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Tenner S, Vege SS, Sheth SG, Sauer B, Yang A, Conwell DL, Yadlapati RH, Gardner TB. American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines: Management of Acute Pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2024; 119:419-437. [PMID: 38857482 DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP), defined as acute inflammation of the pancreas, is one of the most common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract leading to hospital admission in the United States. It is important for clinicians to appreciate that AP is heterogenous, progressing differently among patients and is often unpredictable. While most patients experience symptoms lasting a few days, almost one-fifth of patients will go on to experience complications, including pancreatic necrosis and/or organ failure, at times requiring prolonged hospitalization, intensive care, and radiologic, surgical, and/or endoscopic intervention. Early management is essential to identify and treat patients with AP to prevent complications. Patients with biliary pancreatitis typically will require surgery to prevent recurrent disease and may need early endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography if the disease is complicated by cholangitis. Nutrition plays an important role in treating patients with AP. The safety of early refeeding and importance in preventing complications from AP are addressed. This guideline will provide an evidence-based practical approach to the management of patients with AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Tenner
- State University of New York, Health Sciences Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | | | - Sunil G Sheth
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bryan Sauer
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Beyer G, Hoffmeister A, Michl P, Gress TM, Huber W, Algül H, Neesse A, Meining A, Seufferlein TW, Rosendahl J, Kahl S, Keller J, Werner J, Friess H, Bufler P, Löhr MJ, Schneider A, Lynen Jansen P, Esposito I, Grenacher L, Mössner J, Lerch MM, Mayerle J. S3-Leitlinie Pankreatitis – Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) – September 2021 – AWMF Registernummer 021-003. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2022; 60:419-521. [PMID: 35263785 DOI: 10.1055/a-1735-3864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Beyer
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Deutschland
| | - Albrecht Hoffmeister
- Bereich Gastroenterologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Onkologie, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie Pneumologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Patrick Michl
- Universitätsklinik u. Poliklinik Innere Medizin I mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Deutschland
| | - Thomas Mathias Gress
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Endokrinologie, Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Wolfgang Huber
- Comprehensive Cancer Center München TUM, II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Hana Algül
- Comprehensive Cancer Center München TUM, II. Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Deutschland
| | - Albrecht Neesse
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, gastrointestinale Onkologie und Endokrinologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Alexander Meining
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Deutschland
| | | | - Jonas Rosendahl
- Universitätsklinik u. Poliklinik Innere Medizin I mit Schwerpunkt Gastroenterologie, Universitätsklinikum Halle, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Kahl
- Klinik für Innere Medizin m. Schwerpkt. Gastro./Hämat./Onko./Nephro., DRK Kliniken Berlin Köpenick, Deutschland
| | - Jutta Keller
- Medizinische Klinik, Israelitisches Krankenhaus, Hamburg, Deutschland
| | - Jens Werner
- Klinik für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum München, Deutschland
| | - Helmut Friess
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Klinikum rechts der Isar, München, Deutschland
| | - Philip Bufler
- Klinik für Pädiatrie m. S. Gastroenterologie, Nephrologie und Stoffwechselmedizin, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Matthias J Löhr
- Department of Gastroenterology, Karolinska, Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Schweden
| | - Alexander Schneider
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie und Hepatologie, Klinikum Bad Hersfeld, Deutschland
| | - Petra Lynen Jansen
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS), Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Irene Esposito
- Pathologisches Institut, Heinrich-Heine-Universität und Universitätsklinikum Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Deutschland
| | - Lars Grenacher
- Conradia Radiologie München Schwabing, München, Deutschland
| | - Joachim Mössner
- Bereich Gastroenterologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Onkologie, Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie Pneumologie und Infektiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Deutschland
| | - Markus M Lerch
- Klinik für Innere Medizin A, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Deutschland.,Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Deutschland
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, LMU Klinikum, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Deutschland
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Umans DS, Hallensleben ND, Verdonk RC, Bouwense SAW, Fockens P, van Santvoort HC, Voermans RP, Besselink MG, Bruno MJ, van Hooft JE. Recurrence of idiopathic acute pancreatitis after cholecystectomy: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Surg 2019; 107:191-199. [PMID: 31875953 PMCID: PMC7003758 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.11429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Occult biliary disease has been suggested as a frequent underlying cause of idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP). Cholecystectomy has been proposed as a strategy to prevent recurrent IAP. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the efficacy of cholecystectomy in reducing the risk of recurrent IAP. Methods PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were searched systematically for studies including patients with IAP treated by cholecystectomy, with data on recurrence of pancreatitis. Studies published before 1980 or including chronic pancreatitis and case reports were excluded. The primary outcome was recurrence rate. Quality was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Meta‐analyses were undertaken to calculate risk ratios using a random‐effects model with the inverse‐variance method. Results Overall, ten studies were included, of which nine were used in pooled analyses. The study population consisted of 524 patients with 126 cholecystectomies. Of these 524 patients, 154 (29·4 (95 per cent c.i. 25·5 to 33·3) per cent) had recurrent disease. The recurrence rate was significantly lower after cholecystectomy than after conservative management (14 of 126 (11·1 per cent) versus 140 of 398 (35·2 per cent); risk ratio 0·44, 95 per cent c.i. 0·27 to 0·71). Even in patients in whom IAP was diagnosed after more extensive diagnostic testing, including endoscopic ultrasonography or magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, the recurrence rate appeared to be lower after cholecystectomy (4 of 36 (11 per cent) versus 42 of 108 (38·9 per cent); risk ratio 0·41, 0·16 to 1·07). Conclusion Cholecystectomy after an episode of IAP reduces the risk of recurrent pancreatitis. This implies that current diagnostics are insufficient to exclude a biliary cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Umans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - N D Hallensleben
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Research and Development, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - R C Verdonk
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - S A W Bouwense
- Department of Surgery, MUMC+, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - P Fockens
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - H C van Santvoort
- Department of Surgery, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.,Department of Surgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - R P Voermans
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M G Besselink
- Department of Surgery, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M J Bruno
- Department of Gastroenterology, Erasmus MC University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J E van Hooft
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Pereira R, Eslick G, Cox M. Endoscopic Ultrasound for Routine Assessment in Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis. J Gastrointest Surg 2019; 23:1694-1700. [PMID: 31197695 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-019-04272-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common general acute surgical presentations. Current recommendations are that idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP) should account for no more than 20% of AP cases. Some studies suggest gallbladder microlithiasis is the aetiology in up to 75% of IAP patients. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) has been reported to be effective in the detection of microlithiasis and choledocholithiasis as well as pancreatic parenchymal, ductal and ampullary disorders. The aims of this study were to evaluate the usefulness of EUS in establishing aetiology in IAP patients and to assess if there is a role for EUS in the selection criteria for laparoscopic cholecystectomy to treat a potential biliary cause in IAP patients. METHODS A systematic review following PRISMA guideline was performed to gather data on patients with IAP undergoing EUS for further investigation. Three databases (MEDLINE, PubMed, and EMBASE) were searched to 28 July 2018. RESULTS Our systematic review included 28 studies, comprising 1850 patients with an initial diagnosis of IAP prior to having EUS. Diagnosis of a potential aetiology or associated pancreatic pathology was established in 1095 (62%, p < 0.001) of cases. A biliary aetiology (microlithiasis or choledocholithiasis) was found in 37%. Chronic pancreatitis and associated pancreatic findings (dilated pancreatic duct, pancreatic duct stricture or stone) were found in 21%. Pancreatic neoplasms were found in 6%. Of the patients who had identifiable biliary pathology on EUS that proceeded to cholecystectomy, 2% had a recurrence of AP during a mean follow-up period of 20.5 months. CONCLUSIONS There is a likely role for the routine use of EUS in the assessment of patients with IAP. The routine use of EUS may decrease the proportion of cases with a diagnosis of IAP. EUS may provide better selection criteria for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with an initial diagnosis of IAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Pereira
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Unit, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Clinical Sciences Building, Nepean Hospital, P. O. Box 67, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.,Department of Surgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Guy Eslick
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Unit, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Clinical Sciences Building, Nepean Hospital, P. O. Box 67, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Michael Cox
- The Whiteley-Martin Research Unit, Discipline of Surgery, The University of Sydney, Clinical Sciences Building, Nepean Hospital, P. O. Box 67, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia. .,Department of Surgery, Nepean Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Bougard M, Barbier L, Godart B, Le Bayon-Bréard AG, Marques F, Salamé E. Management of biliary acute pancreatitis. J Visc Surg 2019; 156:113-125. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviscsurg.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is among the most common gastrointestinal disorders requiring hospitalization worldwide. Establishing the cause of acute pancreatitis ensures appropriate management and proper health care resource utilization. Causes of acute pancreatitis include biliary, alcohol use, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercalcemia, drug-induced, autoimmune, hereditary/genetic, and anatomic abnormalities. Fluid therapy remains the cornerstone of managing acute pancreatitis. This article provides a brief summary of current evidence-based practices in the diagnosis and management of uncomplicated acute pancreatitis.
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Coté GA. Editorial: the sphincter of Oddi strikes again-eluxadoline illuminates a controversial mechanism for the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018; 47:1324-1325. [PMID: 29644734 DOI: 10.1111/apt.14596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Coté
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Dedemadi G, Nikolopoulos M, Kalaitzopoulos I, Sgourakis G. Management of patients after recovering from acute severe biliary pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7708-7717. [PMID: 27678352 PMCID: PMC5016369 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i34.7708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholelithiasis is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis, accounting 35%-60% of cases. Around 15%-20% of patients suffer a severe attack with high morbidity and mortality rates. As far as treatment is concerned, the optimum method of late management of patients with severe acute biliary pancreatitis is still contentious and the main question is over the correct timing of every intervention. Patients after recovering from an acute episode of severe biliary pancreatitis can be offered alternative options in their management, including cholecystectomy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and sphincterotomy, or no definitive treatment. Delaying cholecystectomy until after resolution of the inflammatory process, usually not earlier than 6 wk after onset of acute pancreatitis, seems to be a safe policy. ERCP and sphincterotomy on index admission prevent recurrent episodes of pancreatitis until cholecystectomy is performed, but if used for definitive treatment, they can be a valuable tool for patients unfit for surgery. Some patients who survive severe biliary pancreatitis may develop pseudocysts or walled-off necrosis. Management of pseudocysts with minimally invasive techniques, if not therapeutic, can be used as a bridge to definitive operative treatment, which includes delayed cholecystectomy and concurrent pseudocyst drainage in some patients. A management algorithm has been developed for patients surviving severe biliary pancreatitis according to the currently published data in the literature.
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Clinical Profile, Etiology, and Treatment of Chronic Pancreatitis in North American Women: Analysis of a Large Multicenter Cohort. Pancreas 2016; 45:934-40. [PMID: 26967451 PMCID: PMC4940220 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Historically, chronic pancreatitis (CP) was considered a disease of alcoholic males, but recent data suggest its etiology to be complex. To better understand CP in women, we compared data on women and men with CP in a large, prospectively ascertained multicenter US cohort. METHODS Patients with CP enrolled in the NAPS2 Continuation and Validation study were studied. Information on demographics, etiology, risk factors, phenotype, and treatment(s) used was obtained from detailed questionnaires completed by the patients and physicians. RESULTS Of 521 cases, 45% were women. Women were significantly (P < 0.05) less likely to have alcohol etiology (30% vs 58.5%) and more likely to have nonalcoholic etiologies (idiopathic, 32% vs 18%; obstructive, 12% vs 2.4%; genetic, 12.8% vs 7.3%). Demographics, pain experience, morphologic findings, exocrine and endocrine insufficiency, CP-related disability, and use of medical therapies were mostly similar in both sexes. Sphincterotomy (biliary, 33% vs 24%; pancreatic, 38% vs 28%; P < 0.05) was performed more frequently in women, whereas cyst/pseudocyst operations were more common in men (6.6 vs 2.6%, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS Most CP cases in women are from nonalcoholic etiologies. In contrast to many other chronic diseases, clinical phenotype of CP is determined by the disease and is independent of sex.
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Das R, Clarke B, Tang G, Papachristou GI, Whitcomb DC, Slivka A, Yadav D. Endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) may not alter the natural history of idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis (IRAP). Pancreatology 2016; 16:770-7. [PMID: 27450967 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) in idiopathic recurrent acute pancreatitis (IRAP) is unclear. We hypothesized that ES will alter the natural history of IRAP. METHODS We retrospectively studied the course of 50 IRAP patients from the NAPS2 study from UPMC based on whether they underwent ES or were managed medically. Data included age at first AP, rate of attacks, and history of severe AP. Primary outcomes were any subsequent AP and rate of attacks; secondary outcome was chronic pancreatitis (CP) diagnosis during follow-up. Similar data was abstracted for alcoholic RAP. RESULTS When compared with medically managed IRAP patients (n = 24, 48%), those who underwent ES (n = 26, 52%) had similar rate of attacks/year (median 1.54 vs. 1.41, p = 0.63), but significantly more attacks (median 3 vs. 2, p = 0.04) at baseline. During follow-up (median 7 years), rate of attacks/year decreased significantly, and were similar in both groups (median 0.16 vs. 0, p = ns). Predictors for rate of attacks during follow-up were sex (ratio 0.54 in females, p = 0.045) and rate of attacks at baseline (ratio for doubling 1.2, p = 0.025), but not ES. Alcoholic RAP patients had lower rate of attacks at baseline, but higher risk of subsequent AP (80 vs. 46%, p = 0.021) and rate of attacks/year (median 0.25 vs. 0, p = 0.016) during follow-up. Progression to CP occurred in IRAP and ES, medically managed IRAP, and alcoholic RAP in 27%, 8% and 27% respectively (p = ns). CONCLUSIONS ES, chosen in patients with higher burden of attacks, does not seem to impact the natural history of IRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Das
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bridger Clarke
- South Hills Gastroenterology Associates, Clairton, PA, USA
| | - Gong Tang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Georgios I Papachristou
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David C Whitcomb
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Adam Slivka
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dhiraj Yadav
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Can Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Prevent Recurrent Idiopathic Acute Pancreatitis?: A Prospective Randomized Multicenter Trial. Ann Surg 2016; 262:736-41. [PMID: 26583660 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000001469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present trial was to ascertain whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LCC) can prevent recurrent attacks of idiopathic acute pancreatitis (IAP). SUMMARY Up to 50% to 75% of IAP may be due to microlithiasis, which is undetectable by conventional imaging methods. METHODS This randomized, prospective trial included 85 patients (39 in the LCC and 46 in the control group) in 8 hospitals in Finland. We included adult patients (over 18 years) with their first attack of IAP. The diagnosis of IAP was based on the exclusion of common etiological reasons for acute pancreatitis (AP), whereafter the patients were randomized into conservative watchful waiting (controls) or LCC group. The primary end point was the number of patients with recurrent AP during the follow-up. All recurrent attacks of AP after an initial IAP episode were registered. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 36 (5-58) months, the recurrence of IAP was significantly higher in the control group than in LCC group (14/46 vs. 4/39, P = 0.016), as was also the number of recurrences (23/46 vs. 8/39, P = 0.003). In the subgroup of patients with at least 24 months' follow-up, the recurrence was still higher among controls (14/37 vs. 4/35, P = 0.008). In patients with normal liver function, recurrence was also significantly higher in the control than in the LCC group (13/46 vs. 4/39, P = 0.026). During surgery, 23/39 (59%) of the gallbladders were found to contain biliary stones or sludge. CONCLUSIONS LCC can effectively prevent the recurrence of IAP when all other possible etiologies of pancreatitis are carefully excluded. A total of 5 patients needed to be treated (NNT-value) to prevent 1 IAP.
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Bejarano González N, Romaguera Monzonís A, García Borobia FJ, García Monforte N, Serra Plà S, Rebasa Cladera P, Flores Clotet R, Navarro Soto S. Influence of delayed cholecystectomy after acute gallstone pancreatitis on recurrence. Consequences of lack of resources. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ENFERMEDADES DIGESTIVAS 2016; 108:117-22. [DOI: 10.17235/reed.2016.4086/2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Acute Pancreatitis: Revised Atlanta Classification and the Role of Cross-Sectional Imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 205:W32-41. [PMID: 26102416 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.14056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 2012 revision of the Atlanta Classification emphasizes accurate characterization of collections that complicate acute pancreatitis: acute peripancreatic fluid collections, pseudocysts, acute necrotic collections, and walled-off necroses. As a result, the role of imaging in the management of acute pancreatitis has substantially increased. CONCLUSION This article reviews the imaging findings associated with acute pancreatitis and its complications on cross-sectional imaging and discusses the role of imaging in light of this revision.
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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common medical condition with extensive morbidity and mortality. Approximately 210,000 Americans are hospitalized each year; and 5% of patients with AP will die. It is also an expensive condition, costing 2.6 billion dollars (United States) in 2009 alone. Moreover, the incidence is increasing - the National Hospital Discharge Survey showed hospitalizations increased from 78 per 100,000 in 2007 to 90 per 100,000 just three years later in 2010. There is no proven pharmacologic entity to treat the inflammatory response associated with acute pancreatitis; supportive care with IV fluids, bowel rest and pain control are the mainstays of therapy. Recently, new developments to help increase survival and minimize morbidity with several key interventions have been investigated. This summary highlights new studies and meta-analyses to provide current opinion on treatment of this morbid condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Goldenberg
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH
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15
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American College of Gastroenterology guideline: management of acute pancreatitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2013; 108:1400-15; 1416. [PMID: 23896955 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2013.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1271] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This guideline presents recommendations for the management of patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). During the past decade, there have been new understandings and developments in the diagnosis, etiology, and early and late management of the disease. As the diagnosis of AP is most often established by clinical symptoms and laboratory testing, contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pancreas should be reserved for patients in whom the diagnosis is unclear or who fail to improve clinically. Hemodynamic status should be assessed immediately upon presentation and resuscitative measures begun as needed. Patients with organ failure and/or the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) should be admitted to an intensive care unit or intermediary care setting whenever possible. Aggressive hydration should be provided to all patients, unless cardiovascular and/or renal comorbidites preclude it. Early aggressive intravenous hydration is most beneficial within the first 12-24 h, and may have little benefit beyond. Patients with AP and concurrent acute cholangitis should undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) within 24 h of admission. Pancreatic duct stents and/or postprocedure rectal nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) suppositories should be utilized to lower the risk of severe post-ERCP pancreatitis in high-risk patients. Routine use of prophylactic antibiotics in patients with severe AP and/or sterile necrosis is not recommended. In patients with infected necrosis, antibiotics known to penetrate pancreatic necrosis may be useful in delaying intervention, thus decreasing morbidity and mortality. In mild AP, oral feedings can be started immediately if there is no nausea and vomiting. In severe AP, enteral nutrition is recommended to prevent infectious complications, whereas parenteral nutrition should be avoided. Asymptomatic pancreatic and/or extrapancreatic necrosis and/or pseudocysts do not warrant intervention regardless of size, location, and/or extension. In stable patients with infected necrosis, surgical, radiologic, and/or endoscopic drainage should be delayed, preferably for 4 weeks, to allow the development of a wall around the necrosis.
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