic vs. intrahepatic) in major liver resections

BACKGROUND

Division of major vascular and biliary structures during major hepatectomies can be carried out either extrahepatically at the porta hepatic or intrahepatically during the parenchymal transection. In this retrospective study we test the hypothesis that the intrahepatic technique is associated with less early biliary complications.

METHODS

150 patients who underwent major hepatectomies were retrospectively allocated into an intrahepatic group (n = 100) and an extrahepatic group (n = 50) based on the technique of hilar division. The two groups were operated by two different surgical teams, each one favoring one of the two approaches for hilar dissection. Operative data (warm ischemic time, operative time, blood loss), biliary complications, morbidity and mortality rates were analyzed.

RESULTS

In extrahepatic patients, operative time was longer (245 +/- 50 vs 214 +/- 38 min, p < 0.05) while the overall complication rate (55% vs 52%), hospital stay (13 +/- 7 vs 12 +/- 4 days), bile leak rate (22% vs 20%) and mortality (2% vs 2%) were similar compared to intrahepatic patients. However, most (57%) bile leaks in extrahepatic patients were grade II (leaks that required non-operative interventional treatment, while most (70%) leaks in the intrahepatic group were grade I (leaks that resolved and presented two injuries (4%) of the remaining bile ducts (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Intrahepatic hilar division is as safe as extrahepatic hilar division in terms of intraoperative blood requirements, morbidity and mortality. The extrahepatic technique is associated with more severe bile leaks and biliary injuries.