Safety of administering cefazolin versus other antibiotics in penicillin-allergic patients for surgical prophylaxis at a major Canadian teaching hospital

Perioperative Infection Prophylaxis With Vancomycin is a Significant Risk Factor for Deep Surgical Site Infection in Spine Surgery

STUDY DESIGN

Retrospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of cefazolin versus vancomycin for perioperative infection prophylaxis.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA

The relative efficacy of cefazolin alternatives for perioperative infection prophylaxis is poorly understood.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was a single-center multisurgeon retrospective review of all patients undergoing primary spine surgery from an institutional registry. Postoperative infection was defined by the combination of three criteria: irrigation and debridement within 3 months of the index procedure, clinical suspicion for infection, and positive intraoperative cultures. Microbiology records for all infections were reviewed to assess the infectious organism and organism susceptibilities. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

RESULTS

A total of 10,122 patients met inclusion criteria. The overall incidence of infection was 0.78%, with an incidence of 0.73% in patients who received cefazolin and 2.03% in patients who received vancomycin (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.35-5.91, P= 0.004). Use of IV vancomycin (OR: 2.83, 95% CI: 1.35-5.91, P =0.006), BMI (MD: 1.56, 95% CI: 0.32-2.79, P =0.014), presence of a fusion (OR: 1.62, 95% CI: 1.04-2.52, P =0.033), and operative time (MD: 42.04, 95% CI: 16.88-67.21, P =0.001) were significant risk factors in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, only noncefazolin antibiotics (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.18-5.22, P =0.017) and BMI (MD: 1.56, 95% CI: 0.32-2.79, P =0.026) remained significant independent risk factors. Neither IV antibiotic regimen nor topical vancomycin significantly impacted Gram type, organism type, or antibiotic resistance ( P >0.05). The most common reason for antibiosis with vancomycin was a penicillin allergy (75.0%).

CONCLUSIONS

Prophylactic antibiosis with IV vancomycin leads to a 2.5 times higher risk of infection compared with IV cefazolin in primary spine surgery. We recommend the routine use of IV cefazolin for infection prophylaxis, and caution against the elective use of alternative regimens like IV vancomycin unless clinically warranted.

Implementation of a penicillin allergy protocol in open abdominal wall reconstruction: Preoperative optimization program

INTRODUCTION

Beta-lactam prophylaxis is the first-line preoperative antibiotic in open abdominal wall reconstruction. However, of the 11% patients reporting a penicillin allergy (PA), most receive second-line, non-β-lactam prophylaxis. Previously, abdominal wall reconstruction research from our institution demonstrated increased wound complications, readmissions, and reoperations with non-β-lactam prophylaxis. Therefore, a collaborative quality improvement initiative was developed with the infectious disease service, and a penicillin allergy protocol was instituted that stratified patients' risk of allergic reaction with a goal to increase β-lactam prophylaxis use. The effect of the penicillin allergy protocol on open abdominal wall reconstruction outcomes was prospectively evaluated.

METHODS

Patients with penicillin allergy undergoing open abdominal wall reconstruction were identified and grouped according to penicillin allergy protocol implementation. Pre-penicillin allergy protocol underwent open abdominal wall reconstruction before January 1, 2020, predominantly receiving non-β-lactam prophylaxis; post-penicillin allergy protocol underwent open abdominal wall reconstruction between January 1, 2020-November 1, 2023, predominantly receiving β-lactam prophylaxis. Incidence of surgical site infection was the primary outcome. Standard and inferential statistical analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Of 315 patients with penicillin allergy, 250 underwent open abdominal wall reconstruction pre-penicillin allergy protocol and 65 post-penicillin allergy protocol. Pre- and post-penicillin allergy protocol were similar in allergic reaction severity history, sex, race, age, diabetes, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, hernia defect size, and mesh type (P > .05). Post-penicillin allergy protocol had lower body mass index (33.4 ± 7.9 vs 29.8 ± 5.3 kg/m2; P = .002) and fewer active smokers (12.4% vs 1.5%; P = .019). Expectedly, post-penicillin allergy protocol received more β-lactam prophylaxis (22.8% vs 83.1%; P < .001) and no antibiotic-induced allergic reactions. Post-penicillin allergy protocol had significantly fewer surgical site infections (24.4% vs 3.1%; P < .001), wound breakdown (16.0% vs 3.1%; P = .004), reoperations (19.2% vs 0.0%; P < .001), and readmissions (25.3% vs 9.2%; P = .006) but no statistically significant reduction in recurrence (8.4% vs 1.5%; P = .057).

CONCLUSIONS

The penicillin allergy protocol safely increased the number of patients with penicillin allergy undergoing open abdominal wall reconstruction receiving β-lactam prophylaxis and decreased the rate of surgical site infections, wound complications, reoperations, and readmissions. These data supported the systemwide implementation of the penicillin allergy protocol for both general and orthopedic surgery, which has been incorporated into the electronic medical record of 13 hospitals within the system.

Perioperative Cefazolin for Total Joint Arthroplasty Patients Who Have a Penicillin Allergy: Is It Safe?

BACKGROUND

Cefazolin is the standard of care for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in the United States. The potential allergic cross-reactivity between cefazolin and penicillin causes uncertainty regarding optimal antibiotic choice in patients who have a reported penicillin allergy (rPCNA). The purpose of this study was to determine the safety of perioperative cefazolin in PCNA patients undergoing primary TJA.

METHODS

We identified all patients (n = 49,842) undergoing primary total hip arthroplasty (n = 25,659) or total knee arthroplasty (n = 24,183) from 2016 to 2022 who received perioperative intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis. Patients who had an rPCNA (n = 5,508) who received cefazolin (n = 4,938, 89.7%) were compared to rPCNA patients who did not (n = 570, 10.3%), and to patients who did not have an rPCNA (n = 43,359). The primary outcome was the rate of allergic reactions within 72 hours postoperatively. Secondary outcomes included the rates of superficial infections, deep infections, and Clostridioides difficile infections within 90 days.

RESULTS

The rate of allergic reactions was 0.1% (n = 5) in rPCNA patients who received cefazolin, compared to 0.2% (n = 1) in rPCNA patients who did not (P = .48) and 0.02% (n = 11) in patients who have no rPCNA (P = .02). Allergic reactions were mild in all 5 rPCNA patients who received cefazolin and were characterized by cutaneous symptoms (n = 4) or dyspnea in the absence of respiratory distress (n = 1) that resolved promptly with antibiotic discontinuation and administration of antihistamines and/or corticosteroids. We observed no differences in the rates of superficial infections (0.1 versus 0.2%, P = .58), deep infections (0.3 versus 0.4%, P = .68), or C difficile infections (0.04% versus 0%, P = .99) within 90 days in rPCNA patients who received cefazolin versus alternative perioperative antibiotics.

CONCLUSIONS

In this series of more than 5,500 patients who had an rPCNA undergoing primary TJA, perioperative prophylaxis with cefazolin resulted in a 0.1% incidence of allergic reactions that were clinically indolent. Cefazolin can be safely administered to most patients, independent of rPCNA severity.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III.

A nurse-driven penicillin allergy risk score in the preoperative setting was associated with increased cefazolin use perioperatively

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To characterize and assess the effects of a preoperative, nurse-driven penicillin allergy risk stratification tool on rates of perioperative cefazolin and second-line antibiotic use.

DESIGN

Quasi-experimental quality improvement study of penicillin-allergic surgical patients undergoing procedures for which cefazolin is indicated.

SETTING

Outpatient Perioperative Care Clinic (PCC) for preoperative surgical patients at a tertiary care center.

PATIENTS

670 and 1371 adult penicillin-allergic PCC attendants and non-attendants, respectively.

INTERVENTION

A paper penicillin allergy risk stratification questionnaire was administered during the PCC visit. Nurses were educated on its use.

MEASUREMENTS

Antibiotic (cefazolin, clindamycin, vancomycin) use rates in the 24 months before and 17 months after intervention implementation in November 2020 (November 2018 - April 2022) were assessed in penicillin-allergic PCC attendants with statistical process control charts. Multivariable logistic regression assessed antibiotic use rates pre- and post-intervention adjusting for age, sex, surgical specialty and penicillin allergy history severity. Similar analyses were done in penicillin-allergic PCC non-attendants.

MAIN RESULTS

Of 670 penicillin-allergic PCC attendants, 451 (median [IQR] age, 66 (Sousa-Pinto et al., 2021 [14])) were analyzed pre-intervention and 219 (median [IQR] age, 66 (Mine et al., 1970 [13])) post-intervention. One month after implementation, process measures demonstrated an upward shift in cefazolin use for PCC attendants versus no shift or other special cause variation for PCC non-attendants. There were increased odds of cefazolin use (aOR 1.67, 95% CI [1.09-2.57], P = 0.019), decreased odds of clindamycin use (aOR 0.61, 95% CI [0.42-0.89], P = 0.010) and decreased odds of vancomycin use (aOR 0.56, 95% CI [0.35-0.88], P = 0.013) in PCC attendants post-intervention. This effect did not occur in PCC non-attendants. There was no increase in perioperative anaphylaxis post-intervention.

CONCLUSIONS

A simple penicillin allergy risk stratification tool implemented in the preoperative setting was associated with increased use of cefazolin and decreased rates of second-line agents post implementation.

Quality corner: Safely using cephalosporins in almost all patients with penicillin allergies: Mini-review and suggested protocol to improve efficacy and surgical outcomes

Surgical site infections (SSI) are one of the most common gynecologic oncology postoperative complications and they have a significant deleterious impact on the healthcare system and in patients' outcomes. Cefazolin is the recommended antibiotic in women undergoing gynecologic surgical procedures that require that require prophylaxis. However, 10-20% of patients may report a penicillin allergy which can result in administration of a less effective antibiotic. This quality review evaluated the literature around this common perioperative issue and demonstrated that healthcare teams should consider the implementation of a protocol to safely use cefazolin in most patients with a penicillin allergy. Overall, literature shows this is a safe adjustment and would improve antimicrobial stewardship, decrease SSI rates, avoid acute kidney injury, and increase cost savings.

Are Cephalosporins Safe for Surgical Prophylaxis in Patients with Penicillin Allergy?

Cefazolin, also known as Ancef, is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic often used in surgery to treat or prevent bacterial infection of the surgical site. Ancef is safe for most of the population; however, many physicians use alternative, less effective medications in patients with penicillin allergy due to a fear of cross-reactivity between Ancef and one's penicillin allergy. In this article, we aim to examine if cefazolin is safe for patients with penicillin allergy.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Perioperative Allergic Complications: A Practical Review

Background

Reported drug allergies are commonly encountered by surgeons and can lead to uncertainty in selecting an appropriate agent due to concerns of associated risks with related and cross-reactive drugs. This uncertainty can ultimately lead to increased infection rates.

Methods

A literature review was conducted in PubMed using a combination of the terms "allergy," "allergic reaction," "anaphylaxis," and "surgery," "surgical," or "operating room" for articles published within the last 10 years. Publications identified with these search terms were then filtered for review articles, sorted by "best match," and a maximum of 100 articles were manually reviewed for each combination of search terms.

Results

Search results yielded 46,484 articles, 676 of which were ultimately included for manual review, based on selection criteria. Specifically, articles selected for inclusion focused on surgical allergic reactions that were either related to mechanism of action, causative agent for the allergic reaction, timing of allergic reaction, or recommendations for appropriate management.

Conclusions

Allergic reactions can be a common occurrence in the operative room. Knowledge of likely causative agents, timing of a reaction to various agents, and appropriate management in the immediate and delayed setting can improve outcomes and safety for plastic surgery patients.

Management of Penicillin Allergy in the Perioperative Setting

The selection of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis is challenging in patients with a history of penicillin allergy; as such, we present a literature review exploring current best practices and the associated supporting evidence, as well as areas for future research. Guidelines recommend the use of alternative agents in patients with an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, but those alternative agents are associated with worse outcomes, including an increased risk of surgical site infection, and higher cost. More recent data suggest that the risk of cross-reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins, particularly cefazolin, is extremely low, and that cefazolin can be used safely in most penicillin-allergic patients. Studies have therefore explored how best to implement first-line cefazolin use in patients with a penicillin allergy label. A variety of interventions, including preoperative allergy de-labeling with incorporation of penicillin skin testing, use of patient risk-stratification questionnaires, and utilization of clinician algorithms to guide antibiotic selection intraoperatively, have all been shown to significantly increase cefazolin utilization without a corresponding increase in adverse events. Further studies are needed to clarify the most effective interventions and implementation strategies, as well as to evaluate whether patients with severe delayed hypersensitivity reactions to penicillin should continue to be excluded from receipt of other beta-lactams.

A Process Improvement Project to Increase Compliance With Cephalosporin-based Surgical Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Children With Non-severe Penicillin Allergies

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE

Cephalosporins are considered safe and first-line prophylaxis in children with non-severe penicillin allergies. However, use of second-line agents is common and is primarily driven by poor allergic response documentation and misunderstanding of cross-reactivity risk. The goal of this project was to improve compliance with cephalosporin prophylaxis through improved documentation and targeted educational efforts.

METHODS

A multidisciplinary working group including representatives from allergy, surgery, infectious disease, and pharmacy developed staged interventions to facilitate compliance with cephalosporin prophylaxis. These included: (1) caregiver outreach to clarify incomplete allergy documentation, (2) a decision-support algorithm for prophylaxis use in penicillin-allergic patients, (3) standardized educational resources for surgical faculty and rotating trainees, (4) email reminders with prophylaxis recommendations sent out prior to scheduled cases, and (5) EMR-based decision support during antibiotic ordering. Rates of complete allergy documentation and cephalosporin utilization were compared for general surgery procedures between a 12-month pre-intervention and 14-month post-intervention period.

RESULTS

578 patients with penicillin allergies recorded in the EMR were included (301 pre-intervention and 277 post-intervention), 54.0% of which received prophylaxis. Compared to the pre-intervention period, complete documentation of allergic reactions increased from 57.1% to 84.2% (p < 0.001) following implementation of all interventions. Appropriate prophylaxis utilization increased from 34.5% to 88.5% following implementation of all interventions (p < 0.001), and evidence of a stepwise increase in appropriate utilization was evident with each intervention stage. Persistent compliance failures during the post-implementation period were most commonly associated with urgent and emergent add-on cases. No adverse events or allergic responses were reported before or after project implementation.

CONCLUSIONS

Compliance with cephalosporin prophylaxis significantly improved following a multidisciplinary effort targeting education, allergy documentation, and clinical support at the point of care. Ongoing efforts include postoperative audits within 24 h for noncompliant cases in order to identify barriers and improve compliance for urgent and emergent add-on cases.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

III.

TYPE OF STUDY

Prospective.

Cefazolin vs Second-line Antibiotics for Surgical Site Infection Prevention After Total Joint Arthroplasty Among Patients With a Beta-lactam Allergy

Background

Cefazolin is a first-line agent for prevention of surgical site infections (SSIs) after total joint arthroplasty. Patients labeled allergic to beta-lactam antibiotics frequently receive clindamycin or vancomycin perioperatively due to the perceived risk of a hypersensitivity reaction after exposure to cefazolin.

Methods

This single-system retrospective review included patients labeled allergic to penicillin or cephalosporin antibiotics who underwent a primary total hip and/or knee arthroplasty between January 2020 and July 2021. A detailed chart review was performed to compare the frequency of SSI within 90 days of surgery and interoperative hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) between patients receiving cefazolin and patients receiving clindamycin and/or vancomycin.

Results

A total of 1128 hip and/or knee arthroplasties from 1047 patients were included in the analysis (cefazolin n = 809, clindamycin/vancomycin n = 319). More patients in the clindamycin and/or vancomycin group had a history of cephalosporin allergy and allergic reactions with immediate symptoms. There were fewer SSIs in the cefazolin group compared with the clindamycin and/or vancomycin group (0.9% vs 3.8%; P < .001) including fewer prosthetic joint infections (0.1% vs 1.9%). The frequency of interoperative HSRs was not different between groups (cefazolin = 0.2% vs clindamycin/vancomycin = 1.3%; P = .06).

Conclusions

The use of cefazolin as a perioperative antibiotic for infection prophylaxis in total joint arthroplasty in patients labeled beta-lactam allergic is associated with decreased postoperative SSI without an increase in interoperative HSR.

Advances in immunoglobulin E mediated antibiotic allergy

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

The purpose of this review is to identify recent advances in our understanding and management of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated antibiotic allergy.

RECENT FINDINGS

Antibiotics remain a leading cause of fatal anaphylaxis reported to the FDA. However, recent advances have defined the features of adult and pediatric patients without true IgE-mediated allergy or any mechanism of anaphylaxis when tested. This has created opportunities to use direct challenges to disprove these allergies at the point-of-care and improves antibiotic stewardship. Additional advances have highlighted cross-reactive structural considerations within classes of drugs, in particular the R1 side-chain of cephalosporins, that appear to drive true immune-mediated cross-reactivity. Further advances in risk-based approaches to skin testing, phenotyping, and re-exposure challenges are needed to standardize antibiotic allergy evaluation.

SUMMARY

Recent advances in defining true IgE-mediated drug allergy have helped to identify patients unlikely to be skin-test positive. In turn, this has identified patients who can skip skin testing and proceed to direct ingestion challenge using history risk-based approaches. The ability to identify the small number of patients with true IgE-mediated allergy and study their natural history over time, as well as the vast majority without true allergy will facilitate important and novel mechanistic discoveries.

Use of clindamycin as an alternative antibiotic prophylaxis

BACKGROUND

Clindamycin serves as an alternative surgical prophylactic antibiotic in patients with penicillin (PCN) or cephalosporin allergy labels. In the previous reports, the use of clindamycin was associated with higher incidences of surgical site infections (SSIs). We aimed to determine the characteristics of PCN or cephalosporin allergic reactions to stratify patient's risk and indicate subsequent management; leading to de-labeling of PCN or cephalosporin allergy.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective cohort study of patients receiving clindamycin as surgical antibiotic prophylaxis from September 2021 to March 2022. Data were collected from electronic medical records; included demographic data, antibiotic allergy labels, allergic reaction, and allergy testing.

RESULTS

Clindamycin was administered in 445 patients who underwent 451 operations. Among these patients, 53.0% (n = 236) were female with a median age of 15 years (range; 0.5-57.0 years). PCN and cephalosporin allergies were labelled in 83.8% (n = 373) and 25.6% (n = 114) patients, respectively; 11.4% (n = 51) of patients were allergic to both classes of the antibiotics. There were 191 (51.2%) and 73 (64.0%) possible hypersensitivity reactions (HSRs) in PCN and cephalosporin groups, respectively. The most common reactions were rash (PCN: n = 99, 26.5%; cephalosporin: n = 35, 30.7%), and hives (PCN: n = 71, 19.0%; cephalosporin: n = 24, 21.1%). Severe reactions included angioedema (PCN: n = 7, 1.9%; cephalosporin: n = 5, 4.4%), anaphylaxis (PCN: n = 8, 2.1%; cephalosporin: n = 7, 6.1%), bronchospasm (cephalosporin: n = 1, 0.9%), airway involvement (PCN: n = 1, 0.3%; cephalosporin: n = 1, 0.9%), serum sickness (PCN: n = 1, 0.3%), blisters (PCN: n = 1, 0.3%), and drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) (PCN: n = 1, 0.3%). Low-risk history of allergy included gastrointestinal side effects (PCN: n = 9, 2.4%; cephalosporin: n = 3, 2.7%), positive family history (PCN: n = 7, 1.9%; cephalosporin: n = 1, 0.9%), and remote history of allergy (PCN: n = 2, 0.5%). There were 201 (53.9%) and 53 (46.5%) unknown reactions in PCN and cephalosporin groups, respectively. In the overall cohort, 3 patients (0.7%) were skin tested for drug allergy (PCN: n = 2, 0.5%; cephalosporin: n = 2, 1.8%).

CONCLUSION

Clindamycin was largely administered in patients with non-severe HSRs, low-risk history or unknown reactions to PCN or cephalosporin, whom cefazolin could have been administered safely. Obtaining a detailed history of antibiotic allergy, allergy testing and/or direct oral challenge can de-label unsubstantiated PCN or cephalosporin allergy and ultimately reduce the incidence of SSIs by optimizing the rate of more effective antibiotic administration.

Penicillin Allergy and Perioperative Anaphylaxis

Penicillin allergy is the most commonly reported drug allergy, while perioperative anaphylaxis is overall rare. This review covers the epidemiology of both penicillin allergy and perioperative anaphylaxis both separately and taken together. Considerations regarding anaphylaxis to penicillin during pregnancy are also discussed, since penicillin is the drug of choice for Group B Streptococcus prophylaxis. The minimal cross reactivity between penicillins and cephalosporins is addressed, since the vast majority of patients with a penicillin allergy label can receive perioperative cephalosporins. The management of the patient who has experienced perioperative anaphylaxis, including the importance of allergy referral is covered. Approaches to pre-operative penicillin allergy evaluations and opportunities for education are highlighted.

Improving Antibiotic Stewardship for Inpatients with Reported Beta-Lactam Allergies and Limited Access to Penicillin Skin Testing

BACKGROUND

Penicillin allergy is commonly reported, but true allergy is rare. Inpatients with reported beta-lactam allergy are often treated with alternative antibiotics. Penicillin skin testing (PST) is not universally available for inpatients.

METHODS

We designed a four-phase quality improvement project aimed to increase the percentage of inpatients on medical services with reported beta-lactam allergy who safely receive beta-lactam antibiotics at two hospitals with limited access to PST. First, we updated our hospital guideline to allow for cephalosporin graded challenge without antecedent PST. Second, we educated physicians, physician assistants, and nurses about the new guideline and beta-lactam allergy classification and management. Third, we designed a pocket card to reinforce the education. Last, we used antimicrobial stewardship software to screen our daily census to identify opportunities to improve management of patients with reported beta-lactam allergies.

RESULTS

We observed a 29.2% increase in the percentage of patients who received beta-lactam antibiotics (excluding carbapenems) among those with reported beta-lactam allergy, from 42.2% (470/1,115) at baseline to 54.5% (379/696), p < 0.001, during the project period. There was a decrease in the use of alternative antibiotics, no change in hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile cases, and no increase in the number of infectious disease or allergy consults. The number of graded challenges increased during the project period, without any anaphylaxis events.

CONCLUSION

A multiphase quality improvement project aimed to improve management of beta-lactam allergies and access to graded challenges led to an increase in beta-lactam utilization without an increase in anaphylaxis, even with limited access to PST.