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DeMarco GJ, Nunamaker EA. A Review of the Effects of Pain and Analgesia on Immune System Function and Inflammation: Relevance for Preclinical Studies. Comp Med 2019; 69:520-534. [PMID: 31896389 PMCID: PMC6935697 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-19-000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
One of the most significant challenges facing investigators, laboratory animal veterinarians, and IACUCs, is how to balance appropriate analgesic use, animal welfare, and analgesic impact on experimental results. This is particularly true for in vivo studies on immune system function and inflammatory disease. Often times the effects of analgesic drugs on a particular immune function or model are incomplete or don't exist. Further complicating the picture is evidence of the very tight integration and bidirectional functionality between the immune system and branches of the nervous system involved in nociception and pain. These relationships have advanced the concept of understanding pain as a protective neuroimmune function and recognizing pathologic pain as a neuroimmune disease. This review strives to summarize extant literature on the effects of pain and analgesia on immune system function and inflammation in the context of preclinical in vivo studies. The authors hope this work will help to guide selection of analgesics for preclinical studies of inflammatory disease and immune system function.
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Key Words
- cb,endocannabinoid receptor
- cd,crohn disease
- cfa, complete freund adjuvant
- cgrp,calcitonin gene-related peptide
- cox,cyclooxygenase
- ctl, cytotoxic t-lymphocytes
- damp,damage-associated molecular pattern molecules
- drg,dorsal root ganglion
- dss, dextran sodium sulphate
- ecs,endocannabinoid system
- ibd, inflammatory bowel disease
- ifa,incomplete freund adjuvant
- las, local anesthetics
- pamp,pathogen-associated molecular pattern molecules
- pge2, prostaglandin e2
- p2y, atp purine receptor y
- p2x, atp purine receptor x
- tnbs, 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid
- trp, transient receptor potential ion channels
- trpv, transient receptor potential vanilloid
- tg,trigeminal ganglion
- uc,ulcerative colitis
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Affiliation(s)
- George J DeMarco
- Department of Animal Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts;,
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CTGF-mediated ERK signaling pathway influences the inflammatory factors and intestinal flora in ulcerative colitis. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 111:1429-1437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Chamaraux-Tran TN, Piegeler T. The Amide Local Anesthetic Lidocaine in Cancer Surgery-Potential Antimetastatic Effects and Preservation of Immune Cell Function? A Narrative Review. Front Med (Lausanne) 2017; 4:235. [PMID: 29326939 PMCID: PMC5742360 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2017.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgical removal of the primary tumor in solid cancer is an essential component of the treatment. However, the perioperative period can paradoxically lead to an increased risk of cancer recurrence. A bimodal dynamics for early-stage breast cancer recurrence suggests a tumor dormancy-based model with a mastectomy-driven acceleration of the metastatic process and a crucial role of the immunosuppressive state during the perioperative period. Recent evidence suggests that anesthesia could also influence the progress of the disease. Local anesthetics (LAs) have long been used for their properties to block nociceptive input. They also exert anti-inflammatory capacities by modulating the liberation or signal propagation of inflammatory mediators. Interestingly, LAs can reduce viability and proliferation of many cancer cells in vitro as well. Additionally, retrospective clinical trials have suggested that regional anesthesia for cancer surgery (either with or without general anesthesia) might reduce the risk of recurrence. Lidocaine, a LA, which can be administered intravenously, is widely used in clinical practice for multimodal analgesia. It is associated with a morphine-sparing effect, reduced pain scores, and in major surgery probably also with a reduced incidence of postoperative ileus and length of hospital stay. Systemic delivery might therefore be efficient to target residual disease or reach cells able to form micrometastasis. Moreover, an in vitro study has shown that lidocaine could enhance the activity of natural killer (NK) cells. Due to their ability to recognize and kill tumor cells without the requirement of prior antigen exposure, NKs are the main actor of the innate immune system. However, several perioperative factors can reduce NK activity, such as stress, pain, opioids, or general anesthetics. Intravenous lidocaine as part of the perioperative anesthesia regimen would be of major interest for clinicians, as it might bear the potential to reduce the risk of cancer recurrence or progression patients undergoing cancer surgery. As a well-known pharmaceutical agent, lidocaine might therefore be a promising candidate for oncological drug repurposing. We urgently need clinical randomized trials assessing the protective effect of lidocaine on NKs function and against recurrence after cancer surgery to achieve a “proof of concept.”
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiên-Nga Chamaraux-Tran
- Département d'Anesthésie et Réanimation Chirurgicale, Hôpital Hautepierre, CHU Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7104, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, U964 Institut National de Santé et de Recherche Médicale, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Tobias Piegeler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Wang HL, Yan HD, Liu YY, Sun BZ, Huang R, Wang XS, Lei WF. Intraoperative intravenous lidocaine exerts a protective effect on cell-mediated immunity in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:7039-44. [PMID: 26299324 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.4235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Surgical procedures cause a decrease in lymphocyte proliferation rate, an increase in apoptosis and shifts the balance of T‑helper (Th)1/Th2 cells towards anti‑cell‑mediated immunity (CMI) Th2 dominance, which is relevant to the immunosuppressive effects of CMI, postoperative septic complications and the formation of tumor metastasis. Previous studies have revealed that lidocaine exhibits antibacterial actions; regulating inflammatory responses, reducing postoperative pain and affecting the duration spent in hospital. Thus, the present study hypothesized that lidocaine may exert a protective effect on the CMI of patients undergoing surgery for the removal of a primary tumor. A total of 30 adult female patients diagnosed with cervical cancer were recruited to the present study and were randomized into two groups. The lidocaine group received an intravenous bolus dose of 1.5 mg/kg lidocaine, followed by continuous infusion at 1.5 mg/kg/h until discharge from the operating room. The control group received the same volume of normal saline. A 10 ml sample of venous blood was drawn, and the lymphocytes were isolated using Ficoll‑paque 1 day prior to surgery, at discharge from the operating room and 48 h post‑surgery. The proliferation rate of the lymphocytes was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay and was found to be higher in the lidocaine group. The early apoptosis of lymphocytes was attenuated following lidocaine treatment at 48 h post‑surgery, as detected using flow cytometry with Annexin V‑fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining. The level of interferon (IFN)‑γ in the serum at 48 h was significantly decreased following surgery in the control group, compared with the pre‑surgical values (3.782 ± 0.282, vs. 4.089 ± 0.339 pg/ml, respectively) and the ratio of IFN‑γ to interleukin‑4 was well preserved in the lidocaine group. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the intraoperative systemic administration of lidocaine exerted a protective effect on CMI in patients with cervical cancer undergoing radical hysterectomy. This may be beneficial in reducing the occurrence of postoperative septic complications and tumor metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan-Liang Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Dan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Yang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bao-Zhu Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Fu Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Kim TH, Kang H, Choi YS, Park JM, Chi KC, Shin HY, Hong JH. Pre- and Intraoperative Lidocaine Injection for Preemptive Analgesics in Laparoscopic Gastrectomy: A Prospective, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 2013; 23:663-8. [DOI: 10.1089/lap.2012.0542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Han Kim
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo Shin Choi
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joong Min Park
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyong Choun Chi
- Department of Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hwa Yong Shin
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Hwa Hong
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Jiao Q, Wang H, Hu Z, Zhuang Y, Yang W, Li M, Yu X, Liang J, Guo Y, Zhang H, Chen X, Cheng R, Yao Z. Lidocaine inhibits staphylococcal enterotoxin-stimulated activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol Res 2013; 305:629-36. [PMID: 23589093 PMCID: PMC3751229 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-013-1339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory, chronically relapsing, pruritic skin disease and lesions associated with AD are frequently colonized with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Activation of T cells by staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD. Previous studies have demonstrated that lidocaine could attenuate allergen-induced T cell proliferation and cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from asthma patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of lidocaine on SE-stimulated activation of PBMCs from AD patients. PBMCs were isolated from ten AD patients and stimulated by staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) in the presence or absence of lidocaine in various concentrations. Cellular proliferation and the release of representative TH1- and TH2-type cytokines were measured. The effect of lidocaine on filaggrin (FLG) expression in HaCaT cells co-cultured with SE-activated PBMCs was also examined. Our results demonstrated that lidocaine dose-dependently inhibited the proliferative response and the release of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, and IFN-γ from SEA- and SEB-stimulated PBMCs and also blocked the down-regulation of FLG expression in HaCaT cells co-cultured with SEA- and SEB-activated PBMCs. These results indicate that lidocaine inhibited SEA- and SEB-stimulated activation of PBMCs from patients with AD. Our findings encourage the use of lidocaine in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Jiao
- Department of Dermatology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, China
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The role of intestinal colonization with Gram-negative bacteria as a source for intensive care unit-acquired bacteremia*. Crit Care Med 2011; 39:961-6. [DOI: 10.1097/ccm.0b013e318208ee26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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