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Li Y, Dong J, Qin JJ. Small molecule inhibitors targeting heat shock protein 90: An updated review. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116562. [PMID: 38865742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
As a molecular chaperone, heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) plays important roles in the folding, stabilization, activation, and degradation of over 500 client proteins, and is extensively involved in cell signaling, proliferation, and survival. Thus, it has emerged as an important target in a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and viral infections. Therefore, targeted inhibition of HSP90 provides a valuable and promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HSP90-related diseases. This review aims to systematically summarize the progress of research on HSP90 inhibitors in the last five years, focusing on their structural features, design strategies, and biological activities. It will refer to the natural products and their derivatives (including novobiocin derivatives, deguelin derivatives, quinone derivatives, and terpenoid derivatives), and to synthetic small molecules (including resorcinol derivatives, pyrazoles derivatives, triazole derivatives, pyrimidine derivatives, benzamide derivatives, benzothiazole derivatives, and benzofuran derivatives). In addition, the major HSP90 small-molecule inhibitors that have moved into clinical trials to date are also presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Li
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jinyun Dong
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, 310022, China.
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Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) family is a class of proteins known as molecular chaperones that promote client protein folding and translocation in unstressed cells and regulate cellular homeostasis in the stress response. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are defined as RNAs that do not encode proteins. Previous studies have shown that ncRNAs are key regulators of multiple fundamental cellular processes, such as development, differentiation, proliferation, transcription, post-transcriptional modifications, apoptosis, and cell metabolism. It is known that ncRNAs do not act alone but function via the interactions with other molecules, including co-chaperones, RNAs, DNAs, and so on. As a kind of molecular chaperone, HSP90 is also involved in many biological procedures of ncRNAs. In this review, we systematically analyze the impact of HSP90 on various kinds of ncRNAs, including their synthesis and function, and how ncRNAs influence HSP90 directly and indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, China
| | - Haoduo Qiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yunfei Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, China
| | - Nina He
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Sepsis Translational Medicine Key Lab of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
- National Medicine Functional Experimental Teaching Center, Changsha, China
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Sanchez JN, Subramanian C, Chanda M, Gary S, Zhang N, Wang T, Timmermann BN, Blagg BS, Cohen MS. A novel C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitor KU758 synergizes efficacy in combination with BRAF or MEK inhibitors and targets drug-resistant pathways in BRAF-mutant melanomas. Melanoma Res 2021; 31:197-207. [PMID: 33904516 PMCID: PMC10565508 DOI: 10.1097/cmr.0000000000000734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma remains the most aggressive and fatal form of skin cancer, despite several FDA-approved targeted chemotherapies and immunotherapies for use in advanced disease. Of the 100 350 new patients diagnosed with melanoma in 2020 in the US, more than half will develop metastatic disease leading to a 5-year survival rate <30%, with a majority of these developing drug-resistance within the first year of treatment. These statistics underscore the critical need in the field to develop more durable therapeutics as well as those that can overcome chemotherapy-induced drug resistance from currently approved agents. Fortunately, several of the drug-resistance pathways in melanoma, including the proteins in those pathways, rely in part on Hsp90 chaperone function. This presents a unique and novel opportunity to simultaneously target multiple proteins and drug-resistant pathways in this disease via molecular chaperone inhibition. Taken together, we hypothesize that our novel C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitor, KU758, in combination with the current standard of care targeted therapies (e.g. vemurafenib and cobimetinib) can both synergize melanoma treatment efficacy in BRAF-mutant tumors, as well as target and overcome several major resistance pathways in this disease. Using in vitro proliferation and protein-based Western Blot analyses, our novel inhibitor, KU758, potently inhibited melanoma cell proliferation (without induction of the heat shock response) in vitro and synergized with both BRAF and MEK inhibitors in inhibition of cell migration and protein expression from resistance pathways. Overall, our work provides early support for further translation of C-terminal Hsp90 inhibitor and mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor combinations as a novel therapeutic strategy for BRAF-mutant melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackee N. Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Monica Chanda
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shanguan Gary
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Nina Zhang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Ton Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Brian S.J. Blagg
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Mark S. Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Mizdrak M, Tičinović Kurir T, Božić J. The Role of Biomarkers in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: A Review of Current Evidence and Future Perspectives. Biomedicines 2021; 9:174. [PMID: 33578890 PMCID: PMC7916711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy arising from the adrenal cortex often with unexpected biological behavior. It can occur at any age, with two peaks of incidence: in the first and between fifth and seventh decades of life. Although ACC are mostly hormonally active, precursors and metabolites, rather than end products of steroidogenesis are produced by dedifferentiated and immature malignant cells. Distinguishing the etiology of adrenal mass, between benign adenomas, which are quite frequent in general population, and malignant carcinomas with dismal prognosis is often unfeasible. Even after pathohistological analysis, diagnosis of adrenocortical carcinomas is not always straightforward and represents a great challenge for experienced and multidisciplinary expert teams. No single imaging method, hormonal work-up or immunohistochemical labelling can definitively prove the diagnosis of ACC. Over several decades' great efforts have been made in finding novel reliable and available diagnostic and prognostic factors including steroid metabolome profiling or target gene identification. Despite these achievements, the 5-year mortality rate still accounts for approximately 75% to 90%, ACC is frequently diagnosed in advanced stages and therapeutic options are unfortunately limited. Therefore, imperative is to identify new biological markers that can predict patient prognosis and provide new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Mizdrak
- Department of Nephrology and Hemodialysis, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Tina Tičinović Kurir
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Joško Božić
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
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Jafari A, Rezaei-Tavirani M, Farhadihosseinabadi B, Taranejoo S, Zali H. HSP90 and Co-chaperones: Impact on Tumor Progression and Prospects for Molecular-Targeted Cancer Therapy. Cancer Invest 2020; 38:310-328. [PMID: 32274949 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2020.1752227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90), a highly and unique chaperone, presents as a double-edged sword. It plays an essential role in many physiological and pathological processes, including tumor development. The current review highlights a recent understanding of the roles of HSP90 in molecular mechanisms underlying cancer survival and progression. HSP90 and its client proteins through the regulation of oncoproteins including signaling proteins, receptors, and transcriptional factors involved in tumorigenesis. It also has potential clinical application as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for assessing cancer progression. In this way, using HSP90 to develop new anticancer therapeutic agents including HSP90 inhibitors, anti-HSP90 antibody, and HSP90-based vaccines has been promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameneh Jafari
- Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Proteomics Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Rezaei-Tavirani
- Proteomics Research Center, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shahrouz Taranejoo
- Wellman Centre for Photomedicine, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue engineering and applied cell, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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