Prognostic implication of mucinous histology in resected colorectal cancer liver metastases

Risk factors for the prognosis of colon cancer

A study on clinical outcomes and prognostic factors in T4N0M0 colon cancer patients after R0 resection revealed that ileostomy, T stage, right hemicolectomy, irregular follow-up, and CA199 level were independent risk factors affecting overall survival. T4-stage cancer invades the entire thickness of the intestinal tract, increasing the difficulty of treatment and the risk of recurrence, and requires a combination of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and targeted therapy to control the spread of cancer cells. The prognosis of right hemicolectomy is significantly worse than that of left hemicolectomy, and right hemicolectomy is an independent risk factor for a poor prognosis. Advanced age, histopathological type, and lymph node metastasis are also risk factors for colon cancer.

Enhancing the Efficacy of HIPEC Through Bromelain: A Preclinical Investigation in Appendiceal Cancer

INTRODUCTION

Appendiceal cancer (AC) excessive mucin production is a barrier to heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) drug delivery. Bromelain is a pineapple stem extract with mucolytic properties. We explored bromelain treatment effects against mucinous AC in a patient-derived tumor organoid (PTO) model and an AC cell line.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

PTOs were fabricated from tumor specimens obtained from patients with AC undergoing cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC. PTOs underwent HIPEC treatment with bromelain, cisplatin, and mitomycin C (MMC) at 37 °C and 42 °C with and without bromelain pretreatment.

RESULTS

From October 2020 to May 2023, 16 specimens were collected from 13 patients with low-grade (12/16, 75%) and high-grade AC (4/16, 25%). The mucin-depleting effects of bromelain were most significant in combination with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) compared with bromelain (47% versus 10%, p = 0.0009) or NAC alone (47% versus 12.8%, p = 0.0027). Bromelain demonstrated > 31% organoid viability reduction at 60 min (p < 0.001) and > 66% in 48 h (p < 0.0001). Pretreatment with bromelain increased cytotoxicity of both cisplatin and MMC HIPEC conditions by 31.6% (p = 0.0001) and 35.5% (p = 0.0001), respectively. Ki67, CK20, and MUC2 expression decreased after bromelain treatment; while increased caspase 3/7 activity and decreased Bcl-2 (p = 0.009) and Bcl-xL (p = 0.01) suggest induction of apoptosis pathways. Furthermore, autophagy proteins LC3A/B I (p < 0.03) and II (p < 0.031) were increased; while ATG7 (p < 0.01), ATG 12 (p < 0.04), and Becline 1(p < 0.03), expression decreased in bromelain-treated PTOs.

CONCLUSIONS

Bromelain demonstrates cytotoxicity and mucolytic activity against appendiceal cancer organoids. As a pretreatment agent, it potentiates the cytotoxicity of multiple HIPEC regimens, potentially mediated through programmed cell death and autophagy.

Survival Benefit of Primary Tumor Resection Combined With Chemotherapy in Patients With Unresectable Colorectal Mucinous Adenocarcinoma With Liver Metastasis

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the survival benefit of combining primary tumor resection (PTR) and chemotherapy in patients with unresectable colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis (UCR-MAC-LM).

METHODS

We obtained data from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database for patients with UCR-MAC-LM from 2010 to 2017. Clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed using the χ2 test. Propensity score matching was performed to balance baseline characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests were used to estimate and compare survival outcomes. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were conducted to identify the prognostic factors.

RESULTS

A total of 10,178 patients with unresectable colorectal adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis were included, of whom 6.01% (n=612) had UCR-MAC-LM. The UCR-MAC-LM group had a higher proportion of female patients, a greater number of elderly patients, an increased incidence of right colon localization, larger tumor size, and higher T and N staging than the unresectable colorectal non-mucinous adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis group (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis identified several independent prognostic factors (P<0.05). Patients with unresectable colorectal adenocarcinoma with liver metastasis who underwent PTR+C had superior survival rates compared with those who received PTR/C alone or no treatment (cancer-specific survival, P<0.05; overall survival, P<0.05). Subgroup analysis revealed that 17 of 22 groups of patients with UCR-MAC-LM who received PTR+C had significantly prolonged long-term survival compared with those who received PTR/C alone.

CONCLUSIONS

This surveillance, epidemiology, and end results-based study indicates that PTR+C may offer a survival advantage for a specific subgroup of patients with UCR-MAC-LM compared with PTR/C alone. Nonetheless, additional clinical trials are necessary to validate these findings.

FAP promotes metastasis and chemoresistance via regulating YAP1 and macrophages in mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma

Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma (MC) is less likely to respond to chemotherapy and is associated with poorer prognosis compared with non-MC (NMC). Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) was found and validated to be upregulated in MC patients and was negatively correlated with prognosis and therapeutic outcomes in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Overexpression of FAP promoted CRC cell growth, invasion and metastasis, and enhanced chemoresistance. Myosin phosphatase Rho-interacting protein (MPRIP) was identified as a direct interacting protein of FAP. FAP may influence the efficiency of chemotherapy and prognosis by promoting the crucial functions of CRC and inducing tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) recruitment and M2 polarization through regulating theRas Homolog Family Member/Hippo/Yes-associated protein (Rho/Hippo/YAP) signaling pathway. Knockdown of FAP could reverse tumorigenicity and chemoresistance in CRC cells. Thus, FAP may serve as a marker for prognosis and therapeutic outcome, as well as a potential therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in MC patients.

Label-free multiphoton microscopy enables histopathological assessment of colorectal liver metastases and supports automated classification of neoplastic tissue

As the state of resection margins is an important prognostic factor after extirpation of colorectal liver metastases, surgeons aim to obtain negative margins, sometimes elaborated by resections of the positive resection plane after intraoperative frozen sections. However, this is time consuming and results sometimes remain unclear during surgery. Label-free multimodal multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is an optical technique that retrieves morpho-chemical information avoiding all staining and that can potentially be performed in real-time. Here, we investigated colorectal liver metastases and hepatic tissue using a combination of three endogenous nonlinear signals, namely: coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) to visualize lipids, two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) to visualize cellular patterns, and second harmonic generation (SHG) to visualize collagen fibers. We acquired and analyzed over forty thousand MPM images of metastatic and normal liver tissue of 106 patients. The morphological information with biochemical specificity produced by MPM allowed discriminating normal liver from metastatic tissue and discerning the tumor borders on cryosections as well as formalin-fixed bulk tissue. Furthermore, automated tissue type classification with a correct rate close to 95% was possible using a simple approach based on discriminant analysis of texture parameters. Therefore, MPM has the potential to increase the precision of resection margins in hepatic surgery of metastases without prolonging surgical intervention.

The impact of adjuvant chemotherapy on survival in mucinous and non-mucinous rectal adenocarcinoma patients after TME surgery

INTRODUCTION

The value of adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer patients is debated and varies in different subgroups. One such subgroup is mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC), which is more treatment resistant compared to non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (NMAC). To date, mucinous histology is not taken into account when deciding on adjuvant treatment strategy. This is the first study to exclusively include patients with rectal cancer, then separate MAC and NMAC and compare the survival in patients that had or did not have adjuvant chemotherapy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study included retrospective register data from 365 Swedish patients with stage II-IV rectal adenocarcinoma, 56 patients with MAC and 309 patients with NMAC. All patients were considered curative, had surgery with total mesorectal excision in 2004-2013, and were followed up until death or 2021.

RESULTS

Patients with MAC that had adjuvant chemotherapy had better overall survival (OS, HR 0.42; CI 95%: 0.19-0.93; p = 0.032) and a trend towards better cancer-specific survival (CSS, HR 0.41 CI 95%: 0.17-1.03; p = 0.057) compared to patients without chemotherapy (HR 0.42; CI 95%: 0.19-0.93; p = 0.032). The difference in OS was still significant even after adjusting for sex, age, stage, differentiation, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and preoperative radiotherapy (HR 0.40; CI 95%: 0.17-0.92; p = 0.031). There was no such difference in the NMAC patients except in the stage-by-stage subgroup analyses where patients in stage IV had better survival after adjuvant chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

There may be a difference in treatment response to adjuvant chemotherapy between MAC and NMAC patients. Patients with MAC could possibly benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in stages II-IV. Further studies are however needed to confirm these results.

Single-cell profiling reveals differences between human classical adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma

Colorectal cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease. Most colorectal cancers are classical adenocarcinoma, and mucinous adenocarcinoma is a unique histological subtype that is known to respond poorly to chemoradiotherapy. The difference in prognosis between mucinous adenocarcinoma and classical adenocarcinoma is controversial. Here, to gain insight into the differences between classical adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma, we analyse 7 surgical tumour samples from 4 classical adenocarcinoma and 3 mucinous adenocarcinoma patients by single-cell RNA sequencing. Our results indicate that mucinous adenocarcinoma cancer cells have goblet cell-like properties, and express high levels of goblet cell markers (REG4, SPINK4, FCGBP and MUC2) compared to classical adenocarcinoma cancer cells. TFF3 is essential for the transcriptional regulation of these molecules, and may cooperate with RPS4X to eventually lead to the mucinous adenocarcinoma mucus phenotype. The observed molecular characteristics may be critical in the specific biological behavior of mucinous adenocarcinoma.

Survival after curative resection for stage I colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma

Purpose

The prognostic value of the mucinous adenocarcinoma histotype on the early stages especially for stage I colorectal cancer (CRC) is still unclear. This study determined the clinicopathologic characteristics and long-term outcome of stage I colorectal mucinous adenocarcinomas (MAC).

Methods

Among the total of 530 patients with stage I CRC (58 having MAC and 472 having non-MAC) who underwent radical resection, the correlation between clinicopathological factors and MAC was analyzed. Multivariate analysis was performed to determine whether mucinous histotype itself was an independent prognostic impact in stage I patients.

Results

MACs were observed more frequently located in the colon than rectum (p = 0.049), more frequently displayed the deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) phenotype (p = 0.001) and had a greater frequency of T2 stage (p = 0.002). The rate of recurrence was 15.3% and the mortality was 9.2% among all stage I CRC patients. There was no difference in disease-free survival and overall survival between MACs and non-MACs. On multivariate analysis, older age (p = 0.009, hazard ratio: 2.22), rectal cancer (p = 0.008, hazard ratio: 3.21), lymphovascular invasion (LVI) (p < 0.001, hazard ratio: 6.28), and deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) phenotypes (p = 0.044, hazard ratio: 2.62) were independently associated to poor survival of stage I CRC. A high carcinoembryonic antigen level (p = 0.034, hazard ratio: 1.86), rectal cancer (p = 0.035, hazard ratio: 1.81), LVI (p = 0.002, hazard ratio: 3.59) and dMMR phenotypes (p = 0.009, hazard ratio: 2.85) were independently related to short disease-free survival of stage I CRC.

Conclusions

Compared with non-MAC, MAC patients had more T2 patients and more dMMR phenotypes in stage I CRC at presentation, but the mucinous histology is not a significant predictor of recurrence and prognosis in stage I CRC.

An Analysis of Clinicopathological Outcomes and the Utility of Preoperative MRI for Patients Undergoing Resection of Mucinous and Non-Mucinous Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastases

Background and Aims

Mucinous colorectal cancer has traditionally been associated with high rates of recurrence and poor long-term survival. There is limited published data on outcomes for patients undergoing liver resection for metastatic mucinous colorectal cancer. The aim of this study was to compare the clinicopathological outcomes for patients with mucinous colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) undergoing liver resection to a matched group of patients with adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (NOS) and to evaluate the accurary of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at detecting the presence of mucin in liver metastases.

Materials and Methods

Patients with mucinous CRCLM undergoing liver resection were matched 1:3 to patients with adenocarcinoma NOS CRCLM. Clinicopathological data from the primary tumour and metastatic lesion were collected and compared between the groups. Hepatic recurrence-free, disease-free and overall survival were compared between the groups. The ability of preoperative MRI to detect mucin in CRCLM was also evaluated.

Results

A total of 25 patients with mucinous CRCLM underwent surgery over the 12-year period and were matched to 75 patients with adenocarcinoma NOS. Clinicopathological findings were similar between the groups. Resection of mucinous CRCLM was feasible and safe with similar levels of morbidity to adenocarcinoma NOS. There were no differences identified in hepatic recurrence-free (p=0.85), disease-free (p=0.25) and overall survival (p=0.98) between the groups. MRI had a sensitivity of 31.3% in detecting the presence of mucin in CRCLM.

Conclusion

Patients with mucinous CRCLM in this study had similar outcomes to patients with adenocarcinoma NOS. Based on our findings, histological subtype should not be taken into account when deciding on resectability of CRCLM.

Multi gene mutation signatures in colorectal cancer patients: predict for the diagnosis, pathological classification, staging and prognosis

Background

Identifying gene mutation signatures will enable a better understanding for the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer (CRC), and provide some potential biomarkers for clinical practice. Currently, however, there is still few effective biomarkers for early diagnosis and prognostic judgment in CRC patients. The purpose was to identify novel mutation signatures for the diagnosis and prognosis of CRC.

Methods

Clinical information of 531 CRC patients and their sequencing data were downloaded from TCGA database (training group), and 53 clinical patients were collected and sequenced with targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) technology (validation group). The relationship between the mutation genes and the diagnosis, pathological type, stage and prognosis of CRC were compared to construct signatures for CRC, and then analyzed their relationship with RNA expression, immunocyte infiltration and tumor microenvironment (TME).

Results

Mutations of TP53, APC, KRAS, BRAF and ATM covered 97.55% of TCGA population and 83.02% validation patients. Moreover, 57.14% validation samples and 22.06% TCGA samples indicated that patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma tended to have BRAF mutation, but no TP53 mutation. Mutations of TP53, PIK3CA, FAT4, FMN2 and TRRAP had a remarkable difference between I-II and III-IV stage patients (P < 0.0001). Besides, the combination of PIK3CA, LRP1B, FAT4 and ROS1 formed signatures for the prognosis and survival of CRC patients. The mutations of TP53, APC, KRAS, BRAF, ATM, PIK3CA, FAT4, FMN2, TRRAP, LRP1B, and ROS1 formed the signatures for predicting diagnosis and prognosis of CRC. Among them, mutation of TP53, APC, KRAS, BRAF, ATM, PIK3CA, FAT4 and TRRAP significantly reduced their RNA expression level. Stromal score, immune score and ESTIMATE score were lower in patients with TP53, APC, KRAS, PIK3CA mutation compared non-mutation patients. All the 11 gene mutations affected the distributions of immune cells.

Conclusion

This study constructed gene mutation signatures for the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in CRC, and proved that their mutations affected RNA expression levels, TME and immunocyte infiltration. Our results put forward further insights into the genotype of CRC.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08108-9.

Clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes for patients with mucinous colorectal cancer liver metastases undergoing hepatic resection: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Mucinous adenocarcinoma represents a distinct histological subtype of colorectal cancer. To date there has been limited data available for patients with colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRCLM) derived from mucinous adenocarcinoma. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to provide data on the clinicopathological and survival outcomes of this cohort.

METHODS

Databases were searched for studies comparing clinicopathological and survival outcomes between patients with mucinous CRCLM and CRCLM from adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified who underwent liver resection. A random-effects model was used for analysis.

RESULTS

Eight studies describing 9157 patients were included. Mucinous CRCLM were positively associated with colon tumors (OR 1⋅64, P = 0⋅01), T3/T4 tumors (OR 1⋅58, P = 0⋅02), node positive tumors (OR 1⋅55, P = 0⋅005). The review also identified a trend towards worse overall survival in patients with mucinous CRCLM.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the distinct clinicopathological characteristics and impaired long term outcomes of mucinous CRCLM, resection should remain the gold standard where possible.

Improved chemosensitivity following mucolytic therapy in patient-derived models of mucinous appendix cancer

Abundant intraperitoneal (IP) accumulation of extracellular mucus in patients with appendiceal mucinous carcinoma peritonei (MCP) causes compressive organ dysfunction and prevents delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs to cancer cells. We hypothesized that reducing extracellular mucus would decrease tumor-related symptoms and improve chemotherapeutic effect in patient-derived models of MCP. Mucolysis was achieved using a combination of bromelain (BRO) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Ex vivo experiments of mucolysis and chemotherapeutic drug delivery/effect were conducted with MCP and non-MCP tissue explants. In vivo experiments were performed in mouse and rat patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of early and late (advanced) MCP. MCP tumor explants were less chemosensitive than non-MCP explants. Chronic IP administration of BRO + NAC in a mouse PDX model of early MCP and a rat PDX model of late (advanced) MCP converted solid mucinous tumors into mucinous ascites (mucolysis) that could be drained via a percutaneous catheter (rat model only), significantly reduced solid mucinous tumor growth and improved the efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs. Combination of BRO + NAC efficiently lyses extracellular mucus in clinically relevant models of MCP. Conversion of solid mucinous tumors into mucinous ascites decreases tumor bulk and allows for minimally invasive drainage of liquified tumors. Lysis of extracellular mucus removes the protective mucinous coating surrounding cancer cells and improves chemotherapeutic drug delivery/efficacy in cancer cells. Our data provide a preclinical rationale for the clinical evaluation of BRO + NAC as a therapeutic strategy for MCP.

Conventional peritoneal cytology lacks the prognostic significance of detecting local or peritoneal recurrence in colorectal cancer: An Egyptian experience

Background and Aim

Colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for over 8% of all deaths each year, with 1.2 million new cases diagnosed annually worldwide. It represents the seventh most common cancer in Egypt. Early detection of peritoneal metastasis is a major challenge in such cases. It helps with the decision of the immediate application of intraperitoneal chemotherapy after resection. Meta-analysis studies reported contrast evidence for a possible prognostic role of intraperitoneal free cancer cells (IPCCs) in peritoneal recurrence and survival after curative resection. In this work, we aim to evaluate the prevalence and impact of detecting free malignant cells in peritoneal fluid on survival and local recurrence and to estimate the incidence of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) during follow up.

Methods

Design: This was a prospective cohort study. Settings: From June 2016 to December 2018, samples were collected from 104 patients who underwent abdominal surgery for colorectal cancer in the Egyptian National Cancer Institute. A total of 96 Egyptian CRC patients who underwent curative resection were enrolled. Intraoperative peritoneal lavage was performed to detect IPCC by conventional cytology. Patients with no residual tumor after surgery and no evidence of PC were followed up for a median 14 months. The cumulative 12-month overall survival rate for patients with IPCC was 100% versus 86% for patients with negative cytology.

Results

Our results demonstrated that the prevalence of IPCC in the peritoneal lavage was 11.5%. Peritoneal and local recurrence occurred at a higher rate in patients with cytology positive lavage (9.1% vs 6.3% and 9.1% vs 3.8%, respectively), although this was statistically insignificant. Distant metastasis occurred significantly in patients with positive cytology (45.5% vs 8.9%) with P-value <0.001.The conventional cytology technique has a high specificity but less sensitivity.

Conclusions

The presence of IPCC using conventional cytology was not an independent prognostic factor for the development of PC or survival.

Mucinous and Non-Mucinous Rectal Adenocarcinoma-Differences in Treatment Response to Preoperative Radiotherapy

There is a need to personalize the treatment for rectal cancer patients. The aim of this study was to analyze therapy response and prognosis after preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma compared to those with non-mucinous adenocarcinoma. The study included retrospectively collected data from 433 patients, diagnosed with rectal cancer in the South East health care region in Sweden between 2004 and 2012. Patients with non-mucinous adenocarcinoma that received short-course radiotherapy before surgery had better overall survival, cancer specific survival, and disease-free survival, as well as distant- and local-recurrence-free survival (p = 0.003, p = 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.002, and p = 0.033, respectively) compared to the patients that received long-course radiotherapy with concomitant capecitabine. The results were still significant after adjusting for sex, age, stage, differentiation, and chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant setting, except for local-recurrence-free survival that was trending towards significance (p = 0.070). In patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma, no difference in survival was seen when comparing patients that had short-course radiotherapy and patients that had long-course radiotherapy. However, none of 18 patients with mucinous adenocarcinoma treated with long-course radiotherapy had local tumor progression, compared to 7% of 67 patients with non-mucinous adenocarcinoma. The results indicate that mucinous adenocarcinoma and non-mucinous adenocarcinoma may respond differently to radiotherapy.

Histopathological prognostic factors for colorectal liver metastases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

INTRODUCTION

Resection is the mainstay of treatment for colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs). Many different histopathological factors related to the primary colorectal tumour have been well studied; however, histopathological prognostic factors related to CRLMs are still under evaluation.

OBJECTIVE

To identify histopathological factors related to overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with resected CRLMs.

METHODS

A systematic review was performed with the following databases up to August 2020: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, SciELO, and LILACS. The GRADE approach was used to rate the overall certainty of evidence by outcome.

RESULTS

Thirty-three studies including 4,641 patients were eligible. We found very low certainty evidence that the following histopathological prognostic factors are associated with a statistically significant decrease in OS: presence of portal vein invasion (HR, 0,50 [95% CI, 0,37 to 0,68]; I²=0%), presence of perineural invasion (HR, 0,55 [95% CI, 0,36 to 0,83]; I²=0%), absence of pseudocapsule (HR, 0,41 [CI 95%, 0,29 to 0,57], p<0,00001; I²=0%), presence of satellite nodules (OR, 0,45 [95% CI, 0,26 to 0,80]; I²=0%), and the absence of peritumoural inflammatory infiltrate (OR, 0,20 [95% CI, 0,08 to 0,54]; I²=0%). Outcome data on DFS were scarce, except for tumour borders, which did not present a significant impact, precluding the meta-analysis.

CONCLUSION

Of the histopathological prognostic factors studied, low- to moderate-certainty evidence shows that vascular invasion, perineural invasion, absence of pseudocapsule, presence of satellite nodules, and absence of peritumoral inflammatory infiltrate are associated with shorter overall survival in CRLMs.

Prognostic implications of mucinous histology in stage III colon cancer with the receipt of adjuvant chemotherapy

Background

There is still a debate about the survival benefit of chemotherapy in stage III mucinous colon cancer, we then conduct a comprehensive assessment of the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in this population.

Methods

The data used in the current study were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database. Chi-squared (χ²) test was used to compared patient characteristics according to the histology. The outcome of the survival analysis used in the current study was cancer-specific survival (CSS). Univariable and multivariable analyses were carried out using the Cox proportional hazards regression models to evaluate the prognostic characteristics associated with CSS of colon cancer. And the risks of mortality were presented as hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

A total of 68,976 patients diagnosed with stage III colon cancer were included in our analyses, including mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC, N=6,592) and non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (NMA, N=62,384). In NMA, the receipt of chemotherapy had 46.0% independently decreased risk of colon cancer-specific mortality compared to non-chemotherapy group (HR =0.540, 95% CI: 0.523-0.558, P<0.001). In MAC, the receipt of chemotherapy had 37.7% independently decreased risk of colon cancer-specific mortality compared to non-chemotherapy group (HR =0.623, 95% CI: 0.566-0.685, P<0.001).

Conclusions

MAC was associated with worse prognosis and was less responsive to chemotherapy compared with NMA in stage III colon cancer. However, stage III mucinous colon cancer still need to be treated with chemotherapy because of the significant survival benefit and specialized treatment plans for MAC were quite necessary in the future.

Colorectal liver metastases: radiopathological correlation

With the development of chemotherapy regimens, targeted therapies, and hepatic surgery, the survival of patients with colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) has dramatically improved. Imaging plays a central role for the diagnosis, staging, and treatment allocation in these patients. To interpret CRLM on imaging, radiologists must be familiar with the main imaging features of untreated tumors as well as the modifications induced by systemic therapies, and their meaning in relation to pathological tumor response and tumor biology. CRLM have the same histological features as the primary tumor. Most are “non-otherwise specified” (NOS) adenocarcinomas. The mucinous tumor is the most common of the rare subtypes. In NOS tumors, imaging usually differentiates central areas of necrosis from peripheral proliferating tumors and desmoplastic reaction. Areas of mucin mixed with fibrosis are seen in mucinous subtypes to help differentiate the metastases from other tumors cysts or hemangiomas. After treatment, the viable tumor is gradually replaced by ischemic-like necrosis and fibrosis, and remnants cells are mainly located on the periphery of tumors. Imaging can help predict the degree of tumor response, but changes can be difficult to differentiate from the pretherapeutic appearance. When chemotherapy is interrupted or in case of resistance to treatment, a peripheral infiltrating halo of tumor growth may appear. The purpose of the article is to illustrate the significance of the imaging features of colorectal liver metastases during systemic therapy, using radiopathological correlations.

Identification of differentially expressed genes between mucinous adenocarcinoma and other adenocarcinoma of colorectal cancer using bioinformatics analysis

Objective

As a unique histological subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC), mucinous adenocarcinoma (MC) has a poor prognosis and responds poorly to treatment. Genes and markers related to MC have not been reported.

Methods

To identify biomarkers involved in development of MC compared with other common adenocarcinoma (AC) subtypes, four datasets were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified using GEO2R. A protein–protein interaction network was constructed. Functional annotation for DEGs was performed via DAVID, Metascape, and BiNGO. Significant modules and hub genes were identified using Cytoscape, and expression of hub genes and relationships between hub genes and MC were analyzed.

Results

The DEGs were mainly enriched in negative regulation of cell proliferation, bicarbonate transport, response to peptide hormone, cell–cell signaling, cell proliferation, and positive regulation of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. The Venn diagram revealed eight significant hub genes: CXCL9, IDO1, MET, SNAI2, and ZEB2 were highly expressed in MC compared with AC, whereas AREG, TWIST1, and ZEB1 were expressed at a low level. AREG and MET might be significant biomarkers for MC.

Conclusion

The identified DEGs might help elucidate the pathogenesis of MC, identify potential targets, and improve treatment for CRC.

Tumor clinicopathological characteristics and their prognostic value in mucinous colorectal carcinoma

Aim: This study analyzed clinicopathological features of colorectal mucinous carcinoma and their prognostic values. Patients & method: This study enrolled 265 patients with mucinous colorectal cancer. Clinicopathological information and prognosis were reviewed retrospectively. Kaplan-Meier method, log- rank test and COX proportional hazard regression models were used. Results: In postoperative mucinous carcinoma patients (median age 56, 119 [44.9%] female), advanced tumor stage (odds ratio [OR]: 2.378; 95% CI: 1.512-3.741; p = 0.0002), poor differentiation (OR: 1.896; CI: 1.217-2.955; p = 0.0047) and right-sided tumors (OR: 2.421; CI: 1.145-5.102; p = 0.0206) were associated with shorter overall survival. Appendiceal/ileocecal cecal tumors were not different for prognosis. Conclusion: Mucinous colorectal carcinoma exhibits distinct tumor characteristics. Poor differentiation, advanced stage at presentation and the right side serve as negative prognostic factors.

Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma: clinical pathology and treatment options

Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is a distinct subtype of colorectal cancer (CRC) characterized by the presence of abundant extracellular mucin which accounts for at least 50% of the tumor volume. Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is found in 10%–20% of CRC patients and occurs more commonly in female and younger patients. Moreover, mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is more frequently located in the proximal colon and diagnosed at an advanced stage. Based on its molecular context, mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is associated with the overexpression of mucin 2 (MUC2) and mucin 5AC (MUC5AC) proteins. At the same time, it shows higher mutation rates in the fundamental genes of the RAS/MAPK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways. Mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma also shows higher rates of microsatellite instability (MSI) than non-mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma which might correlate it with Lynch syndrome and the CpG island methylator phenotype. The prognosis of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma as to non-mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma is debatable. Further, the impaired responses of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma to palliative or adjuvant chemotherapy warrant more studies to be performed for a specialized treatment for these patients. In this review, we discuss the molecular background and histopathology of mucinous colorectal adenocarcinoma, and provide an update on its prognosis and therapeutics from recent literatures.

Surgical Resection for Liver Metastases Developing 10 and 21 Years After Primary Surgery for Mucinous Colon Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report

Optimal management for liver metastases from colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma is still controversial. Here, we report such a case of liver metastases that developed twice with 10-year intervals after curative resection. An 84-year-old man had undergone a radical left hemicolectomy for descending colon cancer at age 63 years. The histopathologic diagnosis was mucinous adenocarcinoma. Ten years later, he was found to have a cystic tumor in liver and underwent partial hepatectomy of segment 5. Moreover, 10 years after that hepatic resection, computed tomography showed a low-density tumor with calcification in remnant liver, and partial hepatectomy of segment 8 was performed. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical findings of each liver tumor indicated metastasis from primary colon mucinous adenocarcinoma. It is rare for colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma to recur twice after long intervals of 10 years. However, in a patient with a history of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma, possibility of recurrence more than 10 years after curative surgery also must be kept in mind. Long-term clinical follow-up after curative surgery for primary colon cancer or liver metastases may be necessary to detect early signs of recurrence of colorectal mucinous adenocarcinoma.

Pathological factors and prognosis of resected liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma: implications and proposal for a pathological reporting protocol

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. The liver is the most common site of distant metastases, and surgery is the only potentially curative treatment, although the recurrence rate following surgery is high. In order to define prognosis after surgery, many histopathological features have been identified in the primary tumour. In turn, pathologists routinely report specific findings to guide oncologists on the decision to recommend adjuvant therapy. In general, the pathological report of resected colorectal liver metastases is limited to confirmation of the malignancy and details regarding the margin status. Most pathological reports of a liver resection for colorectal liver metastasis lack information on other important features that have been reported to be independent prognostic factors. We herein review the evidence to support a more detailed pathological report of the resected liver specimen, with attention to: the number and size of liver metastases; margin size; the presence of lymphatic, vascular, perineural and biliary invasion; mucinous pattern; tumour growth pattern; the presence of a tumour pseudocapsule; and the pathological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. In addition, we propose a new protocol for the evaluation of colorectal liver metastasis resection specimens.

Signet ring cell carcinoma of resectable metastatic colorectal cancer has rare surgical value

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Signet ring cell carcinoma (SRCC) is a uniquely separated subgroup in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). The aims are to investigate the value of resection in patients with resectable metastatic signet ring cell colorectal cancer.

METHODS

Patients with mCRC who underwent resection in Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database during 1998-2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier and COX models were used to analyze the differences in the survival. Logistic regression models were used to evaluate the relationship between SRCC and other clinicopathological factors.

RESULTS

Among the 3,568 patients, 94 (2.63%) patients had SRCC. The median survival time of patients with SRCC and non-SRCC were 17 and 29 months, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis indicated that SRCC was an independent prognostic factor for poor overall survival. Logistic regression model based on variables identified by univariate analysis indicated that younger age (≤50 years old) (P = 0.005), female (P < 0.001), location in colon (P = 0.012), and N positive status (P = 0.003) were independent variables correlated with the SRCC subgroup. SRCC had a dramatically higher invalid surgical outcome rate than non-SRCC (P = 0.001).

CONCLUSION

SRCC patients might benefit little from the resection of primary and metastatic lesions with a high rate of undergoing invalid operations. J. Surg. Oncol. 2016;114:1004-1008. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Response to Chemotherapy and Prognosis in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer With DNA Deficient Mismatch Repair

BACKGROUND

DNA deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) genes are associated with microsatellite instability and good prognosis in early-stage colorectal cancer (CRC). However dMMR is rare in metastatic CRC (mCRC) and little is known about its influence on treatment response rate (RR). The primary objective of this study was to compare the RR of patients with mCRC according to dMMR status.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study that compared the RR by Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors 1.1 criteria in patients with mCRC treated with chemotherapy according to dMMR status. All digital images were retrieved for RR evaluation by a single radiologist blinded to dMMR results. dMMR was defined as loss of immunohistochemistry expression of at least 1 of the MMR genes (MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, or PMS2). Cases were dMMR patients, and controls were proficient MMR (pMMR) patients (1:2 fashion). Based on clinical and molecular features, dMMR patients were classified as probable Lynch or sporadic.

RESULTS

From January 2009 to January 2013, 762 out of 1270 patients were eligible and screened for dMMR: n = 27 (3.5%) had dMMR mCRC and n = 735 (96.5%) had pMMR mCRC. Given the rarity, 14 dMMR cases outside the inclusion period were included (total 41 dMMR cases) and 84 controls (pMMR). By intention-to-treat analysis, considering all patients who received at least 1 dose of oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy (N dMMR = 34), those with dMMR had lower RR compared with those with pMMR (RR, 11.7% vs. 28.6%; odds ratio, 0.33; 95% confidence interval, 0.08-1.40; P = .088); patients with probable Lynch-related mCRC presented higher RR than subjects with probable sporadic dMMR (22.2% vs. 0%). dMMR was associated with BRAF mutations and poor prognosis, particularly in the sporadic subgroup (median survival, 29.8 vs. 5.9 months; P = .025).

CONCLUSION

This study suggests that the dMMR phenotype is predictive of resistance to oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy. Apparently, such resistance is more pronounced in the sporadic dMMR phenotype, suggesting biological heterogeneity within the dMMR mCRC subgroup.

From palliative to curative treatment - stage IV mucinous adenocarcinoma, successfully treated with metronomic capecitabine in combination with Bevacizumab and surgery- a case report

Background

Mucinous adenocarcinoma (MAC) represents 6-19 % of all colorectal carcinoma. It is associated with poorer response to chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy.

Case presentation

A 27-year-old Swedish woman presented with stomach pain and weight loss, and was diagnosed with locally advanced MAC in the transverse colon as well as 3 liver metastases. Neoadjuvant treatment with fluorouracil, folinic acid and oxaliplatin (FLOX) failed due to several infections, pulmonary embolism and deteriorated performance status. The patient was therefore considered palliative. Palliative treatment with metronomic capecitabine 500 mg × 2 daily and bevacizumab every other week were initiated. After 4 months of treatment the tumors had regressed and the patient was able to undergo radical surgery, thereby changing the treatment intention from palliative to curative. No adjuvant chemotherapy was given. There were no signs of recurrence 9 months later.

Conclusions

The role of the combination of metronomic capecitabine and bevacizumab in patients with MAC merits further investigation.

Advances in the care of patients with mucinous colorectal cancer

The majority of colorectal cancers (CRCs) are classified as adenocarcinoma not otherwise specified (AC). Mucinous carcinoma (MC) is a distinct form of CRC and is found in 10-15% of patients with CRC. MC differs from AC in terms of both clinical and histopathological characteristics, and has long been associated with an inferior response to treatment compared with AC. The debate concerning the prognostic implications of MC in patients with CRC is ongoing and MC is still considered an unfavourable and unfamiliar subtype of the disease. Nevertheless, in the past few years epidemiological and clinical studies have shed new light on the treatment and management of patients with MC. Use of a multidisciplinary approach, including input from surgeons, pathologists, oncologists and radiologists, is beginning to lead to more-tailored approaches to patient management, on an individualized basis. In this Review, the authors provide insight into advances that have been made in the care of patients with MC. The prognostic implications for patients with colon or rectal MC are described separately; moreover, the predictive implications of MC regarding responses to commonly used therapies for CRC, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and chemoradiotherapy, and the potential for, and severity of, metastasis are also described.

SiRNA-mediated silencing of VEGFR-3 reduces proliferation, adhesion and migration of colorectal cancer cells

AIM: To investigate the effect of transfection with an adenovirus vector expressing short interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) on cell proliferation, adhesion and migration in colorectal cancer cell line LoVo.

METHODS: An adenovirus vector expressing siRNA targeting VEGFR-3 was constructed and transfected into LoVo cells. The expression of VEGFR-3 was detected by RT-PCR and Western blot. Cell proliferation and migration were detected by MTT assay and Transwell assay, respectively.

RESULTS: The expression of VEGFR-3 mRNA and protein was significantly decreased after transfection with the recombinant adenovirus (P < 0.05), compared with the blank control group and negative control group. The proliferation, adhesion and migration of LoVo cells were significantly decreased after transfection with the recombinant adenovirus (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION: SiRNA-mediated silencing of VEGFR-3 inhibits the proliferation, adhesion and migration of LoVo cells.